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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzed the influence of modeling learning, audio-visual media, and intellectuals on pencak silat learning outcomes. The study employed an experimental approach with a 2 x 2 factorial design. It involved 40 university students who were enrolled in the sports science program. The study began with the preparation of the study administration. After that, subjects were put into two major groups based on their intellectual test scores. Based on the median, 10 people were taken at the top of the median, and the other 10 people were taken at the bottom of the median. Every 10 subjects were divided again into two smaller groups to create four small groups of five people in each group. Then, these groups were put into cells by drawing lots. The first major group contained two smaller groups of subjects with high and low intellectual abilities. These groups were given modeling lessons. Similarly, the second major group comprised subjects with high and low intellectual abilities. Only these subjects were given audio-visual media learning. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. All data from this study was processed using the SPSS application. To determine differences in pencak silat learning outcomes in each group, the data obtained from the test and measurement results were analyzed using ANOVA. The results reported that modeling learning and the use of audio-visual media make a difference in pencak silat learning outcomes for students with high and low intellectual abilities. This study also noted that direct learning modeling provides better results than using audio-visual media. This is because when using modeling learning, students can immediately observe and practice what is demonstrated by a model, so the material and practice can be immediately accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement: Imagery is commonly used to enhance psychological aspects and improve specific skills in sports. However, determining the most effective type of imagery based on varying levels of self-confidence still needs to be explored. Purpose: This research aims to analyze the impact of imagery training and self-confidence on shooting skills in futsal. Methods: A factorial experiment employing a two-way ANOVA design was used to explore two types of imagery perspectives, internal and external, and two levels of self-confidence, high and low. The study involved 44 male senior high school students randomly selected from classes X and XI participating in futsal extracurricular activities (age: 16.76 ± 0.43 years, weight: 64.80 ± 2.84 kg, and height: 167.64 ± 2.54 cm). Participants were divided into four treatment groups for internal and external imagery training based on their level of self-confidence. The imagery training was implemented for ± 4 weeks with a frequency of 3 weekly meetings. Self-confidence data was obtained from questionnaires and shooting skills from the penalty kick test. Then, two-way ANOVA and Tukey's advanced test were used to analyze it (Sig. < 0.05). Result: External imagery training is better than internal imagery for shooting skills in futsal (Sig. < 0.05), where the average is A2 (28.68) > A1 (27.68). A significant interaction between imagery training and self-confidence was also found (Sig. < 0.05). The results of shooting skills in futsal that apply external imagery training are better than internal imagery for participants who have a high level of self-confidence (Sig. < 0.05), where the average is A2B1 (30.45) > A1B1 (28.00). Then, participants who had a low level of self-confidence showed that there was no significant difference between the two imagery exercises applied (Sig. > 0.05). However, the results of shooting skills in futsal will be better if internal imagery training is applied for participants with low levels of self-confidence, where the average is A1B2 (27.36) > A2B2 (26.91). Conclusions: External imagery exercises are more appropriate for participants with high self-confidence, and both imagery exercises can be applied for participants with low self-confidence. However, the results will be better for internal imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the correlation between Zest for work and self-efficacy in the retention of professional referee careers. The research employed a relational screening model and used convenience sampling owing to the ongoing season. A total of 330 referees participated, comprising 47% (n = 155) basketball referees, 19% (n = 63) handball referees, 17% (n = 56) football referees, and 17% (n = 56) volleyball referees. Among the referees, 23.3% (n = 44) were female, and 76.7% were male. A personal information form as a data collection tool was used for the research, The Referee Retention Scale (RRS), The Zest for Work Scale for Referees (ZWSR) and "The Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS)". Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 25. The t-test was used to compare the referees' RSS, ZWSR, REFS, and sub-categories by gender, and one-way ANOVA was used to compare them by branch. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships between the age and seniority of the referees and the relationships between the RSS and its subcategories, ZWSR and REFS, and their sub-categories. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to predict the referees' retention of professional careers. The significance level was taken as p <.05. When the findings were examined; it was concluded that an increase in Zest for work and perceived self-efficacy positively influenced the referees' attitudes and willingness to continue working in the field. The multiple linear regression analysis results regarding predicting the continuation of referees in their profession show that professional satisfaction and self-efficacy positively influence referees' decisions to remain and persist in their profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many studies have examined the use of e-modules for physical education at school and university levels, very few explore the development of digital-based e-modules in tennis learning. This research aims to develop a digital-based e-module in tennis learning for undergraduate sports education students. It was conducted using the Research and Development (R&D) design by adopting the Plomp model. The model consists of preliminary research, prototyping, and assessment phases. This research invited 12 experts, consisting of 4 material experts, 4 language experts, and 4 media experts. The experts were professors and lecturers with profound expertise in their respective fields. This research also involved 35 sports education undergraduate students taking tennis courses, consisted of males (n=25) and females (n=10). The instrument was a Likert scale questionnaire. Validity testing was measured using Aiken's V validity coefficient. The reliability was calculated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), while product practicality was analyzed using percentages. The results show that the average product validity before and after revision was 0.790 (medium) and 0.904 (high), while the average reliability was 0.754 (high). In terms of practicality, the average was 89.71, which means the product is very practical. In conclusion, digital-based e-modules in tennis learning can be used for undergraduate sports education students. This research is expected to facilitate undergraduate sports education students, lecturers, and tennis practitioners to overcome limitations in teaching tennis. Future research is needed to test the product's effectiveness by conducting an experimental design and comparing it with other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction-In the past few decades, there has been a notable surge in the number of sport possibilities available to those with disabilities, including elevated training and competitive chances. Athletes with disabilities who are able-bodied have just recently started to garner attention, and research on the psychosocial elements of disabled sports involvement is very new. Even less is therefore known about the psychological traits of athletes with disabilities who compete at a high level, like the Paralympic Games. In general, athletic aggression is a result of athletes' failures during competition, which encourages emotional changes in the form of irritation, impulsivity, trouble self-regulating, and other behaviours. There has been little research on the psychological factors supporting elite Indian paralympic athletes, particularly para throwers. Due to the lack of research on parasports, the primary research topic of this paper exclusively selects sports with Para athletes. Material and Methods- This study aimed to investigate the levels of aggression on several aggression subscales among top Indian Paralympic throwers. The sample for the present study consisted of 20 Para-throwers (10 standing throwers and 10 seated throwers) who competed in the Paralympics and Para-world championships. Demographic information was gathered using a personal information form made by the investigator, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Scale was utilised to determine each person's level of hostility. The T-test was run on SPSS 26.0 version and, p0.05 is accepted as the meaningful level. Results- The results of the study show that while levels of physical aggression, verbal aggression, and hostility were not significantly different between the two groups, there were statistically significant variations in anger levels (p0.05). Conclusions- In contrast to upright throwers, however, seated throwers reported significantly and materially greater levels of anger. As athletes prepare for and compete in international tournaments, these findings, in our opinion, demonstrate that coaches can focus on managing and controlling athletes' anger and hostility. Larger research investigations and the application of performance metrics are required to comprehend the mechanics underlying this better. Athlete health monitoring can help coaches manage stress, improve their coaching, and eventually improve athlete performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement. Physical fitness is an important indicator for a quality life, especially for athletes in maintaining and improving their performance during competitions. This can be achieved with fitness training equipment, but the high cost is an obstacle for some people, so alternatives are needed. Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop a product in the form of a multi station training tool to improve physical fitness, which consists of exercises for pull ups, static bike, leg extensions and lateral bench press. Methods. This research is Research and Development (R&D) involving 12 experts, namely 4 mechanical engineering experts, 4 measurement test experts, and 4 fitness instructors. Procedures include needs analysis, design and product feasibility testing. The product is designed from various basic materials, namely 10 4" wheels, 5 STAAL pipes measuring 40 x 40 x 6 (2.0), 8 STAAL pipes measuring 60 x 30 x 6 (2.0), 5 pieces of black pipe measuring 1 x 6 (2.0) (31), 5" steel slings, and 1 barbell plate. The feasibility of the designed product was assessed independently by experts according to their expertise, then analyzed using Aiken's V index, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and ANOVA. Results. The results of the product feasibility analysis show that the average value of the V index was 0.739, and the ICC was 0.854 (P < 0.05), with ANOVA was F = 1. 