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Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Clinical Trial Registration Limited data exist on the mid‐ to long‐term masticatory capacity of mandibular overdenture (IOD) wearers, particularly regarding the use of posterior implants to retention.To periodically evaluate mastication of IOD wearers, comparing the effectiveness of two to four implants to retain the prosthesis.In a randomised controlled clinical trial, 20 complete edentulous patients (14 women), aged 51–84 years (mean age 69.1 ± 9.6), received new bimaxillary complete dentures (CD). After adaptation, baseline measurements of masticatory performance (X50) and swallowing threshold were conducted using the sieving method. Patients were then randomly assigned to groups: control (two intra‐foraminal regular implants) and experimental (two intra‐foraminal regular implants and two extra‐short posterior implants) (n = 10 each). After 4 months, implants were splinted, and a new mandibular IOD was fabricated with bar/clip retention. Mastication was reassessed after 6, 12, and 48 months, and data analysed with repeated measures ANOVA and Sidak's post hoc (α = 0.05).Despite a loss of two patients per group, masticatory performance significantly improved after mandibular IOD installation (p = .031) in both groups (p = .670). A second improvement was observed after 6 months (p = .027), with no subsequent changes (p > .05). Swallowing threshold improvements were noted with IOD, and no discernible differences between groups were observed (p > .05).Masticatory function significantly improved after mandibular IOD installation, with the number of implants demonstrating minimal influence.The present study was not registered in a public database, as mandated. It is important to note that the recommendation for registration was initiated in 2017 by the Committee of Medical Journal Editors, while patient inclusion in the research took place in 2016. Given that the data presented in this manuscript cover a follow‐up period of up to 4 years post‐surgical intervention, delayed registration was not feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusion It remains unclear how the salivary flow and the fat content of food affect bolus formation during mastication.We aimed to clarify: (1) how hyposalivation affects jaw‐closing and hyoid‐elevating muscle activities in bolus formation, and (2) if the effect of hyposalivation on muscle activity depends on the fat content of food.Eighteen healthy male volunteers were instructed to freely ingest four test foods: Plain, Fat without seasoning, Fat with seasoning, and Soft rice crackers. Masseter and suprahyoid electromyographic activities were recorded before and 30 min after the administration of atropine sulfate, a muscarinic receptor antagonist that induces hyposalivation.Hyposalivation extended the masticatory duration significantly in all the test foods except Fat with seasoning. Masticatory cycle time was significantly longer with vs without hyposalivation for the Soft (p = .011). Suprahyoid activity/cycle was significantly greater with vs without hyposalivation (p = .013). Masticatory cycle time was significantly longer at the late stage with vs without hyposalivation for the Soft (p < .001). Suprahyoid activity/cycle was significantly greater at the middle (p = .045) and late stages (p = .002) with vs without hyposalivation for the Soft and greater at the late stage with vs without hyposalivation for the Plain (p = .043). Changes in masticatory cycle time and suprahyoid activity/cycle for these foods had significantly positive relationship (p < .001).Hyposalivation‐induced changes in masticatory behaviours resulted from the middle and late stage suprahyoid activity. Fat content and seasoning compensate for salivary flow inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This cross-sectional pilot study evaluated the impact of age on masticatory performance among individuals aged 65 to 106 years, as part of the Heidelberg Dental Centenarian Study (HD-100Z) conducted in South-Western Germany. Materials and methods: A total of 31 centenarians were recruited, alongside 31 individuals each from the age groups 75–99 and 65–74, matched based on sex, prosthetic status, and number of teeth. Masticatory performance was assessed using a two-colored chewing gum test and digital image processing. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of age, sex, number of teeth, type of prosthesis on the masticatory performance. Results: Masticatory performance, as measured by the standard deviation of hue in the chewing gum test, decreased significantly in centenarians compared to individuals aged 75–99 years (-0.112, p = 0.037) and those aged 65–74 years (-0.274, p < 0.001). The effects of sex, number of teeth, and type of prosthesis on masticatory performance were not significant associations (p ≥ 0.135). Conclusion: The findings suggest that age may have a significant influence on masticatory performance in the studied age groups, challenging previous notions that aging itself has little impact on masticatory ability. The inclusion of centenarians in the study highlights the need for further investigation into masticatory function in age groups reaching up to 100 years or more. Clinical relevance: This study contributes to the understanding of how ageing affects oral function, which may guide dental treatment approaches for older individuals, and set the stage for more in-depth investigations in this field in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Efforts to combat frailty and preserve good health in older adults have highlighted oral frailty as an early indicator of overall frailty. Individuals showing oral frailty are at an elevated risk of insufficient nutritional intake compared with those without oral frailty; however, underlying mechanisms remain poorly explored. In this cross‐sectional study, we aimed to examine the link between oral frailty and undernutrition, especially regarding poor appetite and low dietary diversity. Methods: The analysis included 2727 late‐stage older adults (mean age 79.9 ± 4.3 years) who underwent dental checkups in a prefecture in Japan from 2016 to 2020. The examination involved a questionnaire survey (covering basic information, frailty screening index, appetite index: Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire; and dietary variety: Dietary Variety Score) and a measurement survey (including intraoral confirmation, oral diadochokinesis and masticatory efficiency test). Individuals with three or more indications of poor oral function, identified through oral function assessment, were defined as showing oral frailty. Binomial logistic regression and path analyses examined associations among oral frailty, Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire and Dietary Variety Score. Results: Among those analyzed, 1208 (44.3%) participants were categorized into the oral frailty group. Binomial logistic regression analysis showed that Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (odds ratio for oral frailty per 1‐point increase 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.84–0.93) and Dietary Variety Score (odds ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.92–0.98) were significantly associated with oral frailty. The path analysis showed individual associations between each examined factor. Conclusions: Oral frailty was associated with decreased appetite and dietary variety in late‐stage older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 626–633. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orofacial muscle defect due to congenital anomalies, tumour ablation or traumatic accident that exceeds endogenous regeneration capacity may lead to sustained deficits in masticatory function and nutrition intake. Functional recovery has always been the goal of muscle tissue repair, but currently, there is no suitable model for quantitative analyses of either functional consequences or treatment efficacy of orofacial muscle defect. This study proposed a critical size volumetric muscle loss (VML) model in mouse masseter with impaired mastication on nutrition. Full‐thickness VML defects in diameter of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 mm were generated in the centre of the mouse masseter using a biopsy punch to determine the critical size for functional impairment. In the VML region, myogenesis was dampened but fibrogenesis was activated, as long with a reduction in the density of the neuromuscular junction and an increase in vascular density. Accordingly, persistent fibrosis was observed in the centre region of VML in all diameters. The 2.0 mm diameter was the critical threshold to masticatory function impairment after VML in the masseter. VML of 3.0 mm diameter led to a significant impact on nutrition intake and body weight gain. Autologous muscle graft effectively relieved the fibrosis and functional deficit after VML injury in the masseter. This model serves as a reliable tool in studying functional recovery strategies for orofacial muscle defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Habitual betel quid chewing, a tobacco product, is a leading cause of oral cancer in Asia–Pacific countries where this practice is most prevalent. However, it is not well understood whether betel quid chewing is also a cause of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review of peer‐reviewed published studies evaluating the association between habitual betel quid use on the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: We searched PubMed for studies assessing the correlation between betel quid chewing and cardiovascular health. We included studies if (i) they included human subjects; (ii) were peer‐reviewed articles in indexed journals; and (iii) were in English. We extracted data from eligible studies and stratified them by geographical location, study designs and cardiovascular outcomes. Finally, we did a narrative synthesis of the data to identify adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with chronic betel quid use. Findings: We reviewed data from 19 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Habitual betel quid chewing was associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, inflammation and ischaemic heart disease. In addition, betel quid use was a risk factor for arrhythmias. Interestingly, betel quid use was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women. Long‐term betel quid consumption was associated with higher risks for all‐cause mortality and increased overall cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: Habitual betel quid chewing is an important cardiovascular risk factor in populations where the practice is prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Emerging evidence points to a two‐way relationship