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Simple Summary: Simple Summary: During the ethanol creation process, ethanol and ethanol co-products are created. Ethanol plants take these co-products and market them in a secondary market. While originally just additional revenue streams, coproducts have evolved into valuable commodities themselves. Analyzing existing research, the study finds that most of the current economic understanding is for distillers' grains, a common coproduct used in animal feed. Newer coproducts like pelletized or high-protein grains are less studied. Moreover, alternative uses for coproducts such as plastics and CO2 have remained largely unexplored. The research underscores the need for further investigation to optimize coproduct utilization and inform future decision-making. We suggest focusing on the economic pricing, marketing, and regulatory structure of newer ethanol co-products to add additional value to the ethanol industry. During the mid-2000s to the early 2010s, the domestic ethanol industry witnessed substantial growth, with ethanol coproducts emerging as vital elements for plant profitability and livestock feeding. Initially serving as supplementary revenue streams, coproducts from ethanol production have evolved into diverse value-added offerings, bolstering revenue streams, and sustaining profit margins. This study reviews existing economic research on ethanol coproducts, detailing methodologies, product focus, and research locations. Initially gathering 972 articles from 9 databases, 110 articles were synthesized. We find that most studies primarily examined the growth and future of the ethanol industry with a limited focus on specific coproducts. Feed-use distillers' grains, especially dried distillers' grains, were the most widely published while newer coproducts like pelletized, de-oiled, and high-protein distillers' grains were relatively understudied. Non-feed-use products were notably overlooked, highlighting the need for exploration beyond conventional applications. The evolving market landscape for ethanol co-products has surpassed published academic understanding of the economic tradeoffs necessitating further research into product dynamics, pricing, marketing, market structures, and regulatory frameworks. This highlights and underscores the importance of investigating value-added grains across diverse commodities and geographic contexts to inform strategic decision-making and policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a unique chapter in the history of Romanian-Dutch relations. During the 19th century, the hinterland at the mouth of the Danube was an important centre for the supply of grain to European warehouses, and from the 1880s onwards, international trading houses became increasingly interested in placing the main commodity of Moldo-Wallachian production structures on the markets of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Due to its entrepreneurial and infrastructural connections with Germany, the port of Rotterdam became a transit and temporary storage point for grain dedicated to the Rhine-Ruhr industrial region. This study is based on unpublished documents from archives, databases, and statistical yearbooks in the Netherlands and Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, most reforms in major arms-producing countries focus on keeping costs under control by either promoting competition between suppliers or by reducing information asymmetry through audits and controls. Indeed, cost escalation represents a challenge but, in fact, these reforms try to adjust the functioning of defence market rather than questioning the institutional features of this latter. The success of defence acquisition structures also explains their limits. The current organisation of defence market was perfectly adapted to the geostrategic context of Cold War and a technological momentum that favours symmetrical arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Even if these structures still help deliver advanced capabilities, they can be considered as not sufficient to cover all the operational needs of armed forces. The conception of capabilities needs to go beyond a long-term planning while industrial approaches open the way to more agile development and manufacturing. An alternative defence industrial policy is necessary to complement the existing one. More modular architectures for complex systems provide the opportunity to increase the reactiveness of capability deliveries and to foster both innovation and competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare systems worldwide face escalating pharmaceutical expenditures despite interventions targeting pricing and generic substitution. Existing studies often overlook unwarranted volume increases in multisource markets due to differential physician perceptions of brand name and generics. Objective: This study aims to explain the outpacing of generic medicine use over brand name use in multisource markets and assess the regulatory role, specifically examining the impact of reference pricing on volume and intensity increases. Methods: Analyzing German multisource prescription medicine markets from 2011 to 2014, we evaluate regulatory mechanisms and explore whether brand name and generic medicines constitute separate market segments. Using an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition approach, we divide the differential in brand name versus generic medicine use rates into market structure and unobserved segment effects. Results: Generic use rates surpass same-market brand name substitution by 3.87 prescriptions per physician and medicine, on average. Reference pricing mitigated volume increase, treatment intensity and expenditure. Disparities in quantity and expenditure dynamics between brand name and generic segments are partially explained by market structure and segment effects. Conclusion: Generic medicine use effectively reduces expenditures but contributes to increased net prescription rates. Reference pricing may control medicine use, but divergent physician perceptions of brand name and generics, revealed by identified segment effects, call for nuanced policy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the research is the transformative impact of digital platforms on traditional market structures. Qualitative research is used to gain a deep understanding of how traditional market structures are impacted by digital platforms. Interviews with eight participants highlight the shift towards gig and freelance work, the erosion of traditional employment protections, and the emergence of new business models facilitated by technological advancements. The study adopted thematic analysis to analyze the collected data. The study reveals that digital platforms have significantly lowered barriers to market entry and fostered economic inclusion. As a result, the initial costs of starting a business have significantly decreased. However, they have also introduced complexities surrounding labor rights and necessitated a re-evaluation of regulatory frameworks to address monopolistic practices and ensure fair competition. This is due to the lack of labor regulations protection for freelance workers compared to traditional employment. The study stresses the need for agile, forward-looking, and internationally coordinated regulatory approaches to effectively govern digital platforms, balancing innovation with the protection of consumer and worker rights. Such an approach should aim to address the current challenges but also anticipate future developments by ensuring that regulations evolve in tandem with technological advancements without stifling innovation. Furthermore, fostering technological literacy among lawmakers, adopting adaptive regulatory frameworks, and ensuring the inclusion of diverse perspectives are crucial steps towards achieving effective governance of digital technologies. The findings contribute to the ongoing dialogue on digital governance, offering insights for policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders in crafting regulations that harness the benefits of digital platforms while mitigating their negative impacts on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of a long-term, cross-border market in which forward market coupling and bilateral contracts are developed in an integrated approach is instrumental for the European internal electricity market. We propose the joint energy and transmission right auction (JETRA) mechanism, developed by O'Neill et al., as a solution for long-term cross-border markets in Europe. The main contribution of this research lies in its examination of the underlying market structures for effective JETRA implementation. We compare the institutional setting, market rules, and grid modeling under nodal and zonal pricing systems, adapting JETRA to the flow-based market coupling (FBMC) mechanism that is currently implemented in the