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Negli ultimi venticinque anni, l'Italia ha profondamente modificato il quadro delle regole generali alla base del funzionamento del mercato del lavoro (Blan-chard et al., 2014; Bassanini e Duval, 2006; O'Higgins, 2012; Dutt et al., 2015; Brancaccio et al., 2018; Arestis and González-Martínez, 2015; Liotti, 2020; 2021). Con l'obiettivo dichiarato di favorire l'aumento dell'occupazione e l'ingresso dei giovani nel mondo del lavoro, si sono - di fatto - applicate ricette di stampo neoliberista che hanno progressivamente portato ad una maggiore flessibilizzazione del mercato del lavoro. Uno dei problemi che non ci risulta sia stato analizzato dagli studiosi del mercato del lavoro è l'impatto di questo cambiamento di regole sul rapporto di "fiducia" tra imprenditori e lavoratori. In altre parole, come l'introduzione delle politi-che di flessibilità, che hanno reso via via il lavoro più instabile e precario, ha influito sulla sinergia tra lavoratore ed imprenditore, sinergia che rappresenta (come teo-rizzato da un filone interessante della letteratura sugli efficiency wages della teoria New-keynesian) uno dei pilastri del successo dell'impresa capitalista (per una ras-segna di questi modelli degli anni 80, si veda Jossa-Musella, 1996, cap. 20). Lo scopo di questo lavoro è iniziare a colmare questa lacuna, analizzando la dinamica del rapporto tra flessibilità del mercato del lavoro e "soddisfazione" per il lavoro (come proxy della fiducia dei lavorati nell'impresa) in Italia nel periodo compreso tra il 2001 e il 2018. Facendo uso della semplice statistica descrittiva (senza la presunzione di voler dare risposte semplici ad un tema così complicato, sia dal punto di vista teorico che empirico), si possono sottolineare due risultati principali: i) considerando il periodo 2001-2008, ad una maggiore flessibilità del mercato del lavoro si associa una repentina riduzione della soddisfazione dei lavo-ratori; ii) analizzando invece il periodo 2009-2018, tale relazione inversa sembra svanire. Già solo questa evidenza testimonia che le questioni da approfondire sono diverse e interessanti: si tratta, per esempio, non solo di studiare in modo più ap-profondito la relazione astratta tra flessibilità del mercato del lavoro e soddisfa-zione per il lavoro bensì, anche di indagare sui fattori economici, sociali e politici che sono alla base del mutamento dinamico del trend nei due diversi periodi considerati e, anche, ad esempio, di comprenderne l'impatto sulla produttività.

L’assenza dello scopo di lucro, la difficoltà di utilizzare criteri finanziari pienamente affidabili, la managerialità o professionalità non sempre diffuse, oltre a una missione complessa, fortemente influenzata da fattori esogeni e mutevoli, rendono il terzo settore un’area particolare delle organizzazioni economiche, che ancora sfugge da compiute concettualizzazioni e il cui dibattito resta sostanzialmente asimmetrico: mentre sono chiaramente evidenziate le sue rilevanti potenzialità, non appaiono altrettanto approfonditi i temi del rischio economico e le criticità legate al suo coinvolgimento nella politica sociale. Per tentare di fornire un contributo volto ad affrontare le carenze sopra menzionate, il presente numero monografico si è proposto di indagare il terzo settore in chiave interdisciplinare, focalizzandosi su tre principali direttrici: - il terzo settore e i suoi potenziali approcci concettuali e definitori; - il rapporto tra soggettività, finalismi e risultati nelle organizzazioni del terzo settore; - l’accountability e la generazione di valore nel terzo settore: modalità di misurazione, rappresentazione e valutazione. Gli otto contributi pubblicati, frutto del lavoro svolto da studiosi che da anni hanno fatto del terzo settore il loro campo di studio principale e dello sforzo di giovani ricercatori che hanno scelto questo filone per intraprendere le loro prime ricerche, affrontano le tracce sopra menzionate in chiave originale e fornendo proposte e spunti innovativi, sia di carattere teorico-normativo, che empirico-positivo.

Health services’ quality relies on patients’ participation in the design and delivery of care. Inter alia, self-efficacy and awareness are paramount to realize the full potential of health services...