between periodontitis and dietary choices and, thus, nutrition. This study aimed to assess the potential cause–effect relationship between the periodontitis stage, loss of functional tooth units (FTUs), masticatory function, and intake of different food groups using path analysis. Materials and Methods: A single calibrated examiner determined the periodontitis stage of a consecutive sample of 241 Chinese subjects reporting for tooth replacement. Their masticatory function was quantified by the mixing ability of a two‐colour chewing gum. Validated food frequency questionnaires were used to calculate the intake of 33 food group items by an experienced calibrated rater. After verification of assumptions, visual structural equation modeling was performed with Amos 23. The consistency of results and the potential modifying effect of age were assessed in 9043 subjects from the NHANES database. Results: Highly significant models were constructed using periodontitis stage and age as exogenous factors. Periodontitis stage diagnosis significantly affected the number of posterior FTUs and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL, path coefficient [PC] = –0.55 and −0.20, p <.05, respectively). In the model, FTUs also had an independent effect on OHRQoL (PC = 0.23, p <.05). FTUs determined the level of masticatory function (PC = –0.38, p <.05), which in turn affected vegetable intake but not fruit or meat intake (PC = –0.18, p <.0.5, PC = 0.06, NS and PC = 0.11, NS, respectively). The effect of age was significant for vegetable and meat intake and was also correlated with periodontitis stage diagnosis. Analysis of the NHANES database confirmed the negative impact of periodontitis on the number of occluding pairs and vegetable consumption for the 18–44, 45–60 and >60 age groups. Conclusions: Periodontitis showed a potential cause–effect pathway affecting vegetable intake across cultures and age groups. The size of the effect is potentially of clinical and public health significance. Additional studies, including intervention trials, are required to test this potential mechanism linking oral health to nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objectives were to investigate the association between oral functional status (defined by the number of functional teeth and functional occluding units [FOUs]) on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL). It also aimed to determine if dentures could compensate for the loss of FOUs in terms of OHRQoL in community‐dwelling older adults in Singapore. Methods: Community‐dwelling older adults, aged 60 years and above, were recruited from a community‐based oral health functional screening programme from 1 May 2018 to 31 December 2019. During the screening, an Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14) questionnaire and oral examination were administered. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi‐square test, univariate logistic regression and multivariate predictive modelling. Results: Data from 1037 participants were analysed (52% female; mean age 71.5 (SD 7.15)). The mean OHIP‐14 score was 4.5 ± 7.2. The OHIP‐14 scores were significantly associated with the number of functional teeth and the number of FOUs (p <.001). Having at least 20 functional teeth or 10 FOUs was associated with a significantly lower OHIP‐14 score. Those with no FOUs had higher OHIP‐14 scores compared to those with at least 10 FOUs, even in the presence of a satisfactory denture. Conclusion: Maintaining at least 20 functional teeth or 10 FOUs was associated with better OHRQoL among community‐dwelling older adults in Singapore. Dentures may have limited compensatory ability in terms of replacing natural functional occlusal units and maintaining OHRQoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify studies exploring oral and systemic conditions using Singapore data. Methods: Studies were searched using the databases PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, with no publication date or language restrictions. Studies analysing Singaporean data were included in this review. Results: Six domains were identified: pregnancy and gingivitis; tooth eruption, dental caries and early‐life factors; Crohn's disease and oral microbiome; diabetes and periodontal diseases; number of teeth, chewing ability and cognitive status; and oral health and pneumonia. Using data from Singapore, oral‐systemic studies have prompted reflections on the aetiopathogenesis of oral disorders, such as common causes connecting oral and systemic chronic conditions. Moreover, it is speculated whether oral conditions could be used as a marker to predict future systemic diseases or whether early‐life factors could affect the development of oral and systemic immune responses. Conclusions: While Singapore provides opportunities to explore challenges connected to healthy ageing, it also explores health development in many stages of life. Singapore has been prioritizing investigations on a healthier life, and new initiatives are paving the way for oral health research across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Betel quid (BQ) is globally the fourth most consumed psychoactive substance. It is consumed by an estimated 600 million people worldwide, accounting for nearly 8% of the world's population. There have been very few studies assessing chewers' motivation to quit. Objectives: In the current study, we sought to understand the relationship between several cessation-relevant variables and chewers' motivation to quit. Hypotheses: Based on analogous research on cigarette smoking, we hypothesized that the following cessation-relevant variables would be associated with motivation to quit: health risk perceptions, number of chews per day, cost, degree of BQ dependence, withdrawal symptoms, number of quit attempts, reasons for use, personal health improvement, and type of BQ chewed. Methods: A total of 351 adult BQ chewers from Guam participated in the survey and served as the sample for the analyses. Results: Majority of chewers want to quit and intend to quit. Chewers relatively high in motivation to quit evinced greater health risk perceptions of BQ chewing, greater perceived health benefits to quitting, and a greater number of past quit attempts, compared to those relatively low in motivation to quit. Conclusions: Understanding which factors are associated with chewers' motivation to quit can be helpful for designing BQ cessation programs. The results suggest that BQ cessation programs could be improved by an increased emphasis on information about the negative health effects of BQ chewing and relapse-prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges arise in accessing archived signal outputs due to proprietary software limitations. There is a notable lack of exploration in open-source mandibular EMG signal conversion for continuous access and analysis, hindering tasks such as pattern recognition and predictive modelling for temporomandibular joint complex function. To Develop a workflow to extract normalised signal parameters from images of mandibular muscle EMG and identify optimal clustering methods for quantifying signal intensity and activity durations. A workflow utilising OpenCV, variational encoders and Neurokit2 generated and augmented 866 unique EMG signals from jaw movement exercises. k-means, GMM and DBSCAN were employed for normalisation and cluster-centric signal processing. The workflow was validated with data collected from 66 participants, measuring temporalis, masseter and digastric muscles. DBSCAN (0.35 to 0.54) and GMM (0.09 to 0.24) exhibited lower silhouette scores for mouth opening, anterior protrusion and lateral excursions, while K-means performed best (0.10 to 0.11) for temporalis and masseter muscles during chewing activities. The current study successfully developed a deep learning workflow capable of extracting normalised signal data from EMG images and generating quantifiable parameters for muscle activity duration and general functional intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Graftless sinus floor augmentation shows good results in bone gain, radiology and implant survival. Clinically, this technique can be recommended as an alternative to conventional procedures using augmentation materials. Objectives: This study aims to assess masticatory performance, masticatory ability and patient satisfaction after graftless sinus floor augmentation. Methods: The study group consisted of patients who had received a graftless sinus lift procedure in a split‐mouth design and was compared to patients with maxillary implant‐supported overdentures without augmentation and a natural dentition group. To assess objective masticatory performance, the mixing ability test was performed. Three questionnaires were used to assess patient reported outcomes related to mastication and patient satisfaction. Results: Each group included ten patients. Both the graftless sinus lift group and the edentulous control group had a worse masticatory performance compared to the natural dentition group. Masticatory ability, measured by patient reported outcomes, was not different between the graftless sinus floor augmentation group and implant‐retained overdentures group without augmentation, but the natural dentition group showed better results. Thereby, the better the masticatory performance in patients with a graftless sinus membrane elevation the better the patient satisfaction for 'prosthesis', 'appearance of prostheses', 'speech' and 'mastication and eating'. Conclusions: Patients with implant‐supported overdentures show inferior masticatory function compared to those with natural dentition. There were no significant differences in masticatory performance between patients with implant‐retained overdentures, with or without graftless augmentation. The decision on the preferred procedure should consider additional factors such as anatomical, surgical‐technical aspects and patient's preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Large horizontal maxillary overjet (overjet) is associated with reduced bite force (BF) and number of contacts, which influence the chewing effectivity (CE). Oral health, oro‐facial function (OF) and malocclusion have great impact on psychological well‐being and quality of life (QoL). Objectives: The aims of the study were to examine OF, temporomandibular disorders (TMD), BF, CE, QoL and well‐being in children and adolescents with large overjet. Methods: The study was a case–control study including healthy children with large overjet in the study group compared to a control group of healthy children with neutral occlusion, all 9–14 years old. OF was examined by use of Nordic Orofacial Test‐Screening (NOT‐S), Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and registration of morphological and functional occlusion. QoL and well‐being were