European day-ahead market. This adaptation reveals the inherent limitations of FBMC in supporting JETRA, in particular in the long-term auction. We also identify constraints posed by existing European market rules, particularly those that affect the application of multi-settlement rules and the effective timeframe of hedging instruments. In conclusion, our research suggests that transitioning from zonal to nodal pricing is essential for JETRA's effective implementation. Furthermore, a comprehensive market reform is required to seamlessly integrate long- and short-term markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessments of the bike-sharing industry traditionally focus on its effects on other markets, municipalities, or general well-being. This paper deviates from this on how the market is organised. Using information on the aggregate number of firms in cities and greater cities across Europe, we found non-proportional changes in market size with respect to changes in market structure. This is crucial information inferring changes in profits, costs, or degree of product differentiation. To distinguish between these three sources, we utilised additional firm-level data on capacity and type of service provided. Our results suggest that the non-proportional increase in market size after an entry is most likely associated with increased intensity of competition and new forms of offered services, i.e. product differentiation. We did not find evidence that newcomers have been entering with substantially larger capacities per capita compared to incumbents. From a policy perspective, entry into the bike-sharing industry has benefited consumers through market expansion and caused a potential decrease in profits. • A non-proportional market size increase after the entry of the second and third firms. • No association for entry barriers; no entries with larger capacity. • Increases likely associated with differentiation: entrants likely dockless or e-bikes. • Entry and competition benefited consumers through market expansion and may decrease profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim was to quantify changes in the market structure of primary care physicians and examine its relationship with access to care. Data Sources and Study Setting: We created measures of market structure from a 5% sample of Medicare fee‐for‐service claims and examined access to care using nationally representative data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Our study spanned from 2008 to 2019. Study Design: We used a linear probability model to estimate the relationship between access to care and two measures of market structure: concentration, measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), and vertical integration, measured by the market share of multispecialty firms. Our model controlled for year and ZIP code fixed effects, respondents' demographics and health status, and other measures of market structure. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: All adult respondents in the MEPS were included. Principal Findings: The percentage of people living in concentrated ZIP codes (HHI above 1500) increased from 37% in 2008 to 53% in 2019. During the same period, the median market share of multispecialty firms rose from 30% to 48%. Respondents in highly concentrated ZIP codes (HHI over 2500) were 5.9 percentage points (95% CI: −1.4 to −10.4) less likely to report having access to immediate care than respondents in unconcentrated ZIP codes. The association was largest among Medicaid beneficiaries, a 17.3 percentage point reduction (95% CI: −5.1 to −29.4). When we applied a model that was robust to biases from treatments with staggered timing, the estimated association remained negative but was not statistically significant. We found no association between HHI and indicators for having a usual source of care and annual checkups. The multispecialty market share was negatively associated with checkups, but not other measures of access. Conclusions: Increases in concentration may reduce some types of access to healthcare. These effects appear most pronounced among Medicaid beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an agent-based micro-simulation model to acquire the responses of road freight transportation systems like the productivity of trucks, the capability of road freight transportation companies, and the economic state of actors to different regulatory reforms. The shippers, freight companies, and drivers are the key decision-makers. These agents have different choices, including transport carrier choice, shipping price, truck allocation to shipment, and empty backhauls. Performance measures were used for the calibration phase with less than 3.7% average error. Finally, three viable regulatory reforms were evaluated, and their performance measures were estimated and discussed. We found that the shipping cost will reduce by 6% if a competitive market structure replaces the mandatory freight assignment procedure. Furthermore, we observed a 20% increase in the market share of the top fifty transport companies and a 3% improvement in the overall productivity when the physical freight companies' branch requirements are relaxed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of bank market structure on firm innovation in China using a two-way fixed effects model. Our analysis is based on a dataset comprising 2,412,316 firm-city level observations. Our findings suggest that there exists a U-shaped relationship between bank market structure and firm innovation in China. Specifically, we identify that the financing channel is a crucial pathway through which bank market structure influences firm innovation. Moreover, our results indicate that this relationship is mainly driven by small firms and innovative firms, and is more pronounced in regions with stronger intellectual property rights protection or greater openness to foreign markets. In sum, this study contributes to the existing literature by advancing our understanding of the impact of bank market structure on innovation in Chinese firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how social structure — the pattern of social links that connect individuals in a community — affects labor markets. Under competing views on the role of networks, social structures that discourage network hiring could improve or hinder labor market performance. We test these competing views using data on marriage networks in 15,000 villages, combined with labor force survey data. Using regressions analyses and an instrumental variable strategy, we find that individuals living in more socially fragmented villages are less likely to work in family firms, more likely to use formal job search strategies, invest more in education and earn higher wages. Social fragmentation thus discourages network hiring and improves labor market performance. These results survive 384 combinations of robustness checks. We further provide direct evidence against reverse causality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the attributes and the significance of the roughness of oil market volatility. We employ unspanned stochastic volatility models driven by rough Brownian motions that yield semi-analytical prices for future options entailing efficient calibration applications. By performing a Monte Carlo simulation study, we show that the semi-analytical pricing performs well thus establishing its efficiency for calibration applications. Thus we calibrate option prices written on oil futures and provide empirical evidence of the roughness in oil volatility. Introducing just one additional parameter, the Hurst parameter, indicating the roughness of the volatility improves the calibration by almost a factor of 10. The calibrated option-implied Hurst parameter varies over time, but the entire set of parameters becomes more stable than in the non-rough case corresponding to a fixed Hurst parameter 1/2. These results underscore the importance to model the time dependency of the roughness of oil market volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this programme, we map and examine local labour market programmes (LLMPs) at the municipal level in Sweden. This includes their institutional structure and organisation, as well as the experiences of participants in the programmes, using a longitudinal approach with the aim to improve LLMPs. The long-term goal is to increasing the inclusion of LLMP participants in working life. To answer the programme's questions, data will be collected and analysed within the four work packages. In each work package, a mixed-method approach is applied with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The programme is informed by three overarching general theoretical approached, tying together institutional ethnography, intersectional studies of structural inequalities on different levels, and the role of emotions in everyday work. At the organisational level (WP 1), we will investigate the circumstances under which LLMPs are performed and negotiated by those involved. Here, the internal organisation, activities and methods are the focus. This approach will result in knowledge about the characteristics of these organisations and the factors promoting the inclusion of underrepresented groups in working life. By examining the activities in LLMPs (WP 2), we will be able to determine how their institutional structure differs between regions in Sweden, how the different municipalities work with labour market policy, how they translate national policy into the local context, how they organise their work and which initiatives they choose to adopt. By examining the individual experiences of those who are directly affected by such incentives (WP 3), knowledge and understanding will be obtained of the connections between experiences and labour market policies. This will give important insights into the functioning of local programmes and of the opportunities to create entry into the labour market. Furthermore, in WP4 we will develop and test an effect evaluation of work methods used in LLMPs and their effect on clients' progress over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Java long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) is a potential export commodity. One of the centers of Java long pepper production in Indonesia is Sumenep Regency. However, in marketing, farmers only act as price takers, and prices fluctuate a lot. This study aimed to describe the structure, conduct, and performance of the Java Long Pepper market in Bluto District, Sumenep Regency. Sampling was carried out using the snowball sampling method to obtain a sample of 31 farmers, 2 small traders, and 1 large trader. The analysis technique used is the SCP (structure, conduct, and performance) with qualitative and quantitative approaches. Market structure is analyzed by calculating CR and IHH, market conduct by analyzing pricing methods, marketing channels, and marketing functions, and market performance by marketing margin and farmer’s share. Based on the research results, it is known that the market structure that occurs is an oligopsony with a high concentration and collusion price leadership types by the dominant firm. Market conduct shows that farmers cannot bargain, and traders determine absolute prices. Market performance is seen from marketing channel I which is considered the best, with a marketing margin IDR2.000,00 and a farmer’s share of 97.30%. This condition of imperfect market competition needs to be controlled and paid attention to so that it can be managed well, create healthy business conditions, and avoid monopoly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the relationship between domestic and international prices of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea fertilisers together with exchange rates in Türkiye using the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model on monthly data for the period of January 2011 to September 2022. The result of the study provides empirical evidence about the presence of asymmetries in the short and long-run among these fertilisers. The findings of the study confirm that international prices of di-ammonium phosphate and urea fertilisers have a symmetric effect in the long-run and exchange rate of the Turkish lira to US dollars has an asymmetric effect on the domestic prices of fertilisers in the short run. This is the first study in Türkiye to delineate the dynamic simultaneous interaction among these markets and its findings can be extremely useful for academicians, and policymakers to make decisions regarding the market structure of countries that do not have sufficient domestic resources for fertiliser supply and are dependent on imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is not only the largest sector in the world economy, but also one of the fastest growing emerging industries in the world. Unlike other economic sectors that transport products to consumers, tourism enables people to migrate to places where tourism resources are concentrated. These resources are consumed somewhere. With the development of social economy, tourism has increasingly shown its important position in the national economy. After years of development, Kazakhstan's tourism industry has made significant contributions to the national economic development. At the same time, the industry has also accumulated many problems and contradictions in the long-term development process. From a macro level, the development situation of Kazakhstan's tourism industry is good, with total tourism revenue and tourist numbers rising rapidly. From a micro level, tourism enterprises are small in scale, have poor operations, and have low overall competitiveness. From the industrial level analysis, the main problems and contradictions of Kazakhstan's tourism industry are related to its market structure characteristics. Structural issues are core issues in the development of tourism in Kazakhstan. Using structural ideas and methods to study the tourism industry in Kazakhstan can guide the sustainable development of the tourism industry and provide a basis for decision-making by the government. Based on the literature review of the tourism market structure, the authors analyze the optimization path based on the Kazakhstan tourism market structure and effectively promotes the tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with issues characterizing the mobile app industry. In particular, we focus on an app developer who competes against either a rival app developer or a private label of the distribution platform, and who can bypass the platform's distribution and billing systems. The innovation of this work lies in considering the co-creation of app quality by the app developer and the distribution platform while using a revenue-sharing contract, which is popular in the mobile app industry. We investigate both tactical equilibrium (the parties' operational decisions for a given market structure) and strategic equilibrium (for the developer—whether or not to bypass; for the platform—whether or not to discourage bypassing by improving the contract terms). Our research provides answers to the following strategic questions: Is it beneficial for the app developer to bypass the distribution platform and offer the app to users directly in a competitive environment? Is it beneficial for the distribution platform to introduce a private label to compete with the app developer? Can bypassing also be beneficial for the platform and/or the rival developer? In response to these questions, several counter-intuitive results are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The authors provide a novel interpretation of the relationship between skill demand and labour market concentration based on the training rationale. Design/methodology/approach: The authors use a novel data set on Italian online job vacancies during 2013–2018 to analyse the relationship between labour market concentration and employers' skill demand. The authors construct measures of market concentration and skill intensity in the local labour market. The authors regress the measures of skill demand on market concentration, controlling for sector, occupations and other features of the labour market. The authors also use the Hausman–Nevo instrument for market concentration. Findings: The authors show that employers in a highly concentrated labour market demand competencies associated with the ability of workers to learn faster (e.g. social skills) rather than actual knowledge. They also require less experience but higher education. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that employers in more concentrated labour markets are more prone to train their employees. Instead of looking for workers who already have job-specific skills, they look for workers who can acquire them faster and efficiently. The authors provide a theoretical framework within which to analyse these aspects as well as providing a test for the relevant hypotheses. Practical implications: In addition to cross-countries differences in labour market regulations, the authors' findings suggest that policy authorities should consider the local labour market structure when studying workforce development programmes aimed at bridging the skill gap of displaced workers. Moreover, the authors show that market concentration can have relevant implications for human resource (HR) managers by affecting their recruitment behaviour through the demand for skills. In fact, concentrated markets tend to favour firms' collusion and anti-competitive behaviour that could strongly affect HR management practices. Originality/value: The authors' paper innovates on the literature in a number of ways. First, the authors provide evidence of local labour market concentration in Italy. Second, the authors provide evidence of skill demand at the local level using a detailed skill taxonomy that goes beyond the classical distinction between high and low skills. Third, and most importantly, the authors provide evidence of the relationship between skill demand and labour market concentration. By analysing detailed skills and competencies, the authors take one step beyond understanding the features of labour demand in monopsonistic markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) for packaging was introduced to achieve closed‐loop end‐of‐life management and design for recyclability and is an integral part of the European Union's (EU) environmental policy mix. Despite common objectives, EPR systems differ across EU member states in design and implementation. Existing cross‐country comparisons often fall short of systematizing EPR and reflecting its complexity. Understanding the components and interdependencies of EPR is crucial for adjusting policy design. This article links previously isolated components of EPR and studies the design, implementation, and transfer of EPR systems in 25 European countries through a developmental approach. It extends EPR theory by systematizing EPR design features at three hierarchical levels: system scope, responsibility allocation, and instrument type. It then tests the approach by systematically examining similarities and differences, including a uniform coding process and cluster analysis. My results indicate that EPR for plastic packaging is becoming increasingly fine‐grained and diverse. I show that "path‐dependencies" emerge between certain features at the responsibility allocation level. I also find common implementation patterns across countries revolving around, for example, EPR market structure or producer responsibility type. System scope converges across countries, while instrument types are becoming increasingly multi‐faceted. I find that policy transfer mechanisms, such as first‐mover dynamics and geographic proximity, have likely influenced existing landscapes of EPR design across the EU. These insights provide an intriguing first step toward deeper analysis of EPR design and, if further extended, can be operationalized for future ex ante or ex post policy analysis of EPR system setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product exclusivity is a well-known strategy adopted by agencies to attract buyers. Although some platform firms develop first-party products to improve competitiveness, we show that they do not necessarily benefit from the exclusivity of these products in a competitive market. Platforms may sell their first-party products on their competitive platforms, which we call the non-exclusive strategy. The impact of the non-exclusive strategy on firms' profits is the result of an interaction between a competition effect and a demand effect. The competition effect is that the non-exclusive strategy reduces the differentiation between firms, and the investment strategy on the first-party product has no impact on the price competition between firms. The competition effect causes firms to intensify price competition and decrease the investment for their first-party product. The demand effect is that, in the presence of the non-exclusive strategy, the firm can obtain a sale profit from the first-party products in the competitive platform. The demand effect causes firms to diminish price competition and increase investments in first-party products. As a result of these two effects, we find that firms are more likely to benefit from the exclusivity of the first-party products only when the unit misfit cost is sufficiently high. We also find that firms implementing the non-exclusivity strategy will reduce the investment in the first-party product if the consumers' performance sensitivity is low. When platforms develop the targeted investment in first-party products, we can also see that the exclusivity of the first-party product is not always beneficial to the platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to carry out an empirical investigation about how the level of market concentration or competitiveness of the banking system and institutional quality are associated with bank's financial stability. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses dynamic panel data techniques on the sample of 133 developing and emerging countries over the years 2002–2020. Findings: The authors document several significant findings. First, there is evidence that bank stability is positively associated with the level of market concentration. The result is in line with the concentration–stability view that banks operating in a more concentrated market tend to be more stable than those in a less concentrated market. Second, the results confirm that the quality of the institutional environment plays a critical role in improving the stability of banks in developing and emerging countries. Third, the authors find that institutional development can moderate the effect of market concentration (or competitiveness of the banking system) on bank stability. Specifically, the results show that better institutional quality enhances the positive influence of bank concentration on the bank's financial stability in developing and emerging countries. These results are robust to different specifications with the alternative measures of bank stability and market concentration. Originality/value: This study provides further understanding regarding the effects of the level of market concentration or competitiveness of the banking system and institutional quality on bank stability in 133 developing and emerging countries over the years 2002–2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cattle ranching, transportation, and utilization are issues associated with resource endowment, distance traveled, and types of markets. The structure of the livestock mobilization network by market at the municipal and state level in Mexico during the 2017-2021 period was investigated. The data were analyzed using measures of economic structure and Social Network Analysis. During the period under analysis, an annual average of 8.9 million heads of cattle were moved in Mexico: 57.9 % interstate and 42.1 % intrastate. The most important markets were for slaughter and fattening, the rest corresponded to beef breeding, reproduction, fairs, and shows. The average market and state specialization were low, with a higher specialization in the entertainment market. The structure of the state network of all markets showed a high degree of average market and density, but low centrality of output and input. These measures mean that, on average, states can connect in 1.2 steps to the national network and in 1.7 steps to the network per purpose. The authors conclude that the state structure of the livestock market in Mexico is composed of 32 origins, 32 destinations, six markets, and major interstate mobilization from the south to the north of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The price–volume nexus is essential for understanding and discriminating the structure of the carbon market. The current research investigates the price–volume dependences in the European carbon market and Chinese national carbon markets through fractal methods. The results demonstrate that prices have close connections with volumes at multi-time scales in both markets, and that the price–volume correlation coefficient series in the Chinese carbon market have more intense volatility, implying that it is more difficult for Chinese investors to reach consensus on prices at different time scales than European investors. In addition, there are bidirectional price–volume transmissions in both markets. Interestingly, in most cases, the influence from volume to price is much more apparent than that from price to volume in both markets, indicating that volume acts a more important role in the price–volume transmission. Finally, the European price–volume dependence has lower risk and higher efficiency than the Chinese price–volume dependence, which is due to the fact that the European market is more mature than the Chinese market. This study has both theoretical and practical applications for policymakers and investors to make optimum decisions relating to policy formation and risk management in the carbon market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global transition towards diets increasingly dominated by ultra‐processed foods (UPFs) has occurred in recent decades to the detriment of public health and the environment. This study aimed to examine long‐term trends in the structure and market dynamics of the global UPF manufacturing industry as part of broader efforts to understand the drivers of this transition. Using diverse methods, metrics and data sources, we examined several dimensions (e.g., industry concentration and profitability) according to an adapted structure–conduct–performance model. We found that the global UPF manufacturing industry has evolved to become a major component of global food