Anche se nell'ultimo ventennio l'attenzione nei confronti del fenomeno è nettamente cresciuta, il Terzo settore rappresenta ancora una sfida aperta per la teoria economica. I modelli interpretativi basati sul paradigma mainstream, che dipingono gli individui come agenti guidarti esclusivamente da motivazioni egoistiche, fanno infatti fatica a render conto dell'esistenza e della vitalità di organizzazioni che non possono far leva, per mobilitare le risorse, né su strumenti coercitivi, né sulla lusinga del guadagno personale. Questo volume propone un percorso conoscitivo articolato tra teoria economica, storia politica ed evoluzione normativa: vengono discusse le categorie analitiche chiave per l'analisi del funzionamento delle organizzazioni di Terzo settore; se ne ricostruisce il ruolo giocato nella complessa transizione dal modello di "Welfare State" ai modelli di "Welfare Mix" e "Welfare Community"; si delinea sinteticamente il quadro normativo che sta emergendo in Italia all'esito della ambiziosa operazione di riordino del settore avviata con la legge n. 106/2016.

Il volume sviluppa l'approccio di Amartya SEN ai temi dello sviluppo sottolineando la centralità del tema della libertà e applicando questo approccio ad alcuni problemi dell'economia di oggi.

Il capitolo approfondisce consistenze e dimensioni del fenomeno dell'imprenditoria sociale nel mezzogiorno d'Italia e sottolinea il ruolo importante che questa forma di impresa, se adeguatamente regolamentata ed incentivata, potrò svolgere per lo sviluppo del Mezzogiorno e dell'intero paese

By applying global standards presented in the ILO Manual to the Italian Aspects of Daily Life (ADL) Survey, the authors analyze volunteer work through the categories of traditional paid work in order to grasp similarities, innovative content, competences, and individual values. The empirical work analyzes the various volunteer occupations by means of the paid work global statistical classification system (ISCO), a major innovation proposed by the ILO Manual, which describes volunteer work activities and the socio-structural characteristics of volunteers by groups of occupations. This chapter further develops new insights into the impact of volunteering on the development of human capital by analyzing the competences and the values incorporated in the ten most common volunteer occupations. Thus, this chapter lays the groundwork for a new methodological approach to studying and legitimizing volunteering as a category of work.

Over the past decades, the complex phenomenon of volunteering has been mainly analyzed within the field of economic literature with respect to its “economic value added,” that is the capability of these activities to increase the productivity level of some specific goods or services. The paper adopts a different point of view, in that voluntary organizations are analyzed as places of innovation, where new jobs arise and people acquire new skills. Thus, volunteering can be understood as a “social innovation” factor. In order to gain a deeper insight into the types of voluntary works, we have used data coming from the Istat survey “Multiscopo, Aspetti della vita quotidiana” (Multipurposes survey, daily life aspects), released in the year 2013. In our textual analysis, we have utilized the information included in the open-ended question section provided by respondents regarding the description of the tasks performed individually as volunteers. After stemming, lemmatization, and cleaning, the data have been analyzed by means of community detection based on semantic network analysis, with the purpose of identifying job patterns, then by a clustering procedure on answers (Reinert approach to textual clustering), and lastly through correspondence analysis on generalized aggregated lexical tables (CA-GALT) with the aim to explore volunteers’ profiles. In particular, we have singled out differences in gender, age, educational level, region of residence, and type of voluntary association.

Il saggio rappresenta l’introduzione al volume sulla rigenerazione urbana curato dai due autori

Several studies have highlighted the importance of social and institutional mechanisms on a urban level that heavily influence the processes of social and economics integration and intensify the phenomenon of spatial segregation. The dynamics of metropolitan development and new factors of differentiation on a social and spatial-temporal level rough out inequalities connected to the management of the complexity of the urban life from the point of view of the health, the quality of life and the active social participation. We want to pay attention to the segregation processes both on a theoretical level and through some data based on the results of a research sponsored by the “Regione Calabria” to one of its institutions in House. The focus is on the phenomenon of spatial segregation in Reggio Calabria, that is the result of discrimination processes on a large scale, and especially, on the perception of the urban quality of self-declared segregated people that promote urban contests always more socially divided with consequent urban transformations that nowadays are causes and consequences of radical changes in the organization of daily life with serious consequences on the quality of life.

Breve saggio sulla povertà minorile volto ad enfatizzarne gli effetti negativi per i singoli e la società soprattutto in termini di circoli viziosi di vario genere che la povertà minorile innesca.