examined using KIDSCREEN‐10 and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results: The study and control groups included 37 and 32 participants, respectively. Significantly increased NOT‐S score (p <.001) and reduced BF (p =.011), numbers of contacts (p <.001) and CE (p =.005) were found in the study group. BF, numbers of contacts and CE were negatively associated with erupting canines and premolars. No significant difference was found in age, gender, dental eruption, TMD diagnosis or QoL between the groups. Significantly increased emotional symptoms (p =.007), hyperactivity (p =.043) and total difficulties score (p =.009) were found in the study group. Conclusion: The study group showed higher NOT‐S score and reduced BF, number of contacts and CE. No difference in QoL were found between the groups, although reduced well‐being and increased emotional symptoms, hyperactivity and total difficulties were found in the study group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) more often experience jaw functional limitations. The study of jaw functional limitations should be primarily focused on painful TMD. Objectives: The impact of TMD pain characteristics (source, chronicity and intensity) on jaw functional limitations were evaluated using Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS). Methods: This cross‐sectional study reviewed the dental records and self‐report questionnaires of patients with painful TMD. The pain source, chronicity and intensity were evaluated to study the TMD pain characteristics. The jaw functional limitations were analysed using the Thai version of the JFLS. Results: A total of 176 patients with painful TMD were included in this study. The jaw functional limitations were affected only by pain intensity. Patients with TMD with severe pain intensity had significantly higher jaw functional limitations than those with mild‐to‐moderate pain intensity (p <.05). A significant association was observed between pain intensity and jaw functional limitations (p <.05). Mastication was highly restricted by pain intensity (odd ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval = 1.16–1.67). Conclusion: The present study found a significant effect of TMD pain intensity on jaw functional limitations. Patients with severe TMD pain intensity were more likely to experience jaw functional limitations, particularly mastication limitation. Management focusing on reduction of pain intensity may improve jaw functions in patients with TMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of two methods used to assess masticatory performance and attempt to correlate them to achieve interchangeability between the methods. Methods: Twelve healthy dentate volunteers (men = 6, women = 6; mean age = 28.3 ± 4.1) with no known dental or medical pathologies were requested to participate in this study. Each participant completed three masticatory performance assessments, including two two‐colour mixing‐ability tests using chewing‐gums (CG: gum#1 and gum#2) and the gummy‐jelly (GJ) test. For each method, participants created five samples each (total = 15 measurements per participant, gum#1 = 5, gum#2 = 5, GJ = 5). For the gum#1 and gum#2 methods, the predetermined chewing cycles were fixed at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 cycles, and for the GJ method, the time duration was fixed at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 s. The parameter measures were submitted to Z‐score transformation, and Bland–Altman plots were generated to graphically compare the differences between two techniques against their means. Additionally, mountain plot was used to assess the cumulative distribution of measurement error between the methods. Results: A total of 180 measurements were recorded. There were significant correlations between the number of chewing cycles/chewing time and masticatory performance using the gum#1 (r = −.753; p <.001), gum#2 (r = −.838; p <.001) and GJ (r =.730). When all tests were considered together for each method, significant correlations were found (p <.001). A descriptive range of mean values aiming to produce reference value ranges for predictive purposes was achieved considering the interchangeably among the methods [CG = GJ (VoH‐mg = dL): 10 cycle = 10 s: 0.329 = 110; 15 cycles = 15 s: 0.177 = 164; 20 cycles = 20 s: 0.130 = 205; 25 cycles = 25 s: 0.086 = 200; 30 cycles = 30 s: 0.077 = 267]. Conclusion: The strong correlations and high consistency between the two masticatory performance methods found in this study conclude that the two assessment methods are reliable and interchangeable. Further evaluations are warranted to arrive at a conversion formula for translation of the results between the two methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and oral hypofunction (OHF) using propensity score matching (PSM) to adjust for differences between older adults with RA and the general older adult population. Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional survey among 189 older adults with RA in 2019 (mean age, 71.9 ± 3.6) and 47 178 independent older adult residents in 2016 (mean age, 71.6 ± 4.0), respectively. The questionnaire covered information on socio‐demographic characteristics and OHF for both groups. Age, sex, educational level and smoking history were used to determine PSM. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of self‐reported OHF (fewer remaining teeth, decreased masticatory function, deterioration of swallowing function and oral dryness) were estimated using Poisson regressions. Result: OHF was observed in 44.4% of patients with RA and 27.5% of residents. Before PSM, the prevalence of OHF among patients with RA was higher than that of residents (PR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.50–2.05). After PSM, there were 189 patients with RA and residents, and the prevalence of OHF among patients with RA was still higher (PR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.22–2.13). Poisson regression showed that the prevalence of 19 or fewer teeth (PR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.82–1.36), difficulties eating tough foods (PR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.90–1.55), difficulties swallowing tea or soup (PR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.19–2.63), and dry mouth (PR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.90–4.07) was higher among patients with RA than residents. Conclusion: Compared with the general older adult population, patients with RA have a higher prevalence of self‐reported OHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion The Test of Mastication and Swallowing Solids (TOMASS) is a reliable tool for assessing chewing and swallowing in healthy adults, using commercially available crackers. TOMASS‐Children (TOMASS‐C) is the paediatric version of TOMASS.The present study aimed to establish normative data for TOMASS‐C using a validated regional commercial cracker among healthy individuals aged between 6–20 years of India.327 healthy individuals between 6–20 years were recruited in a cross‐sectional study design following a convenient sampling procedure. Participants consumed one validated regional cracker and the procedure was video recorded. Data were stratified according to age groups (6–7, 8–9, 10–13, 14–17 and 18–20 years) and sex (boys and girls). Two Speech Language Pathologists independently analysed the video recordings to derive discrete bites, masticatory cycles, swallows and total swallow time indices. Using them, time/swallow, masticatory cycles/bite, swallows/bite and time/bite were calculated.All parameters of TOMASS‐C had moderate to good (0.6–0.85) test–retest reliability and moderate to excellent (0.69–0.99) inter‐rater reliability at p > .000. Younger participants took more bites, chewed more times and swallowed more frequently with longer chewing and swallowing time. Boys exhibited a lower number of swallows, shorter swallow time and reduced total masticatory time at p > .05. Additionally, girls demonstrated fewer bites and chewing cycles compared to boys at p > .05.TOMASS‐C using a validated regional cracker was feasible and reliable. Normative data established for healthy boys and girls between 6–20 years offers much‐needed quantitative data to objectively delineate individuals with and without chewing and swallowing solid food difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Visual impairment, hearing impairment, and masticatory discomfort each influence quality of life (QoL). However, little is known regarding the impact of their coexistence on QoL. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the influence of the coexistence of visual impairment, hearing impairment, and masticatory discomfort on QoL among middle-aged adults aged 40-64. Methods: This study involved a secondary data analysis utilizing the data from years 1 and 2 of the eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. To evaluate the influence of the coexistence of visual impairment, hearing impairment, and masticatory discomfort on QoL, we conducted a complex sample hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: When visual impairment, hearing impairment, and masticatory discomfort coexisted, the QoL was significantly lower than in individuals without any of these conditions. Conclusion: The coexistence of visual impairment, hearing impairment, and masticatory discomfort was negatively correlated with QoL. Therefore, it is important to prepare for old age through appropriate health management during middle age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The DSM‐5 classification introduced new Feeding and Eating Disorders (FED) diagnostic categories, notably Avoidant and Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), which, like other FED, can present psychiatric and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, paediatric clinical research that focuses on children below the age of 12 years remains scarce. The aim of this study was first to investigate the clinical features of FED in a cohort of children, second to compare them according to their recruitment (gastroenterology or psychiatry unit). Method: This non‐interventional retrospective cohort study analysed 191 patients in a French paediatric tertiary care centre (gastroenterology n = 100, psychiatry n = 91). The main outcome variables were clinical data (type of FED, BMI, nutritional support, chronic diseases, psychiatric comorbidities, sensory, sleep, language disorders, gastrointestinal complaints, adverse life events, family history). The outcome was defined by a Clinical Global Impression of Change‐score. Results: FED diagnoses were ARFID (n = 100), Unspecified FED (UFED, n = 57), anorexia nervosa (AN, n = 33) and one pica/rumination. Mean follow‐up was 3.28 years (SD 1.91). ARFID was associated with selective and sensory