systems, with its longstanding dominant corporations becoming some of the system's largest accumulators of profit and distributors of capital. It follows that reversing the global UPF dietary transition will require structural and regulatory changes to ensure that population diets, and food systems more broadly, are not subordinated to the interests of powerful for‐profit business corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Türkiye has seen significant increases in animal products and input prices. These recent increases in prices have made it even more important to examine the prices of animal products and their associated factors. This study aimed to reveal the pattern network structure and characteristics of the prices of animal products and related variables for the 2010-2020 period in Türkiye. For this aim, a network analysis covered the prices of animal products, input prices used in producing these foods, and some economic variables. The study results revealed that Producer Price Index (PPI) and Agricultural PPI are key variables that are highly active in the network and act as a bridge between other unconnected variables. In addition, the results of the analysis suggest that the overall network consists of highly correlated variables and that the PPI and Agricultural PPI are the two most important variables. As a result, the pattern network structure shows that economic variables have a high impact on the prices of animal products. The network structure visualizes Türkiye's import-substitution model in animal production and foreign dependency on feed inputs, and the market structure affected by high exchange rates. In addition, as can be understood from the positive connections between feed inputs, the pattern network of the variables affecting the prices of animal products is largely shaped by feed prices and the internal dynamics of economic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of the Modern Market Control Policy in the City of Cirebon is the responsibility of the Regional Government of the City of Cirebon in order to control the development of the modern market and protect the traditional market against the continuity of business competition in the City of Cirebon in line with the spread of the establishment of modern markets spread across the City of Cirebon. The formulation of the problem in this research are (1) Local Government Policy in structuring and controlling modern shops; (2) the constraints of the Cirebon City government in implementing and controlling the existence of modern shops. This research uses normative legal research, namely the approach of field research by seeing and observing what is happening in the field and the application of legislation in its implementation. The object of this research is the Department of Trade and Investment of the City of Cirebon. The results of this study are: The implementation of Cirebon City Government policies in the context of controlling Modern Markets in Cirebon City, namely by implementing a Licensing Moratorium to maintain order with the growth of modern markets in Cirebon City, this also needs to be done in the context of business protection for MSMEs. Obstacles faced by the Cirebon City Government include obstacles in supervising and controlling unlicensed modern shops/markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research systematically analyzes the behaviors of correlations among stock prices and the eigenvalues for correlation matrices by utilizing random matrix theory (RMT) for Chinese and US stock markets. Results suggest that most eigenvalues of both markets fall within the predicted distribution intervals by RMT, whereas some larger eigenvalues fall beyond the noises and carry market information. The largest eigenvalue represents the market and is a good indicator for averaged correlations. Further, the average largest eigenvalue shows similar movement with the index for both markets. The analysis demonstrates the fraction of eigenvalues falling beyond the predicted interval, pinpointing major market switching points. It has identified that the average of eigenvector components corresponds to the largest eigenvalue switch with the market itself. The investigation on the second largest eigenvalue and its eigenvector suggests that the Chinese market is dominated by four industries whereas the US market contains three leading industries. The study later investigates how it changes before and after a market crash, revealing that the two markets behave differently, and a major market structure change is observed in the Chinese market but not in the US market. The results shed new light on mining hidden information from stock market data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the retrofitting of the building stock seems to be an effective solution to reach the targets for 2049 greenhouse gas emission, the current rate and quality of work is still too low. This article first proposes a state-of-the-art methodology and a brief description of the barriers to renovation. The literature review identifies 26 major issues. Then, the one stop shops (OSS), which are introduced as a solution to these barriers, are described under different aspects according to their business model, the type of project owner targeted and the kind of services they offer with their support. Drawing on previous literature, this article proposes a classification framework. Then a comprehensive benchmark of 63 OSSs in Europe was conducted, allowing for a comparative analysis of the distribution of OSSs models across various countries and territories; it highlights the existing need in all countries, but also the disparity of support being provided. This examination revealed that selecting an appropriate OSS model cannot be solely based on factors like scope, ownership, or the existence of other OSSs. In the final section, a correlation study is made between several criteria (energy consumption and type, urbanization rate, construction date, climatic context, renovation rate etc.) that have been identified as being potentially indicative of renovation activities. The objective of this work is to provide an overview of the current context and emphasize effective strategies to accelerate the pace of renovation. By identifying and addressing the unique needs and challenges in each specific context, the goal is to promote efficient and streamlined renovation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the stock market networks, we propose a community detection procedure, Spectral Clustering On Ratios-of-Eigenvectors with Composite Coefficient of Determination. This method has two main contributions. First, it is simple and fast with small error rates. Second, it addresses the problem that sample correlations are hard to capture the structural characteristics of financial markets. Simulation results show the effectiveness of this method. We build the stock network of the 500 largest companies listed on the New York stock exchanges. We show the rationality of community detection on the stock market network. The detection method explores five communities of the market network. We then provide detailed discussions on the most influential companies. For example, we find the pair features from the largest community. Clarify the difference between near-location pairing and distant-location pairing. Our study obtains some financial meaningful results. We also provide an insight into the internal structure of the stock market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Status systems bring social order to markets, but they are non-meritocratic arrangements that benefit those of a higher status and penalize those of a lower status. Paradoxically, these systems are also maintained by those who suffer the most from their inequalities. The literature tends to explain the persistence of these systems through macrooriented or micro-oriented mechanisms. We propose an alternative path by investigating relational mechanisms that might explain the persistence of this paradox. In an haute cuisine market, we used the social network analysis perspective to identify relational mechanisms that maintain this collective system. The results revealed a threerole structure of symbolic deference/appreciation (diffuse, selective, and egocentric). To conclude, we highlight the social order as a continuous tension between normality and chaos in the relationships between roles and the procedural aspect of structuring market roles, which we call authorizing the representation of a market category. Sistemas de status trazem ordem social aos mercados, mas eles são arranjos não meritocráticos que, em essência, privilegiam positivamente aqueles de mais alto status e penalizam desproporcionalmente aqueles de status inferior. Paradoxalmente, esses sistemas são mantidos não apenas por seus maiores beneficiados, mas também por aqueles que mais sofrem com suas desigualdades. A literatura tende a