455; F = 1.000; and F = 2.066 (P > 0.05). Conclusions. The product in the form of a multi station training tool that has been developed can be used as an alternative to improve physical fitness. Various types of exercises can be done on this tool, such as pull ups, static bike, leg extensions and lateral bench press. Finally, this product is expected to overcome the limitations in obtaining fitness training equipment, both for athletes, non-athletes, trainers and fitness practitioners. Field trials are needed in future research, so that this tool not only meets feasibility indicators, but is also proven effective for improving physical fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study purpose. This research aims to analyze and highlight the potential of bee products in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation after physical activity/exercise. Materials and methods. This research uses a systematic review method by searching various journal databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Embase. The inclusion criteria in this study were articles published in the last 5 years and articles discussing bee products, honey, oxidative stress, inflammation, physical activity, and exercise. The exclusion criteria in this study were articles published in disreputable journals. Titles, abstracts, and full texts of articles were screened then verified and stored in Mendeley software. A total of 7,124 articles from the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Embase databases were identified. A total of 8 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed for this systematic review. Results. Bee products that have anti-oxidant properties can reduce oxidative stress and the anti-inflammatory properties of bee products can reduce uncontrolled inflammation due to exercise. Conclusions. Bee products contain flavonoids which have anti-oxidant properties which can reduce oxidative stress. In addition, the anti-inflammatory properties of bee products can reduce uncontrolled inflammation due to physical activity/exercise. In this case, honey works by inhibiting inflammation through NF-κB signals and reducing inflammation by suppressing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and inflammatory markers such as CRP. Reducing inflammation can reduce the intensity of muscle pain. It is recommended that bee products be used in individuals to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation after physical activity/exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plenty of research has investigated various implementations of learning methods in sports and physical education. Unfortunately, the implementation barely involves motor skills, including the absence of grouping the motor skills into levels. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the effect of different learning methods with different motor skill levels on their learning outcomes of basic techniques in volleyball. The research employed a two-way factorial experimental design to divide the learning methods into two: peer tutoring and demonstration. Meanwhile, levels of motor skills were also grouped into high and low. Forty-four junior high school students were randomly recruited to participate in this research. They consisted of Grade 8 male students who took a combined physical education class. They were from three different classes and aged 14.08 ± 0.60 years old. Participants in this research were divided into four groups, receiving treatment for ± 6 weeks. Motor skills data were gathered from the Barrow motor ability test, while data about basic skills in volleyball were taken from the Russel-Lange test (underhand serve, forearm pass, and overhead pass). Then, the data were analyzed using the two-way factorial ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test. This research found that the peer tutoring method generated better learning outcomes than demonstration (P < 0.05). After that, an interaction was documented between both learning methods with the motor skill levels (P < 0.05), in which the peer tutoring method was claimed to be better than the demonstration for students with high motor skill levels (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, those with low motor levels did not differ significantly from both learning methods (P > 0.05). In conclusion, when given a peer teaching method, students with high motor levels will perform better in learning the basic techniques of volleyball. Meanwhile, those with low motor skills can be treated using both methods, although demonstration generates better results. Finally, physical education teachers need to involve students as peers in teaching and group them based on their motor levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose. Various studies have investigated Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) in children and factors that might improve them. However, studies examining FMS in children of indigenous tribes remain limited. Thus, this research aims to identify and analyze the relationship between sociocultural life, parenting, and level of education among indigenous tribe children who live on Mentawai Island. The research is also keen on comparing FMS between genders. Materials and methods. This research employed qualitative and quantitative methods. It was grounded by phenomenology and FMS tests. A total of 15 parents, 3 teachers, and 70 young children (aged 5-7 years) participated voluntarily. The children's genders comprised boys (n=38) and girls (n=32). Data in this research were collected from observation, semi-structured interviews, and FMS tests (locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative). Then, they were analyzed using a thematic method and t-test to compare the level of FMS among the children. Results. Based on the analysis, parents stated they involved their children in socio-cultural life. Also, children were educated to live independently and given freedom to play. However, the study did not find any relationship between parent's educational level and FMS. This was evidenced by statistical analysis, in which the mean score of FMS among early childhood in Mentawai Island was 35.46 (good). Following that, boys had better FMS than girls (P<0,05), with a mean