disorders (p < 0.001); they had more anxiety disorders than patients with UFED (p < 0.001). Patients with UFED had more chewing difficulties, language disorder (p < 0.001), and more FED related to chronic disease (p < 0.05) than patients with ARFID and AN. Patients with AN were female, underweight, referred exclusively to the psychiatrist, and had more depression than patients with ARFID and UFED (p < 0.001). The gastroenterology cohort included more UFED, while the psychiatry cohort included more psychiatric comorbidities (p < 0.001). A worse clinical outcome was associated with ARFID, a younger age at onset (p < 0.001), selective/sensory disorders and nutritional support (p < 0.05). Conclusion: ARFID and UFED children were diagnosed either by gastroenterologists or psychiatrists. Due to frequently associated somatic and psychiatric comorbidities, children with FED should benefit from a multidisciplinary assessment and care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Occlusal sensitivity (OS)—the ability to detect fine objects between opposing teeth—mainly relies on the activity of mechanoreceptors located in the periodontal ligament. We tested whether somatosensory amplification (SSA)—the tendency to perceive normal somatic sensations as being intense, noxious, and disturbing, which plays a critical role in hypervigilance—affects OS. Materials and methods: We measured OS in 66 adults divided into three groups based on their SSA scores (LowSSA, Intermediate - IntSSA, HighSSA) by asking them to bite on aluminum foils (8 to 72 μm thick) and a sham foil, and report whether they felt each foil. We performed 20 trials for each thickness and sham condition (each participant was tested 120 times), and compared the frequency of correct answers (%correct) among groups after adjusting for participants’ trait anxiety, depression, self-reported oral behaviors, and masseter cross-sectional area. Results: %correct was affected by the interaction Foil Thickness-by-SSA (p = 0.007). When tested with the 8 μm foil, the HighSSA group had a lower %correct than the IntSSA (contrast estimate [95% CI]: -14.2 [-25.8 – -2.6]; p = 0.012) and the LowSSA groups (-19.1 [-31.5 – -6.6]; p = 0.001). Similarly, with the 24 μm foil, the HighSSA group had a lower %correct compared to the IntSSA (-12.4 [-24.8–0.1]; p = 0.048) and the LowSSA groups (-10.8 [-22.5–0.8]; p = 0.073). Conclusion: Individuals with high SSA present with an aberrant occlusal sensitivity. Clinical relevance: Our findings provide novel insights into the relationship between occlusal perception and psychological factors, which may influence an individual’s ability to adapt to dental work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decaying wood, while an abundant and stable resource, presents considerable nutritional challenges due to its structural rigidity, chemical recalcitrance, and low nitrogen content. Despite these challenges, certain insect lineages have successfully evolved saproxylophagy (consuming and deriving sustenance from decaying wood), impacting nutrient recycling in ecosystems and carbon sequestration dynamics. This study explores the uneven phylogenetic distribution of saproxylophagy across insects and delves into the evolutionary origins of this trait in disparate insect orders. Employing a comprehensive analysis of gut microbiome data, from both saproxylophagous insects and their non‐saproxylophagous relatives, including new data from unexplored wood‐feeding insects, this Hypothesis paper discusses the broader phylogenetic context and potential adaptations necessary for this dietary specialization. The study proposes the "Detritivore‐First Hypothesis," suggesting an evolutionary pathway to saproxylophagy through detritivory, and highlights the critical role of symbiotic gut microbiomes in the digestion of decaying wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chewing disability is associated with impaired quality of life, potentially leading to depression, and cognitive impairment. Although the chewing-ability-cognition relationship has been explored, examining whether depression mediates this relationship remains unclear. We investigated the association between chewing disability and cognitive impairment development and a potential mediation via depression among older persons. Methods Older persons without cognitive impairment at baseline (n  = 973) from the 3 waves of the Panel on Health and Ageing of Singaporean Elderly were investigated. The outcome was incident cognitive impairment by the end of the study, while the exposure was chewing disability over the study period. Time-varying depression was the mediator. Time-fixed confounders included sex, ethnicity, education, marital status, living arrangement, and housing type, and time-varying confounders included age, smoking, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, number of teeth, and denture wearing. We used marginal structural modeling to evaluate the effect of chewing disability on cognitive impairment development. Results After 6 years, 11% developed cognitive impairment, and chewing disability was reported by 33%. Chewing disability was associated with higher odds of developing cognitive impairment (OR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.87), of which 85.3% was explained by the controlled direct effect of chewing disability, whereas the remaining 14.7% could be eliminated if there was no depression. Conclusions Our findings indicate an association between chewing disability and cognitive impairment, while the role of depression could not be fully elucidated. Oral health should be incorporated as part of older persons' care for its potential to assess the risk for other systemic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral cancer (OC) is the most common cancer in Pakistani males and the second most common in females. Major risk factors include peculiar chewing habits, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and molecular pathways. However, less data is available for this avertible cancer regarding its association with high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and chewing habits in this region. Therefore, this study was done to determine the prevalence of HR-HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its correlation with p16 and chewing habits. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy specimens of 186 samples were tested for HR-HPV type 16/18 by PCR, followed by p16 immunostaining (IHC) in a subset of cases (n = 50). Appropriate statistical tests were applied to find the association between HR-HPV/p16 and peculiar chewing habits with significance criteria of p<0.05 with 95% CI. HR-HPV (type 16 &18) was present in seven out of 186 cases (3.8%). Of these seven cases, five were positive for HPV16, whereas two were positive for HPV16/18. The overall expression of p16 protein in 50 samples was 38% (n = 19), and among these 19-IHC positive samples, 26% were positive for HR-HPV DNA. No significant association was found between HR-HPV positivity and p16 and chewing habits (p>0.05). It was concluded that HR-HPV prevalence in OSCC was very low in our population, with no statistically significant correlation with p16 and chewing habits. These results suggest the role of HR-HPV as an independent risk factor in OSCC in the local setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chewing difficulty, poor oral health, inadequate and imbalanced nutrition are serious health problems in individuals with intellectual disabilities. The participants' chewing abilities, oral health and nutritional status were analysed in this study. Methods: Forty‐five adult participants with intellectual disabilities were included. Anthropometric measurements, oral health assessments, chewing ability evaluations and dietary intake analyses were conducted. Results: A 56.8% of the participants were classified as overweight or obese. Teeth grinding was reported in 33.3% of the participants, while 40.0% experienced drooling. All participants with Down syndrome and 58.6% of the participants with developmental delay had chewing difficulties. Inadequate nutrient intake was observed and the fibre, vitamins B1, B3, B9, sodium, phosphorus and iron intakes were significantly lower than reference values in those with chewing difficulty (p <.05). Conclusions: Chewing difficulties were associated with lower intake of certain nutrients, highlighting the importance of addressing oral health and dietary counselling in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Studies on oral processing are often snapshots of behaviors that examine feeding through individual bouts. In this study, we expand on our previous work comparing bite/chew variables per feeding bout to summed daily biting, chewing, and food intake to interpret loading that could have potential morphological effects. Materials and Methods: We observed sympatric Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi over two field seasons in the dry forest of Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar. Bite and chew rates determined from videos filmed during observations were multiplied with time spent feeding on specific foods during focal follows to calculate daily values for each feeding bout. Food mechanical properties (FMPs) were tested on dietary items with a portable tester. We contrasted daily bite/chew numbers and intake with FMPs, species, season, and food shape. Results: Daily bite and chew numbers increased with maximum, but not average, food toughness. Daily intake decreased with average and maximum toughness. Season had a strong effect on daily bites and chews, but not on intake. Food shape influenced intake and total bite and chew numbers. The lemur species did not differ in our models. Discussion: Maximum food toughness impacted feeding behaviors and intake, which is consistent with higher loads having a greater effect on morphology. In contrast to feeding per bout, cumulative biting and chewing did not differ between species; taking feeding frequency into consideration affects interpretation of jaw loading. Finally, biting, as much as chewing, may generate strains that impact morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exact sites of premature hair graying and whether tooth loss causes this condition remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of reduced mastication on premature hair graying. Maxillary first molars were extracted from young mice, and the mice were observed for 3 months, along with non‐extraction control group mice. After 3 months, gray hair emerged in the interbrow region of mice in the tooth extraction group but not in the control group. The expression of tyrosinase‐related protein‐2 (TRP‐2) mRNA was lower in the interbrow tissues of young mice without maxillary molars than in those with maxillary molars. Tooth loss leads to