explicar a persistência desses sistemas por mecanismos macro ou micro orientados. Propomos uma via alternativa e complementar ao investigar os mecanismos relacionais que possam explicar a persistência desse paradoxo nas ordens de status. Tendo como objeto a hierarquia de status categórico de restaurantes em um mercado de alta gastronomia, empregamos a Perspectiva da Análise de Redes Sociais para identificar mecanismos relacionais (via modelagem em bloco) que atuam na manutenção desse sistema coletivo de produção de desigualdades. Os resultados da modelagem em bloco na rede de atribuição de deferências entre os produtores desse mercado revelaram uma estrutura de três papéis de deferência/apreciação simbólica (difusa, seletiva e egocentrada). Como conclusão, destacamos a ordem social como uma contínua tensão entre normalidade e caos nas relações entre papéis e o aspecto processual da estruturação de papéis dos mercados, o qual denominamos autorização da representação da categoria de mercado. Los sistemas de estatus traen orden social a los mercados, pero son arreglos no meritocráticos que benefician a los de mayor estatus y penalizan a los de menor estatus. Paradójicamente, estos sistemas también son mantenidos por quienes más sufren sus desigualdades. La literatura tiende a explicar la persistencia de estos sistemas por mecanismos macro o micro orientados. Proponemos un camino alternativo al investigar los mecanismos relacionales que pueden explicar la persistencia de esta paradoja. Teniendo como objeto la jerarquía de estatus categorial en un mercado de alta gastronomía, utilizamos la perspectiva de análisis de redes sociales para identificar mecanismos relacionales que mantienen este sistema colectivo de producción de desigualdades. Los resultados revelaron una estructura de deferencia/apreciación simbólica de tres roles (difusa, selectiva y egocéntrica). Para concluir, destacamos el orden social como una tensión continua entre la normalidad y el caos en las relaciones entre roles y el aspecto procedimental de la estructuración de roles de mercado, lo que llamamos: autorización de la representación de la categoría de mercado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines multiple shocks to the external market of China's manufacturing industry based on a trade model with multi-level unobserved factors. We find that the global external market of main industries is suffering constant downward shocks since 2008, while the traditional (non-traditional) markets are further affected by downward (upward) shocks. Private enterprises are more sensitive to shocks. Further, the adjustment of US trade policy toward China has caused China's exports to the US to deviate from the normal path by around 10% from 2015 to 2019, while having no significant effect on China's exports to the other traditional markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a new model of short-term price levelling behaviour is introduced, for the case of variability arising from demand-side factors rather than supply-side factors. The key components are the direction of the information flow in the market, and the ability of value chain participants to adjust their demand for and supply of market services. The model is illustrated using data from the Papua New Guinea coffee industry. Almost all PNG coffee is exported to a wide range of countries. The industry has a competitive marketing structure with many active producers and buyers of various sizes. There is keen competition for the limited supply of coffee, but inefficiency in the pricing mechanism has long been a concern to many producers in the industry, in particular the smallholder coffee producers. They argue that increases in world coffee prices have not been fully passed on to growers, with exporters and processors able to hold their buying prices stable in the face of rising world market prices. In this study marketing margin analysis is used to investigate and test hypotheses related to price levelling, and in addition, the influence of marketing costs and throughput, on the aggregate industry margin, and the exporting margin and processing margin components. Average monthly price data over the period January 1999 to December 2010 are used. Using simple regression models, at the whole chain level short -run price levelling is confirmed and both aggregate costs and total volume of exports are significant determinants of the size of the margin. Short-run price levelling is also confirmed at both the exporting and processing stages, but in the preferred models, while throughput is an important determinant of exporter and processing margins, costs have a significant but negative effect on margins. Partial adjustment processes are important in determining margins at all stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large organizations mold technological advance in countries and even more so in cities. External economies of scale and invention are closely linked, but the organizational strategies of individual firms cannot be overlooked in understanding the geography of patenting. Market structures and inventive intensity are properties of complex systems featuring endogenous multi-directional interactions. Oligopolistic firms are pivotal in many large inventive cities, especially outside Silicon Valley. The more these firms dominate technological advance the higher the patenting rate. Less inventive large cities are frequently reliant on individuals and employees of universities and federal agencies to procure grants. Some implications of organizational structure and granularity for urban policy are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine whether a concentrated interbank market stimulates bank collusion or monopolistic pricing towards enhancing performance. We explore this nexus by incorporating the role of bank conduct into the structure–performance paradigm. The results show that the interbank market structure provides a channel for banks to collude and engage in monopolistic pricing in the market for bank and business loans to consequently increase bank performance. Further, while the interbank market structure is both profit and cost efficient for non-conglomerate banks, it is cost efficient for foreign banks. Hence, collusion and other anti-competitive behaviours in the interbank market may exacerbate incentives for foreign and non-conglomerate bank entry. We also explored the theoretical and policy implications of these findings. Our results are robust to alternative measures of market structure, bank conduct and performance, and the use of a wide range of specifications and econometric models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, inclusivity in education can be seen as an expression of commitment to social justice. It reflects a deep commitment to the goals of universalisation of education promoted by world agencies such as UNESCO. However, pitched between the aspirational goals of achieving equity and social justice on one hand, and the economic imperative of a competitive market on the other, inclusivity in education seems an ever‐elusive goal. Students' voices and all the cultural and experiential resources they hold, are marginalised in school, contributing to alienating students from school learning. The study on which this article reports sought to support teachers glean insights from participation in a purposive modelling activity, set in a Vygotskian dialectic frame of reference. The activity focused on how learning from students and their communities can be harnessed to engage students ontologically in class, to enhance students' agentive role in an inclusive learning environment. It is rooted in a funds of knowledge approach. The qualitative data for this ethnographically oriented study have been gathered from multiple sources over 2 years and analysed thematically. The findings show that modelling not only helped teacher learning and development of practice, but also familiarised teachers with issues of equity and inclusivity. Notably, by making teachers aware of the differentiated needs of all the students in the process of invoking their unique contribution to learning from their cultural locations. The insights are used to discuss the challenges posed for teachers in making their new learning part of their teaching practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the digital footprint data, exploring the differences in tourist market structure and driving factors before and after COVID-19 is important for identifying tourist market demand and optimizing tourism product supply in the post-pandemic era. Most of the existing studies have explored the impact of the pandemic on the tourist market in well-known or large cities and have provided suggestions for tourism recovery. However, these suggestions are not entirely applicable to smaller cities. Small cities have a single level of tourism product, high homogeneity of tourism resources, small tourist