In Italy, as consequences of the recent economic crisis, the problem of unemployment has become central in the political debate. Scholars and policymakers have suggested the necessity of introducing flexibility measures in the labour market for improving employment performance, especially the youth one. The aim of this paper is to analyse empirically whether higher labour market flexibility was able to reduce youth unemployment in Italy during the period 2004-2014. Empirical results show that labour market flexibility had detrimental effects on youth unemployment. The results are confirmed also when a set of economic control variables were added to the model.

Il saggio si propone di inquadrare gli effetti della povertà minorile sulle performance successive dei minori nel mercato del lavoro e lo fa estendendo lo schema dell’effetto cicatrice (scarring effect), studiato per analizzare gli effetti negativi della disoccupazione giovanile, al tema della povertà minorile.

Il tema della povertà minorile e lo studio delle sue determinanti è diventato - soprattutto nell'ultima decade - centrale nel dibattito economico e politico. Proprio per questo è importante dedicare grande attenzione a comprendere meglio il fenomeno sotto il profilo delle sue dimensioni e delle caratteristiche concrete che esso assume nel nostro paese. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è principalmente quello di analizzare prevalentemente i dati legati al fenomeno della povertà minorile nel nostro paese, sia a livello nazionale che di macro-area.

Purpose of the paper: Health services’ quality relies on the patients’ ability to participate in the provision of care as co-creators of value. Among others, individual health literacy - i.e. the ability to access, understand, process and use health information for the purposes of health protection and promotion - is crucial to realize the full potential of patient involvement. This paper investigates the consequences of inadequate individual health literacy on self-efficacy perception and awareness of health-related issues, which are expected to affect the process of patient empowerment. Methodology: A sample of 438 Italian patients was built. The Newest Vital Sign (NVS) was used to assess individual health literacy skills. A self-reporting survey was administered to assess the patients’ self-efficacy, awareness of health-related issues and health services’ use. Also, socio-demographic variables were collected to investigate the correlates of limited health literacy. Findings: Problematic health literacy was prevailing. The lower the health literacy skills, the poorer the individual self-efficacy and the lower the awareness of health-related issues. Interestingly, inadequate health literacy was associated with increased access to emergency care and hospital services. Practical implications: Inadequate health literacy is likely to prevent patient empowerment. Actually, it performs as a barrier to patient involvement in the provision of care. Policy makers should attach a specific health literacy concern to health policies intended to promote patient participation in the provision of care. Besides, health care providers should arrange and implement tailored health literacy promotion initiatives, in an attempt to realize the full potential of patient empowerment and improve the quality of care. Originality of the paper: Although health literacy is a well-established topic, evidence on the consequences of limited health literacy on health behaviors is still inconsistent. This paper contributes in advancing scientific knowledge on the issue, delving into the effects of limited health literacy on self-efficacy perceptions, awareness of health-related issues and health services’ use

Purpose Patient empowerment has been variously depicted as a new paradigm inspiring the patient-provider relationship. To the authors’ knowledge, scholars have focused most of their attention on patient enablement. Alternatively, the ability of health care organizations to establish a comfortable and co-creating partnership with the patients has been overlooked. In an attempt to fill this gap, the purpose of this paper is to delve into the meaningfulness of health care organizations, embracing the “organizational health literacy” perspective. Design/methodology/approach In line with the exploratory nature of this research, a multiple case study approach was taken. It concerned three large public hospitals operating within the Italian National Health Service. The meaningfulness of health care organizations was investigated drawing on the organizational health literacy construct. Findings The health care organizations were unaware of several crucial issues to improve their meaningfulness. Problematic organizational health literacy was found to prevent patient involvement and to negatively affect the quality of interaction between the patients and the health care professionals. Practical implications Inadequate organizational health literacy impoverishes the ability of health care organizations to empower the patients and to engage them in value co-creation. The institutional purposes of empowering the patients and involving them in the provision of care require tailored interventions intended to improve organizational meaningfulness. Originality/value This is one of the first attempts to examine the meaningfulness of health care organizations through the lenses of organizational health literacy. Both quality of care and health outcomes are expected to benefit from the enhancement of organizational health literacy.