interbrow gray hair growth, possibly because of weakened trigeminal nerve input, suggesting that reduced mastication causes premature graying. Thus, prompt prosthetic treatment after molar loss is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs are animals with strong bite force. This strong bite mechanism has led to significant changes in the skeletal system such as fossa masseterica. It can be thought that one side is used more than the other side in chewing and is related to the preference of using the same side's hand, eye and foot. In the study, directional asymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry, which occurs as a result of chewing asymmetry, were examined on the first molar teeth and the fossa masseterica in 85 dog mandibles including a wide diversity of morphotypes. The association of high PC1 values for directional asymmetry with a pronounced cranial index, as evident in breeds like Pekingese, Pomeranian and Bulldog, indicates a potential evolutionary or selective breeding trend favouring brachycephaly. On the contrary, guardian breeds like the German shepherd and Bernese mountain dog, which typically require strong jaws for their roles, showcased reduced PC1 values, which might be related to their functional morphology. Similarly, the PCA results for the first molar teeth shape variations also highlighted the influence of cranial shape, with boxer dogs displaying notably higher PC1 values. The fluctuating asymmetrical distributions provided valuable insights into individualistic variations. Interestingly, no specific breed distribution trend was observed for these asymmetries, indicating a more individual‐based variation rather than breed‐based. It is essential to note that while these results provide valuable insights, further studies are required to understand the underlying causes better. Factors like genetic variations, developmental processes, dietary habits and external environmental factors could play pivotal roles in these observed morphological differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aboriginal older adults residing in remote areas have poor oral function due to inadequate access to healthcare services. Lay health advisor (LHA) strategies can fill capacity shortages of healthcare professionals in rural communities and increase population acceptance of health care or healthy behaviours. Objective(s): To evaluate the effectiveness the LHA program on oral function and oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL) among older adults in aboriginal community. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG; n = 122) and a control group (CG; n = 118). All participants performed oral exercises, and the EG received additional one‐on‐one 30‐min lessons by an LHA over 4 weeks. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interview and oral examination. The generalized estimating equation model was used to analyse changes in outcomes over time. Results: The EG exhibited significantly greater improvement in swallowing (β =.63) at the 6‐month follow‐up and in masticatory performance (β =.52) and pronunciation of the syllable/pa/ (β = 2.65) at the 2‐week follow‐up than the CG did. The EG had a significantly lower plaque control record (β = −.14) and plaque index (β = −.30) at the 3‐month follow‐up than the CG did. Moreover, the OHRQoL was significantly increased at 6‐months follow‐up in the EG (p =.010). Conclusion: The LHA program had positive effects on chewing, swallowing and plaque control in aboriginal older adults. LHA group also experienced positive long‐term effect on OHRQoL after intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unbalanced alterations of temporomandibular joint morphology were associated with unilaterally masticatory habits. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of unilateral mastication on the remodelling of the temporomandibular joint using dynamic joint space. Methods: Twelve volunteers with non‐maxillofacial deformity and healthy temporomandibular joints were recruited. The 3D models of the mandible and the maxilla were reconstructed according to computed tomography. The subjects were asked to masticate French fries and peanuts unilaterally, which was recorded by a 3D motion capture system. The dynamic joint space during unilateral mastication was analysed. Results: During early closure, the joint space reduction on the non‐masticatory side was significantly greater than on the masticatory side (p <.05). During later closure, the joint space reduction on the non‐masticatory side was significantly lower than that on the masticatory side (p <.05). The difference in joint space reduction between both sides was greater than the French fries while masticating the peanuts. Conclusions: Unilateral mastication resulted in a different major pressure area on the bilateral TMJs. Therefore, unilateral mastication might be an essential factor in the bilateral asymmetrical remodelling of the TMJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital anomalies represent a significant contributor to infant mortality, morbidity, and enduring disability. With this in mind, the present investigation endeavour to ascertain the pooled prevalence of congenital anomalies and associated determinants among neonates in Ethiopia. Method: PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHAL, Hinari, and Global Health databases were systematically searched. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) assessment checklist was used to assess quality of included studies. Data were extracted from database and exported to stataMP-17 for analysis. Pooled prevalence was determined using DerSimonian-Laird random effects model. The degree of heterogeneity and Publication bias were assessed using I2 statistics and Eggers test, respectively. Study protocol was registered under PROSPERO ID CRD42021229140. Result: A total of 18 studies with 519,327 participants were included in the study. Pooled prevalence of congenital anomalies in Ethiopia was 2% (95% CI: 0.02, 0.03%). Among affected newborns neural tube defect (48%) was the most common congenital anomaly in Ethiopia, followed by orofacial cleft (19%). Risk factors such as alcohol consumption (pooled OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.54, 3.38), lack of folic acid supplement (pooled OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.09–7.36), medication during pregnancy (pooled OR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.03–6.47), khat (Catha edulis) chewing (pooled OR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.61–3.71), exposure to pesticides (pooled OR: 4.45, 95% CI: 2.44–8.09) and maternal illness (pooled OR:1.79, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.10) had statistically significant association with congenital anomalies in Ethiopia. Conclusion: In this review, prevalence of congenital anomalies in Ethiopia was high with considerable regional variation. The most common type of congenital anomaly in Ethiopia was neural tube defects, followed by oro-facial cleft. Alcohol consumption, inadequate intake of folic acid, khat chewing, maternal diseases, exposure to pesticides, and use of medication during pregnancy were identified as potential contributors to congenital abnormalities in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION This prospective study is part of a randomised clinical trial and reports the changes in masticatory performance (MP) and bite force, and explores their influential factors, 1 year after the provision of mandibular overdentures retained by four titanium–zirconium mini implants.Edentulous patients received conventional complete dentures, followed by placement of four mini implants (Straumann® Mini Implant System) in the anterior mandible and converting the conventional prosthesis into a mandibular overdenture. Treatment protocols were randomised using a 2×2 factorial design combining different surgical (flapped vs. flapless) and loading (immediate vs. delayed) protocols. MP was assessed using a two‐colour mixing ability test and a colorimetric analysis to measure the level of colour mixing (Variance of Hue–VoH). Maximum voluntary bite force (MBF) was measured by a digital gnathodynamometer in the posterior and anterior regions. Sex, age, surgical and loading protocols and ridge morphology were tested as independent variables. MP and MBF tests were performed at baseline (pre‐treatment) and the 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month after implant loading. Descriptive statistics, independent t‐test, and linear mixed‐effect model (LMM) regression were used for data analysis.Seventy‐four participants were assessed and 73 completed the 1‐year follow‐up. Statistically significant improvements in functional parameters were observed in all follow‐up periods compared to baseline (p < .001). The flapless protocol was associated with higher improvement in MP at the 3‐month follow‐up (p = .004), while less resorbed ridges were associated with better MP (p = .038) and higher MBF (p < .001).The mandibular overdenture protocol using four titanium–zirconium mini implants was effective in improving MP and MBF of edentulous patients, compared to pre‐treatment values. The findings also suggest that improvements in chewing function and bite force are impacted by clinical factors since better outcomes were observed for flapless surgeries and less resorbed edentulous ridges.ClinicalTrials.Gov ID NCT04760457. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Ethiopia, malnutrition is a public health threat causing a significant burden of morbidity, mortality, and economic crisis. Simultaneously, khat consumption is alarmingly increasing among adults, yet it might contribute to the existing burden of malnutrition, where the current evidence is inconclusive. Hence, this review was to estimate the association between khat consumption and undernutrition among adults in Ethiopia. Methods: A comprehensive search for Google, Google Scholar, and PubMed, coupled with a thorough manual search of the literature, was done up to date, October 18, 2023, using relevant search terms: "impact," "effects," "khat chewing," "khat consumption," "Ethiopia," "nutritional status," and "undernutrition." An updated PRISMA guideline was used to select relevant literature. The extracted data was summarized in narrative summaries, descriptions, and meta-analyses. The risk of bias was assessed. The results are presented in forest plots and funnel plots to assess publication bias. A pooled effect size (odds ratio) with a 95% certainty level was reported. Results: While a total of 17 articles (n = 45,679) were included in the narrative review, only 15 articles were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. The majority of studies had a low and moderate risk of bias (based on risk of bias assessment tool), mainly due to unclear exposure assessment and high study heterogeneity. A total of 11 studies were cross-sectional studies (71%), three were comparative studies (17.4%), and three were case control studies (17.4%). There is a higher risk of publication bias as evidenced by the funnel plot. Overall, five studies were from the Oromia region, and three studies were conducted at the national level. Overall, chewing had been shown to significantly increase the risk of undernutrition by 53% (pooled OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.09–2.16) under a random effect model. Under the fixed effect model, higher weight was given to national-level studies with higher samples, where chewing contributed to a 12% increased risk of undernutrition (AOR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01–2.23). Hence, khat chewing could raise the odds of undernutrition by 12–53%. Conclusion: There is evidence of an association between khat chewing and an increased risk of undernutrition among adults in Ethiopia, which highlights the need for public health interventions to address the potential adverse effects of khat chewing on nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing demand for texture sensations of bread during mastication, with reformulation being needed. This study investigated how bread structure influences oral processing behavior and texture perception. Variations in bread structure were created by manipulating ingredient additions, including pumpkin content and pumpkin processing methods. Results indicated that the physical, chemical, and structural properties drove the oral processing behaviors, and texture sensations were highly correlated with bolus properties. At the beginning and middle of the mastication, bolus from breads with low pumpkin-content required more saliva and exhibited greater hardness, lower adhesiveness, and a higher proportion of small-piece particles than the bolus from high pumpkin-content breads. Bolus from pumpkin pulp breads required more saliva, and was softer, stickier, and generated particles with a lower degree of degradation than the bolus from pumpkin puree breads. However, at the end period, the bolus properties tended to change to similar values. Low pumpkin content breads were initially perceived chewy, whereas high pumpkin content, soft. The dominance rate for soft sensation was higher and lasted longer in breads with pumpkin puree than in breads with pumpkin pulp. Finally, six bread samples were all perceived as hydrated, sticky, and crumbly. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of reformulation on oral behavior and sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the timing, duration and incidence of bacteremia following invasive dental procedures (IDPs) or activities of daily living (ADL). Eight databases were searched for randomized (RCTs) and nonrandomized controlled trials (nRCTs) evaluating bacteremia before and after IDPs or ADL in healthy individuals. The risk of bias was assessed by RoB 2.0 and ROBINS‐I. For the meta‐analysis, the primary outcomes were the timing and duration of bacteremia. The secondary outcome was the incidence of bacteremia, measuring the proportion of patients with bacteremia within 5 min after the end of the procedure compared with baseline. We included 64 nRCTs and 25 RCTs. Peak bacteremia occurred within 5 min after the procedure and then decreased over time. Dental extractions showed the highest incidence of bacteremia (62%–66%), followed by scaling and root planing (SRP) (44%–36%) and oral health procedures (OHP) (e.g., dental prophylaxis and dental probing without SRP) (27%–28%). Other ADL (flossing and chewing) (16%) and toothbrushing (8%–26%) resulted in bacteremia as well. The majority of studies had some concerns RCTs or moderate risk of bias nRCTs. Dental extractions, SRP and OHP, are associated with the highest frequency of bacteremia. Toothbrushing, flossing, and chewing also caused bacteremia in lower frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of titanium as a biomaterial for the treatment of dental implants has been successful and has become the most viable and common option. However, in the last three decades, new alternatives have emerged, such as polymers that could replace metallic materials. The aim of this research work is to demonstrate the structural effects caused by the fatigue phenomenon and the comparison with polymeric materials that may be biomechanically viable by reducing the stress shielding effect at the bone–implant interface. A numerical simulation was performed using the finite element method. Variables such as Young's modulus, Poisson's coefficient, density, yield strength, ultimate strength, and the S-N curve were included. Prior to the simulation, a representative digital model of both a dental implant and the bone was developed. A maximum load of 550 N was applied, and the analysis was considered linear, homogeneous, and isotropic. The results obtained allowed us to observe the mechanical behavior of the dental implant by means of displacements and von Mises forces. They also show the critical areas where the implant tends to fail due to fatigue. Finally, this type of non-destructive analysis proves to be versatile, avoids experimentation on people and/or animals, and reduces costs, and the iteration is unlimited in evaluating various structural parameters (geometry, materials, properties, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the effect of different masticatory pressures on alveolar bone remodeling in rats with orthodontic moving teeth. Methods Forty-five male SD rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups: the baseline group (n=5), the soft diet group (n=20) and the hard diet group (n=20). Rats in the baseline group were sacrificed at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental rat models of right upper first molar movement were established in the soft diet group and the hard diet group. Left side of the maxillary was used as the control group. Each group was fed with corresponding diet. Five rats were sacrificed in each group on the day 3, day 5, day 7 and day 14 after orthodontic treatment respectively. Micro CT was used to measure the mesial movement distance of molar, bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular separation (Tb. Sp) and trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) of the alveolar bone on the pressure side. The number of osteoclasts in alveolar bone was counted after TRAP staining. In situ hybridization was used to detect the expression of RANKL and OPG. Results The amount of tooth movement was smaller on day 14 in the soft diet group than that of the hard diet group (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in BV/TV, Tb.SP and Tb.Th between the soft diet group and the hard diet group. TRAP staining and in situ hybridization showed that the number of osteoclasts and the RANKL/OPG ratio on day 5 and day 7 were lower in the soft diet group than those of the hard diet group (P＜0.05). Conclusion The osteoclast activity in the alveolar bone on the pressure side of the orthodontic tooth is decreased and the tooth movement is inhibited under lower masticatory pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This cross-sectional study had two aims: to assess the prevalence of oral frailty (OF), according to the Oral Frailty 5-Item Checklist (OF-5), among community-dwelling older adults; and to examine the associations among oral frailty, dietary variety, social engagement, and physical frailty. Methods: We pooled data from two population-based studies (the Otassha Study and the Itabashi Longitudinal Study on Aging). With the OF-5, OF is characterized by the presence of two or more of the following: (i) fewer teeth, (ii) difficulty in chewing, (iii) difficulty in swallowing, (iv) dry mouth, and (v) low articulatory oral motor skills. We calculated the OF prevalence for each sex. We assessed dietary variety, social engagement, and physical frailty. Generalized structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the associations among oral frailty, low dietary variety (dietary variety score =3), social isolation (Lubben Social Network Scale score <12), and physical frailty (Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study score =3). Results: A total of 1206 individuals (626 women and 580 men) with a mean age of 74.7 years were included. The prevalence of OF was 36.7%, and it increased with age; however, there was no significant sex difference. OF was significantly indirectly associated with physical frailty via low dietary variety (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.97) and social isolation (odds ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.94). Conclusions: Two of five community-dwelling older adults exhibited OF. Low dietary variety and social isolation are potential underlying mechanisms through which OF is indirectly associated with physical frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review answers the question: "Does occlusal appliance use influence masticatory muscle function of dentate individuals with sleep bruxism?". The literature search included six databases, grey literature, and manual search for articles. Randomized and non‐randomized clinical trials were included comparing muscle function of sleep bruxers before and after receiving occlusal appliances. Risk of bias was assessed with risk of bias assessment for randomized and non‐randomized clinical trials tool. Twelve studies, three represent randomized clinical trials, were included. Risk of bias was considered low, moderate, or serious. Meta‐analyses indicated that soft and hard appliances did not influence muscle activity and bite force of bruxers. Qualitative analysis showed that occlusal appliance use did not influence masticatory performance and muscle volume. However, it was effective in reducing tongue force. Certainty of evidence was considered very low for muscle activity when evaluated with hard appliances, and for bite force evaluated with both appliance materials. Low certainty of evidence was observed for muscle activity with soft appliances. Based on the findings of this meta‐analysis, occlusal appliances do not affect masticatory muscle function of sleep bruxers. Regardless of appliance material, the activity of masseter and temporal, and bite force of sleep bruxers was not influenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: From preschool through high school, eating is part of the school day. Children with feeding and/or swallowing issues are now in our neighborhood schools, our responsibility in our care, and require adequate nutrition and hydration to participate in school and access the curriculum. The whole child is in school, including all of their medical, behavioral, social, and educational needs. This clinical focus article describes a