market scale, and high volatility of the tourism industry. Therefore, it is necessary to study the differences in the tourist market structure of small cities and its driving factors before and after the pandemic and to propose targeted measures for the tourism recovery in the post-pandemic period. This paper, taking small cities as the study area and using online travel diaries as the data source, analyzed the differences in the spatial and temporal structures of tourist markets and their driving factors in Dengfeng and Kaifeng, China, before and after the pandemic. Then, countermeasures for tourism industry recovery in the post-pandemic era were proposed. The results were as follows: the difference in the tourism off-peak season increased after the pandemic, and the concentration of tourist market spatial distribution in Dengfeng showed a decreasing trend while that in Kaifeng showed an increasing trend. In addition to region traffic, the driving effects of leisure time, climate comfort and residents' income level weakened after the outbreak. Dengfeng and Kaifeng can enhance the tourist market tendency and attractiveness by creating special indoor tourism projects, strengthening tourism product promotion and marketing and enhancing the facilities related to self-driving tours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several emerging economies have embarked on structural adjustment reform programs that focused more on short-run-oriented stabilization reforms. Yet, longer-term structural policies that can shift their potential GDP were not fully taken into consideration. Thus, this paper contributes to the literature in three ways. First, we contrast the effects of stabilization and allocation policies in order to examine to what extent they complement or substitute each other. Second, we analyze how the effects of such policies can differ in the short and long term and with different market structures (perfect vs. imperfect competition). Third, we develop a CGE model for Egypt that was subject to a recent reform program developed with the IMF. Our main findings show that stabilization reforms reduce economic growth by 2.5% in the short run. Yet, they positively affect it over time especially if they are accompanied by structural reforms. Indeed, the latter increase economic growth (of 8.6% in the long run). Furthermore, from a social perspective, stabilization reform deteriorates households' welfare in the short run. Finally, we find that negative effects of stabilization and structural reforms are more pronounced under imperfect competition pointing out the importance of an effective competition policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since economic analysis of the workings of the online economy is in its early stages, detecting anticompetitive behavior remains challenging. There have been some insights from models that explain how two-sided markets work, but the practical uses of these models are limited thus far. More research is necessary on the definition and operations of platforms of different sizes and with different objectives, for example, the identification of data clustering and flows related to product clustering and information production and the relationships between data, information, and innovation. Furthermore, corporate culture, which can produce cultural clashes within an organization, may influence both (anti)competitive behavior and innovation. The cultural issue becomes even more complex when evaluating whether a merger would result in both innovation and the abuse of market power. This paper develops an overview of the technology and operations of the online economy as a start toward informing competition and antitrust policy. We present a technical overview that becomes a starting point for understanding potential areas of excessive market power. We also examine market dynamics from the large platforms' points of view to understand where they believe the online economy is heading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should product disparagement give rise to an antitrust claim of monopolization or attempted monopolization? Majority of the courts have said no while some scholars are skeptical of these decisions. This article examines how conflicting visions of the consumer inform this debate. The conventional wisdom is that antitrust claims should adopt the principle of consumer welfare maximization with the assumption of the rational consumer, protected by product disparagement laws independent of antitrust. But if the consumer is not rational, the application of the consumer welfare standard needs to be re-examined. Specifically, product disparagement and antitrust claims are not independent or separable. This article examines the implications of the consumer division and examines both the consumer welfare assumption of conventional antitrust and its neo-Brandeisian critiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The privatization of state-trading enterprises (STEs) is posited as enabling dynamic upgrading. Malaysia has trialled this approach through Padiberas Nasional Berhad (BERNAS) as the lead firm in charge of development in the rice industry. Using published information, this study makes a longitudinal analysis at the structure, conduct, and performance post privatization through the global value chain theory. It shows that the entity has developed from a rice importation monopoly into a virtual monopoly/monopsony in rice value chain stages. In that patronage system, privatization and concentrated market structure have limited upgrading opportunities to their associated partners. Concurrently, it has morphed to a private company. The efficacy of allowing the pillar of national food security to be controlled by a private monopoly needs close examination. Only through that can governments ensure that broader social and development objectives are met, while minimizing the risks associated with both excessive reliance on a particular firm and the abandonment of competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to debates within the financialization literature by examining the rise of monopolies in the US' rental housing market. Drawing on a dataset of multifamily real estate transactions taken from the poorest census tracts in the US (so-called Opportunity Zones), we develop an antitrust framework and methodology for measuring market structure in housing using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. After detailing the geography of these market dynamics, we assess the specific strategies firms use to acquire market power and extract monopoly rents. This analysis reveals three critical aspects of real estate investors' anticompetitive conduct: integration between housing subsectors, acquisition strategies that rapidly scale up ownership, and corporate forms that promote cooperation. The framework developed in this article and subsequent findings offer three directions policymakers, regulators, and activists can take to reform antitrust law and better ensure affordable housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel approach to optimizing the structure of the electricity market by mitigating market power through the use of forward contracts. The IEEE 30 node test system is used as a case study for the paper, which employs nodal pricing and a Cournot model with recursive optimization. The findings show that forward contracts can reduce market power and lead to a more competitive market structure with fewer participants. The study emphasizes the importance of successor companies having a well-balanced mix of generation technology. Six players with a different generational mix are optimal in the constrained nodal pricing scenario, while five players with slightly different mixes are optimal in the Cournot case study. These findings have important implications for policymakers and industry stakeholders involved in the design and implementation of efficient electricity markets. Market power can be reduced by using forward contracts and establishing an appropriate number of market participants, resulting in more efficient and sustainable electricity markets. Overall, this study provides useful insights for improving electricity market structures and increasing competition in the electricity sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-entry operation sustainability of airline routes directly affects their profitability. This paper investigates factors influencing the operating duration of airline routes based on a survival analysis modeling method. Key factors are selected from five aspects representing characteristics in terms of cost and supply, route and airport, market structure, airline cooperation type, and time heterogeneity. The transatlantic market between Europe and the US is chosen as the empirical study due to its high degree of liberalization. The research period ranges 19 years from 2003 to 2021. First, the single factor analysis