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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading opportunistic infection in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but is uncommon in low prevalence regions. We aim to describe the changing epidemiology and clinical presentation of TB-HIV co infection in a cohort of HIV-infected children in Spain. METHODS: Children diagnosed with TB between 1995 and 2016 in the paediatric HIV cohort were identified. The incidence and clinical presentation were compared in three periods: 1995-1999 (P1, before initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy, cART), 2000-2009 (P2, increase in immigration), and 2010-2016 (P3, decrease in immigration). RESULTS: We included 29 TB cases among 1183 children aged ,18 years (2.4%, 243/100 000 person years). The proportion was stable in P1 and P2 (1.3%), but decreased in P3 (0.8%). The median age at TB diagnosis was 6.4 years (IQR 4-10.6); most children in P3 were aged .10 years (20% vs. 23.1% vs. 83.3%, P = 0.01). TB was diagnosed at HIV presentation in 11/29 children (37.9%). Foreign-born children accounted for respectively 0%, 8% and 67% of the total number of children in each period (P

Hunting bags provide important information for conservation measures and wildlife management. This study is to assess relationships between landscape structure and game species. The community parameters (abundance, richness and diversity) and landscape/land use indices have been related, using GIS and statistical analysis, in the South-East of Spain (Marina Baja, Alicante). Game species richness (S) is determined by the presence of fruit groves (p = 0.001, R = 0.714) and landscape shape. The total density of species (TD) is influenced positively by fruit groves (p = 0.001, R = 0.783) and wooded shrublands (p = 0.002, R = 0.911), but is influenced negatively by urban areas (p < 0.001, R = 0.844). Small game communities correlate to irrigated fruit (p = 0.002, R = 0.754) and dry vineyard (p = 0.021, R = 0.839) and also with the diversity landscape index (p = 0.029, R = 0.708). Big game density is positively related to holm oak (p = 0.018, R = 0.812) and dense pine forests (p = 0.001, R = 0.849) and also with the total area landscape index (p = 0.011, R = 0.921). Population control species prefer irrigated fruit (p < 0.001, R = 0.775), fruit groves (p < 0.001, R = 0.857) and irrigated vineyard (p = 0.017, R = 0.833) land uses. Our conclusion is that most game species presents a positive relation with landscape structure, such as fractal dimension and shape index, and traditional agriculture based on irrigated and dry fruit crops., Los estadísticos de caza proporcionan información fundamental para implementar medidas de conservación y manejo de fauna. Este estudio pretende evaluar las relaciones entre la estructura del paisaje y las especies de caza. Se han relacionado los parámetros de la comunidad (abundancia, riqueza y diversidad), el paisaje y los índices de uso del suelo, usando SIG y análisis estadísticos, en el sureste de España (Marina Baja, Alicante). La riqueza de especies (S) está correlacionada positivamente con los frutales (p = 0,001, R = 0,714) y la forma del paisaje. La densidad total de especies (TD) está influenciada positivamente por los frutales (p = 0,001, R = 0,783) y el matorral arbolado (p = 0,002, R = 0,911), aunque influida negativamente por las zonas urbanas (p < 0,001, R = 0,844). Las especies de caza menor se correlacionan con el frutal de regadío (p = 0,002, R = 0,754), el viñedo de secano (p = 0,021, R = 0,839) y con el índice de diversidad del paisaje (p = 0,029, R = 0,708). La densidad de especies de caza mayor se relaciona positivamente con el encinar (p = 0,018, R = 0,812), el pinar denso (p = 0,001, R = 0,849) y con el índice de área total del paisaje (p = 0,011, R = 0,921). Las especies que requieren control de la población prefieren el frutal (p < 0,001, R = 0,775), la viña de regadío (p = 0,017, R = 0,833) y frutales de secano (p < 0,001, R = 0,857). La mayoría de especies de caza presenta una relación positiva con la estructura del paisaje, especialmente sobre los índices fractal y de forma, y la agricultura tradicional basada en los cultivos de frutales en regadío y secano.