holistic process of evaluating swallowing and feeding in the school setting for the school speech-language pathologist (SLP) leading the team supporting the child. Method: This clinical focus article explores the evaluation process in the educational setting for the school SLP in identification of pediatric feeding disorders (PFDs), which can involve dysphagia. Detailed descriptions of the related U.S. educational law, PFD, assessment processes for the multiple systems relating to eating, and collaboration with an interdisciplinary team are highlighted. Using the four overlapping domains of PFD (medical, psychosocial, feeding skillbased systems and associated nutritional aspects), medical and background history gathering; integration with instrumental results; and the need to consider the complex interaction of developmental, physical, cognitive, social, behavioral, family, and cultural aspects in the evaluation are detailed. Conclusions: School-age children require safe and adequate nutrition and hydration for learning and social participation. The SLP has a lead role in the school team in evaluating swallowing and feeding, and developing a plan for team implementation. A holistic school-based SLP clinical evaluation process is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact of treatments on completely edentulous individuals on masticatory performance (MP), oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), nutritional status (NS) and socio‐economic profile (SP) is unclear in the literature. Objective: To compare the MP, OHRQoL, NS and SP of totally edentulous elderly users of bimaxillary complete dentures (CD) and users of lower implant‐supported fixed complete dentures (IFCD). Methods: Forty participants were allocated into groups according to rehabilitation treatment (n = 20): bimaxillary CD (G1) and lower IFCD, and upper CD (G2). The evaluation of MP used almonds by the method of sieves. Four questionnaires (Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index–GOHAI and Oral Health Impact Profile Edent–OHIP‐Edent, Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria–ABEP and Mini Nutritional Assessment‐MNA) were applied to assess the OHRQoL, SP and NS of the elderly, respectively. After evaluating the statistical assumptions, the Mann–Whitney (α =.05) test was applied to compare the groups regarding MP, OHRQoL, NS and SP. Spearman's correlation (α =.05) was performed to verify the correlation between the MP, the OHRQoL and the NS of the participants. Results: G2 showed better MP (p <.05) in all masticatory cycles, OHRQoL (p <.05) and NS than the G1. However, the participants' self‐perception of oral health did not differ between groups (p <.05). A moderate negative correlation was found between MP and OHRQoL for 40 masticatory cycles (r2 = −0.513; p =.001). Conclusion: Individuals rehabilitated with IFCD had a higher average monthly family income and achieved superior behaviour in MP and OHRQoL, in addition to lower risks of malnutrition when compared to individuals using bimaxillary CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To comparatively assess the wear resistance of conventional and flowable composites containing different filler types using thermomechanical chewing simulation. Materials and Method s : Six different composite resin materials were used: a conventional and flowable composite from each of three manufacturers respectively classified by different filler characterizations: (1), a nanohybrid conventional (G‐aenial Posterior, GC) and flowable (G‐aenial Universal Injectable, GC), (2) a nanofilled conventional (Filtek One Bulk‐fill Restorative, 3M) and flowable (Filtek Ultimate Flow, 3M), and submicron‐filled conventional (Estelite Posterior Quick, Tokuyama) and flowable (Estelite Bulk‐Fill Flow, Tokuyama). The buccal surfaces of extracted human premolars were planarly abraded and used as control (n = 12). The prepared surfaces were subjected to wear using a thermocycler chewing simulator against 6‐mm diameter steatite balls for 240,000 cycles, simulating 1 year of in vivo use. Digital profiles of treated sample surfaces were scanned using a laser scanner, and the volume loss and maximum depth of loss were calculated. Two‐way MANOVA was used to compare the wear volume loss and depth according viscosity (conventional/flowable) and filler type (nanohybrid, nanofilled, submicron‐filled), and multiple comparisons were performed using Duncan's test. Results: Wear volume loss and loss depth were significantly lower in enamel than in all composite resin groups. The wear volume loss and loss depth of nanofilled composites were significantly higher than the other composite filler types, with no significant difference in either parameter between the nanohybrid and submicron‐filled composite groups. With respect to apparent viscosity, wear volume loss and loss depth of conventional composites were significantly lower than the flowable composites. Conclusions: The type of composite filler and its apparent viscosity significantly influence the in vitro wear resistance of the material. All composite materials tested demonstrated a susceptibility to simulated wear that was two to three times greater than that of human enamel. Clinical Significance: Flowable composite resins provide a level of convenience in clinical application. Despite advancements in their wear characteristics, they continue to display inferior wear resistance compared to conventional composite resins. Nevertheless, all tested composite resins exhibited a significantly higher potential for wear than human enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral frailty, characterised by reduced oral function, is associated with systemic health issues in older adults. Although the criteria for diminished oral function often focus on motor and secretory abilities, texture perception also plays a crucial role in health due to its impact on food intake and palatability. Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between thickness discrimination ability (TDA) and oral motor and secretory functions in healthy young individuals. Methods: Twenty‐eight adults were assessed for texture perception using eight concentrations of aqueous xanthan gum solutions to determine TDA scores. Measurements of occlusal force, masticatory performance, tongue pressure, stimulated salivary flow rate and tongue–lip motor function were conducted. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between TDA scores and oral functions. Participants were divided into high‐sensitivity and low‐sensitivity groups based on their TDA scores to compare oral function test results. Results: The TDA scores varied among the participants, with higher scores correlating with higher masticatory performance (r = 0.41, p <.05). Masticatory performance in the high‐sensitivity group was significantly higher than in the low‐sensitivity group (211.9 ± 59.2 mg/dL vs. 157.9 ± 43.0 mg/dL, p =.013), with no significant differences in other oral functions. Conclusion: Masticatory performance was correlated with TDA, suggesting a link between the selection function of mastication and thickness discrimination. These findings highlight the potential relevance of texture perception in oral function and indicate the need for further exploration, particularly in older adults with declining oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The noteworthy correlation between bite force and masticatory performance emphasizes its significance as a meaningful and objective method for assessing oral function. Furthermore, in the study of bruxism, the measurement of intraoral bite force assumes critical importance. Given the importance of assessing occlusal forces and bite force, this systematic review aims to assess the efficacy of wireless sensors in measuring these forces. Methods: The search methodology employed in this systematic review adhered to the guidelines outlined by PRISMA. The strategy involved the exploration of various databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS and SCIELO. An assessment tool was employed to evaluate the bias risk and study quality. Results: This systematic review encompassed six prospective clinical studies involving a total of 89 participants. Wireless sensors for measuring occlusal forces and bite forces were predominantly employed in healthy adults or individuals with bruxism, along with children undergoing orthodontic treatment. All wireless sensors employed in the studies underwent validation and reproducibility assessments, affirming their reliability. The findings indicated that all wireless sensors exhibited efficacy in detecting occlusal forces and bite forces. Conclusion: Wireless sensors offer real‐time monitoring of occlusal and bite forces, aiding in understanding force distribution and identifying bruxism patterns. Despite limited studies on their application, these sensors contribute to evolving insights. Integration into clinical practice requires careful consideration of factors like calibration and patient compliance. Ongoing research is crucial to address limitations and enhance the efficacy of wireless sensors in measuring occlusal and bite forces and managing bruxism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The early form of caries can affect solid food consumption. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of oral health status on chewing performance, and tolerated food texture among preschool children suffering from early childhood caries (ECC). Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted with a sample of 109 children aged between 3 and 6 years, who were allocated to three groups (severe‐ECC (s‐ECC), ECC and control) on the basis of their caries. Chewing function was evaluated by using the 'Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS)' and the Turkish version of the 'Mastication Observation and Evaluation instrument (T‐MOE)', and the tolerated food texture was determined by the 'International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI)'. Carious lesions, oral hygiene and gingival health status were evaluated by using the 'decayed, missing, filled tooth/surface indices (dmft/s)', 'plaque and gingival indices'; respectively. Results: A total of 56 children (51.4%) had s‐ECC, 39 (35.8%) had ECC and 14 (12.8%) had no caries (control group). KCPS showed that 26 (86.7%) children suffering from s‐ECC were at level 1, and 11 (100%) children were at level 2. Seven (100%) children with s‐ECC had IDDSI level‐5. All children with healthy oral status had IDSSI level‐7. Compared to the ECC and control groups, the s‐ECC group had significantly lower scores from the T‐MOE total and subscale scores (p <.001). Conclusion: The evaluation of chewing performance during routine dental examinations of children with ECC (especially s‐ECC) may considerably contribute to the early diagnosis of chewing problems and the provision of necessary oral rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusions Emerging evidence suggests association of tooth loss with impaired cognition. However, the differential effects of anterior versus posterior tooth loss, occlusal support loss and chewing ability are not considered comprehensively.We conducted cross‐sectional (N = 4036) and longitudinal analyses (N = 2787) on data from Health 2000 and 2011 Surveys for associations of posterior occlusal support loss, anterior versus posterior tooth loss, and chewing ability with baseline cognition and 11‐year cognitive decline. Additionally, 15‐year incident dementia risk was investigated (N = 4073).After considering relevant confounders and potential reverse causality bias, posterior occlusal support loss significantly increased dementia risk across all categories indicative of posterior occlusal support loss (hazard ratios [HRs] between 1.99 and 2.89). Bilateral inadequate posterior occlusal support was associated with 11‐year decline in overall cognition (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48:1.00–2.19), and unilateral inadequate posterior occlusal support with total immediate (OR = 1.62:1.14–2.30) and delayed recall decline (OR = 1.45:1.03–2.05). Moreover, posterior tooth loss was associated with dementia (HR = 2.23:1.27–3.91) and chewing ability with total immediate decline (OR = 1.80:1.04–3.13).Posterior tooth and occlusal support loss significantly increases dementia risk. The impact of posterior occlusal support loss appears to be dose‐dependent, and this effect is distinct from that of dentures. Dental healthcare services should be particularly attentive to the state of posterior dentition. Further studies exploring possible mechanisms are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of SC methadone in four-toed hedgehogs. ANIMALS 9 to 12 healthy adult four-toed hedgehogs (7 to 9 males and 3 females). METHODS Hedgehogs underwent 3 randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, complete crossover studies. Hind limb withdrawal latencies in response to an acute thermal noxious stimulus were measured to evaluate the antinociceptive efficacy of methadone. Single doses of SC methadone were evaluated at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg for dose-dependent effects. Additionally, methadone (1.5 mg/kg) was administered at different concentrations to assess the effect of injection volume on antinociceptive efficacy. Finally, the safety of multiple doses of methadone (1.5 mg/kg, SC, q 2 h, for 3 doses) was also evaluated. In addition to monitoring behavior during latency measurements, animals were assessed for overt sedation. Food intake, body weight, and running wheel activity were assessed daily for 6 days following methadone administration to evaluate for adverse effects. RESULTS Methadone at 1 and 1.5 mg/kg provided antinociception lasting < 2 hours, and injection volume had no significant effect on efficacy. Methadone at 0.5 mg/kg did not induce antinociception. Methadone produced transient abnormal behaviors in all hedgehogs, with more animals affected at the 1.5-mg/kg dose. Behaviors included periods of standing motionless, vocalization, chewing motions, and paw raising. Single- or multiple-dose administration of methadone had no significant effect on total food intake, body weight, or running wheel activity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this study provide additional information on providing analgesia to hedgehogs. Subcutaneous methadone (1 to 1.5 mg/kg) can be used for short-term antinociception in hedgehogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study identified potentially pivotal miRNAs contributing to chondrogenic differentiation in temporomandibular joint suffering abnormal stress. Materials and Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and experimental unilateral mastication (EUM) group. Bone micro‐structure parameters was detected by micro‐CT, and FGF‐1 and MMP‐1 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. Differentially expressed miRNAs of bilateral condyle cartilage were screened via miRNA microarray at 4‐ and 8‐week EUM, then further verified using quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR. Over‐expression of five differentially expressed miRNAs in chondrocytes was triggered by transfecting miRNA mimics. The expression of MMP‐13, Col‐II, OPN, and Runx2 was verified by western blotting. Results: Expressions of FGF‐1 and MMP‐1 in right condyles gradually increased from 2 to 6 weeks after EUM. A total of 20 differentially expressed miRNAs were regulated by EUM, which related to cell proliferation, invasion, and osteoblast differentiation pathways. The over‐expression of miR‐148a‐3p and miR‐1‐3p led to down‐regulation of Col‐II, while MMP‐13 and Runx2 were up‐regulated by induction of hypotrophic differentiation or IL‐1β stimulation. These findings suggested that miR‐148a‐3p and miR‐1‐3p promote chondrogenic differentiation. Conclusions: Several pivotal miRNAs were found to be related to chondrogenic differentiation, which provides novel insight into pathogenic mechanisms of cartilage homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The external carotid artery (ECA) plays a major role in supplying blood to the head and neck. Although impeded blood flow in the ECA is expected to affect orofacial functions, few studies have shown how blood flow obstruction in the ECA contributes to impairment of these functions, including chewing and swallowing. This study was performed to investigate the effects of ECA ligation (ECAL) on immediate and long-term changes in masticatory and swallowing functions as well as the jaw-opening reflex evoked in the digastric muscle. The experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. In the acute experiment, the digastric reflex evoked by low-threshold electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve and the swallow reflex, identified by digastric and thyrohyoid electromyographic (EMG) bursts, were compared between before and 1 h after ECAL. The chronic experiment was conducted on freely moving rats. EMGs of the masseter, digastric, and thyrohyoid muscles were chronically recorded. The long-term effects of ECAL on behavior and muscle histology were compared between rats with an intact ECA and rats with ECAL. In the acute experiment, the peak amplitude of the digastric reflex on the ECAL side was significantly decreased 1 h after ECAL. In the chronic experiment, although most parameters of the masticatory and swallowing EMGs were not significantly different between the groups, the results suggest wide variation of the effect of ECAL on the muscles. Blood supply compensation from collaterals of the internal carotid artery may be permanent in some animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Awareness of difficulty chewing may limit the diversity of food intake in older adults. However, few studies have clarified which factors are related to subjective difficulty in chewing. The aim was to identify factors related to subjective difficulty in chewing in 70‐ and 80‐year‐old Japanese older adults. Methods: A total of 1680 participants (792 men, 888 women) were surveyed. Difficulty in chewing was assessed with questionnaires regarding food intake, such as rice, apples, beef, and hard rice crackers. The participants were classified into two groups, the "with difficulty" group (participants who answered "cannot eat," "can eat with difficulty," and "can eat if small") and the "without difficulty" group (participants who answered "can eat without problems"), according to their answers to questionnaires for each food. A logistic regression analysis with subjective difficulty in chewing as the dependent variable was performed for each food. Results: Subjective difficulty in chewing was associated with age, occlusal force, and depression for rice; age, number of remaining teeth, occlusal force, and depression for apples; number of remaining teeth, occlusal force, and depression for beef; and number of remaining teeth and occlusal force for hard rice crackers. Conclusions: Age, number of remaining teeth, and occlusal force, as well as depression, might be related to subjective evaluation of difficulty chewing in community‐dwelling Japanese older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 327–333. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bidirectional association between oral health, including tooth loss and oral hypofunction, and cognitive impairment can induce time‐varying confounding in association with dementia. This study aimed to investigate the association between oral health and the development of dementia among older adults, considering cognitive impairment as a time‐varying confounder. Methods: This nine‐year follow‐up cohort study targeted independent older adults aged ≥65 years who participated in the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. The exposure variables were self‐reported poor oral health (≤19 remaining teeth, edentulousness, chewing difficulty, swallowing problems, and xerostomia), which were assessed in 2010 and 2013. The outcome variable was the incidence of dementia between 2013 and 2019, which was obtained from the municipalities' administrative database. Furthermore, in 2010 and 2013, we considered cognitive impairment as a time‐varying confounder and treated it based on a marginal structural model (MSM), including possible baseline confounders. Oral health and cognitive impairment were assessed using the items of Kihon checklist. We employed a Cox proportional hazards model with a stabilized inverse probability weight and estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Among 37,556 participants (mean age: 72.8 years [1 SD = 5.5], males: 46.8%), the dementia incidence rate was 2.2/100 person‐year. The proportions of those with ≤19 remaining teeth, edentulousness, chewing difficulty, swallowing problems, and xerostomia were 61.3%, 11.0%, 24.4%, 14.7%, and 19.2%, respectively. From the regression analysis based on MSM, ≤19 remaining teeth (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03–1.23), edentulousness (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.09–1.32), chewing difficulty (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02–1.21), and xerostomia (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01–1.20) were significantly associated with an increased risk of dementia; however, swallowing problems were not significantly associated with dementia onset (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Even after considering time‐varying confounding by cognitive function at baseline and follow‐up, we observed significant associations between poor oral health and increased risk of dementia among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]