is conducted by utilizing the Kaplan-Meier method. Second, a Weibull parameter survival model is constructed to quantitatively analyze the relationship between the chosen factors and the operating duration of airline routes. The results show that：(1) The average operating duration of the EU-US routes is five years, among which routes that were continuously operated for more than 10 years account for 16%；(2) the operating duration of airline routes is significantly influenced by distance, airline’s total capacity, route structure, endpoint airports type, route competition, airline type, and region as well as alliance；(3) both independent and interaction variables representing alliance and code-share characteristics have significant impacts on route operating duration. Routes operated by Star and SkyTeam members have a longer operating duration. For airlines in the same alliance, the route-exit risks between operating carriers and marketing carriers in code-sharing cooperation are significantly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was undertaken during June–August, 2020 in the peri-urban areas of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region of Telangana under the department of Agricultural Economics, Professor Jayashanker Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telengana state, India. The objective was to explore the nature of gender gap in the labour market since peri-urban spaces capture changes better. Based on the Census survey data, descriptive analysis was employed in the study. The study revealed that urban sprawl did not guarantee working environment to men and women equally and women were either pushed out of workforce or rendered with marginal works. A gendered society in developing world was clearly pictured and occupational segregation was also observed in the study locations. The results also revealed the existence of distress employment with a rise in the female marginal workers compared to their male counterparts. Women workers were more into agricultural labour than male workers in the peri-urban study locations confirming feminisation of agriculture whereas other worker category which needs specialized skills were dominated by male workers. A decline in female work participation rate was indeed observed but a detailed look identified it as a rural phenomenon. In a nut shell, the results reflected that the rapid developments in the peri-urban region did not provide a similar working environment to both genders and further, the benefits of urbanization is yet to reach the rural continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology is one of the candidate technologies for resolving supply chain issues that may occur as a result of the complex and continuously changing market structures of the present day. In addressing the problems encountered in such a system, blockchain technology has emerged as a target technology due to its notable advantages, such as smart contracts and product traceability. Since a supply chain consists of suppliers, manufacturers, retailers, and industrial customers, blockchain technology can be considered inter-firm technology. However, the literature mainly focuses on technical, individual, and environmental aspects of technology acceptance depending on technology acceptance theories. Therefore, more information is needed about how inter-firm relations and their aspects affect organizational blockchain technology acceptance. Consequently, this study aims to identify the inter-firm characteristics and their influence on the acceptance of blockchain technologies in supply chains using network theory. The research methodology design consists of two elements. First, based on the expert judgments, the relationships between the indicated parameters regarding blockchain acceptance intention are analyzed using the DEMATEL technique, based on expert opinion. In the second part, with the data obtained from 361 supply chain managers, the validity of the linked assumptions in the proposed model is confirmed by applying PLS-SEM. The present study enhances our knowledge of inter-firm technology acceptance behavior by incorporating trading partner trust, initial firm power, the dependency between partners, knowledge sharing, and cooperation. According to the findings of DEMATEL, there is a strong association between inter-firm technology acceptance characteristics in explaining behavioral intention. Whereas other variables mainly influence dependency, trust has the most significant impact on those variables with cooperation. On the other hand, PLS-SEM analysis delivers remarkable results that describe the complicated structure of blockchain acceptance from an inter-firm perspective. Cooperation is the most influential variable affecting behavioral intention (0.614), followed by dependency (0.156) and knowledge sharing (0.153). Even though the direct effects of inter-firm trust and the initial firm's power on behavioral intention were found insignificant, dependency fully mediates the effects of these variables on behavioral intention. Similarly, the relationship between trading partner trust and behavioral intention is fully mediated by knowledge sharing, while it also partially mediates the influence of cooperation. Examining the direct impacts reveals that cooperation is the most influential variable on behavioral intention, which is consistent with the DEMATEL conclusion. The current study demonstrates that the network theory is appropriate for explaining the acceptance of blockchain technology from an inter-firm perspective within the context of supply chain interactions. Since the theory can delve into the underlying characteristics of these relationships, it helps justify the target behavior. On the other hand, the DEMATEL approach validates the relationships between variables in the theoretical model. Then these associations are verified using PLS-SEM considering the primary data obtained from supply chain managers. The primary purpose of the DEMATEL method was to elucidate the relationships between variables and provide empirical support for the structure of the theoretical model. The networks of linkages that developed from the DEMATEL approach based on expert opinions corroborate the relationships in the theoretical model based on the literature, suggesting a significant connection between the two methodologies. Such methodological designs are essential for boosting the results' trustworthiness and applicability. Cooperation is the most significant explanatory variable regarding blockchain technology acceptance. Following the nature of the supply chain, this conclusion highlights the significance of relationships between partners in chain. In their projects for blockchain technology, managers should examine the benefits of these technologies for themselves and other stakeholders in the chain. This study demonstrates issues with the inter-firm acceptance of blockchain technologies regarding the influence of trust and power on the final acceptance behavior. Nevertheless, the growth in inter-firm dependence enhances the efficiency of these effects. Therefore, managers must understand how to utilize their resources for chain gain. While this makes it easier for them to preserve their authority and influence the conduct of their partners over the long run, the appropriate allocation of resources across dependent stakeholders will ultimately strengthen the perception of trust. Our results also prove that knowledge sharing increases the effects of cooperation and inter-firm trust on behavioral intention. This indicates that managers should convince the other partners about the benefits of target technology by sharing key and timely information. This study makes numerous original contributions and provides new insights. This study contributes to general knowledge of the acceptance of blockchain technologies in the supply chain by focusing on the inter-firm technology perspective. In this vein, the results produced through the investigation of mediation relations are novel and presented to the literature. On the other hand, DEMATEL and PLS-SEM are integrated for the first time considering blockchain acceptance in supply chain studies, to our knowledge. Furthermore, this is the first study to combine network theory and inter-firm perspective to explain the acceptance of blockchain technology in supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to present the market structure of the main platforms that operate in this market and their investments in content, as well as to detect the content dissemination strategies and movie premieres of four of the five currently existing "majors ” from Hollywood that have added their own OTT platforms to their media conglomerates: Warner with HBO Max and Discovery+; Disney with Disney+, Hulu and SPN+; Paramount with Paramount+ and Pluto TV; and Universal with Uni-versal+ and Peacok. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]