score of 37.08>33.53. Conclusions. Children need to be given the freedom to actively take part in physical activities in order to gain physical experiences and better FMS. This study recommends future research involving other factors and comparing FMS between children of indigenous tribes and those who live in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical condition is an important factor affecting dribbling skills in field hockeys. In this regard, agility, hand-eye coordination, and waist flexibility have not been investigated simultaneously in field hockey players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of agility, hand-eye coordination, and waist flexibility on dribbling skills in senior high school female field hockey players. Thirty female senior high school students in Indonesia were recruited as the research sample. The participants were female students involved in coaching field hockey extracurricular activities at school, average age 17.90 ± 0.80 yrs, height 159.17 ± 1.82 cm, body weight 53.60 ± 3.51 kg, and BMI 21.16 ± 2.89. Data were collected using the agility t-test, throw catch test tennis ball, sit and reach test, and Schmithals-French hockey test. They were then analyzed using correlation and regression. The results showed that agility, hand-eye coordination, and waist flexibility had a significant effect on dribbling skills (p < 0.05). Partially, the effects of agility, hand-eye coordination is 37.40%, and waist flexibility were 76.30 %, 37.40 %, 46.20%, and 84.00%, respectively. Of these three components, agility is the most influential component of dribbling skills, without neglecting hand-eye coordination or waist flexibility. In conclusion, the level of agility, hand-eye coordination, and waist flexibility have a significant impact on dribbling skills in senior high school female field hockey players. Coaches should prepare and develop appropriate training programs for these three components to improve hockey dribbling skills. Future studies are needed to incorporate the physical component and other factors related to field hockey dribbling skills, as well as diversity, and a wider sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement and Purpose. Previous studies have discussed various methods of weight training to increase muscle strength. However, very limited studies involve motor skills to obtain better results. This study aims to analyze group differences in weight training by considering the level of motor skills on the results of leg muscle strength. The group in weight training consisted of the circuit and conventional systems, while motor skills were classified into high and low. Methods. This study used a two-way factorial experimental design involving 36 young men aged 20.03 ± 0.51 years. Weight training was given ± 6 weeks with the frequency of 3 times per week. The intensity and training load addition was 75% of 10 RM. Weight training with a circuit system consisted of 9 stations, 10 repetitions, 3 sets (1 set equals 9 completed stations). The rest between stations was 20 seconds, and between sets was 2 minutes. In conventional weight training, each exercise was performed in 1 place, 10 repetitions, and 3 sets in the same place. The rest between sets was 2 minutes. Then it moved to the next exercise in the same way. Data on motor skills and leg muscle strength were obtained from the Barrow motor ability and leg dynamometer tests. Then, it was analyzed using a two-way factorial ANOVA test and Tukey's further test. Results. These findings indicated that the results of leg muscle strength given weight training with a circuit system were better than the conventional one (P < 0.05), with an average of 74.56 > 71.72. The research also found an interaction between weight training and motor skills on leg muscle strength (P < 0.05). Weight training with a circuit system was better than conventional for high motor skills (P < 0.05), with an average of 78.22 > 70.44. Weight training with circuit and conventional systems did not differ significantly for low motor skills (P > 0.05), with an average of 70.89 < 73.00. Conclusions. High motor skills are more suitable for weight training with a circuit system, while low motor skills can be given both forms of training. However, the results will be better if given conventionally. Therefore, instructors, practitioners, and athletes must consider motor skills in weight training to produce optimal leg muscle strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate training methods and programs in weight training are two important indicators of muscle hypertrophy. However, the movement tempo of each repetition needs to be investigated with certainty to achieve this goal. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of slow-motion in weight training on muscle hypertrophy in untrained young men. The design used is a one group pretest-posttest design which is part of the pre-experimental. A total of 13 fitness members of "one gym" in Padang, Indonesia aged 18-25 years were recruited to be the research sample. The procedure in this study consisted of taking pretest data, treatment weight training with slow-motion, and taking posttest data. The treatment focused on the arm and thigh muscles with various variations of movement, and was carried out for ± 2 months. The instrument used is a tape measure and skinfold thickness, then the data is analyzed by paired samples t-test. The results showed that there was an effect of weight training with slow-motion on muscle hypertrophy (Sig. 2-tailed < 0.05), with a difference of 6.87 for the arm muscle and 10.46 for the thigh muscle (pretest-posttest data). The relationship was significant and linear, with r values for arm muscle 0.965, and thigh muscle 0.889. In conclusion, slow-motion in weight training can produce muscle hypertrophy in untrained young men. This study is expected to be useful for weight training practitioners in choosing training methods to obtain muscle hypertrophy (especially for beginners), fitness instructors, and athletes. Future study is needed to involve comparison groups (other types of weight training methods) and a wider sample size. Then, weight training carried out by any method, without being supported by adequate nutrition (protein), it is impossible to produce optimal muscle hypertrophy. This is also a good opportunity for future study involving proteins and comparing them with different types of training methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High protein supplements are a mainstay for weight training performers to obtain optimal muscle hypertrophy. However, the high costs of these supplements makes it difficult for some performers toconsume these products, hencethe need for alternatives. Therefore, this study aims to analyze and prove the ability to use a high protein foods, such as soy milk, egg whites, and tofu, in weight training as an alternative for muscle hypertrophy. It consists of a true-experimental pretest-posttest control group design with 26 fitness members recruited randomly from Padang, Indonesia. The sample was divided into experimental and control groups with each containing 13 respondents. The factorsin this study comprises of measurement of muscle circumference pretest data, post-test data, as well as weight training with (experimental) and without (control) high protein foods consumption. Highprotein foods were given based on the average protein consumption of the sample. Weight training is given to the arm and thigh muscles for ± two months with a frequency of 4 times a week, 75%-85% intensity, 4-12 repetitions, 1-5 sets, and 30-40 seconds intervals. The muscle circumference and fat thickness using the tapeline and skinfold and analyzed using the t-test. The results showed that the experimental group was better than the control for posttest arm and thigh muscles at values of 274.59 > 262.48 and 478.71 > 468.78 as well as mean differences of 12.11 and 9.93. In conclusion, high-protein foods in weight training can be used as an alternative for muscle hypertrophy. It is essential to note that consuming foods and supplement rich in protein will not lead to muscle hypertrophy without participating in well-programmed weight training. The results of this study are expected to be useful for weight training performers, such as fitness instructors, members, and athletes to obtain alternative means of muscle hypertrophy programs. Future studies need to include high-protein supplements as a comparison to test the high-protein foods during training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service in table tennis is one of the important indicators to rely on for winning the competition. However, nowadays coaches or referees do not have an accurate instrument to assess the service in table tennis due to the limitation of supporting tools like sensor technology. This research is the research and development and intends to develop a service sensor tool on a table tennis net that can be used for learning or during table tennis matches. Also, it aims to produce a product and test its effectiveness. Four stages guide such process, that is tool design, circuit making, program development, and tool testing. We used the adapter 220 v (12 Vdc) 2A, Arduino Uno, SW 420 vibration sensor, step down DC-DC voltage drop, and 1 ch relay driveras the material. These afore mentioned components were designed, assembled,and both programmatically and physically installed on the table tennis net. After going through all steps, the new tool was validated by different experts, mainly electrical engineering experts, table tennis experts, and table tennis referees in the wake of determiningits weaknesses and usefulness. Then, it underwent field trials on table tennis athletes who competed atthe regional level for sports week events in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Results of the expert validity test obtained 89.81 or very good category. Besides, the results of field trials show that the service sensor detects all service balls especially when they touch the net. Based on the data harvested, the results of the tool's reliability test were very high. That said, the tool can accurately, objectively, easily, and practically assess and also be used in learning or during table tennis matches to make it easier for assessing performance and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor learning in preschool education is very important to be a concern because it has an impact on the growth and development of children, and their mental abilities. This study aims to design and implement motor learning measuring tools using sensor technology for preschool education. This measuring instrument is expected to have a good performance in assessing motion in children, such as running, walking, and jumping. This type of research is development research with three stages, namely, phase I needs analysis and designing motor learning measuring tools, phase II, implementation of motor learning measuring tools, and developing motor learning measuring tools, phase III, evaluating of motor learning measuring tools and dissemination. However, this research is only limited to the stage of designing and implementing motor learning measuring tools. This research involved instrumentation experts and Kindergarten students, with a total sample of 65 students, using the purposive sampling technique. The result of this study is a sensor technology-based motor learning measuring instrument that can make an objective, easy and practical assessment. This measuring instrument can measure motor skills in locomotor movements, namely, running, walking, and jumping. Furthermore, the results of the implementation showed an increase in the motor skills of children aged for the better. So it is hoped that this measuring tool can be used by the wider community in an effort to improve preschool education learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]