The last economic crisis has produced both a worsening of population socio-economic conditions and a decline of population health. Over decades, scholars have investigated the relationship between socio-economic conditions and individual health. However, most of these studies focus only one dimension (psychological or physical) of individual health. In this paper, we investigate the socio-economic determinants of individual health in Italy using an indicator that take into account three different dimensions of individual health. Using data drawn from Self-Reported Health Status for the year 2013, and applying the Instrumental variables method (IV), the paper shows two important results: 1) The perceived individual health is strongly correlated to income, economic status and life satisfaction, while the impact of aging is very low 2). The correlation between education level and individual health is negatively. This result can be explained considering individual labor status. Indeed, the difficulty to access to the labor market determines that individual’s expectation about job, wage, and quality of work are inconsistent with the “reality”. The consequence is that, individuals better-educated have higher expectations regarding their lives, but often, these expectations do not find correspondence in the Italian labour market, and this mismatch produces negative psychological effects, which contribute to reduce the general individual health.

Over the decades, many scholars have tried to study the relationship between democracy and human development, even though the results are not unique. According to this context, and considering the political changes occurred in the early ‘90s in the former socialist countries, the aim of this paper is to evaluate – empirically - whether and to what extent, the level of democracy affected the level of HD in these countries. Using data on Polity II and HDI, we find evidence of a positive relationship between democracy and HD. The results are robust also when we checked for a set of control variables as growth rate, unemployment, the degree of openness trade and log population. Moreover, descriptive statistics shows that the impact of democracy on HD was higher effects on HD in the first fifteen years of democracy, after that, as these countries became consolidated democracies, this effect was less evident.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the changing patterns of users' behavior in the health care service system. Although patient engagement and health services' co-production are understood as essential ingredients in the recipe for sustainable health systems, some determinants to patient involvement are still widely neglected by both policy makers and health care professionals. Among others, inadequate health literacy performs as a significant barrier to patient empowerment. Design/methodology/approach A survey aimed at objectively measuring health literacy-related skills was administered to a random sample of 600 Italian patients. The Italian version of the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) was used to assess the ability of the respondents to deal with written health information. Moreover, the respondents were asked to self-report their ability to navigate the health system. It was presumed that inadequate health literacy as measured by the NVS is related with impaired self-reported functional, interactive, and critical health-related competencies, paving the way for the inability and the unwillingness of patients to be involved in the health care provision. Findings About half of the sample showed inadequate health literacy. However, poor NVS scores were only slightly associated with limited self-reported functional, interactive, and critical health-related competencies. In general, patients with inadequate health-related skills were not likely to be engaged in the provision of health services. Elderly, people suffering from financial deprivation and less educated individuals were found to be at special risk of living with limited health literacy. Practical implications Limited health literacy is a common and relevant issue among people dealing with the health care service system. The impaired ability to collect, process, and use health information produces barriers to patient engagement and prevents the evolution of patients' behavior toward health care co-production. Originality/value Health literacy is a widely overlooked issue in the Italian national health system. This paper contributes in shedding light on the determinants and effects of health literacy of Italian hospital patients. Besides, some insights on the validity of the methodological tools typically used to assess health-related skills are provided.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the changing patterns of users’ behavior in the health care service system. Although patient engagement and health services’ co-production are understood as essential ingredients in the recipe for sustainable health systems, some determinants to patient involvement are still widely neglected by both policy makers and health care professionals. Among others, inadequate health literacy performs as a significant barrier to patient empowerment. Design/methodology/approach A survey aimed at objectively measuring health literacy-related skills was administered to a random sample of 600 Italian patients. The Italian version of the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) was used to assess the ability of the respondents to deal with written health information. Moreover, the respondents were asked to self-report their ability to navigate the health system. It was presumed that inadequate health literacy as measured by the NVS is related with impaired self-reported functional, interactive, and critical health-related competencies, paving the way for the inability and the unwillingness of patients to be involved in the health care provision. Findings About half of the sample showed inadequate health literacy. However, poor NVS scores were only slightly associated with limited self-reported functional, interactive, and critical health-related competencies. In general, patients with inadequate health-related skills were not likely to be engaged in the provision of health services. Elderly, people suffering from financial deprivation and less educated individuals were found to be at special risk of living with limited health literacy. Practical implications Limited health literacy is a common and relevant issue among people dealing with the health care service system. The impaired ability to collect, process, and use health information produces barriers to patient engagement and prevents the evolution of patients’ behavior toward health care co-production. Originality/value Health literacy is a widely overlooked issue in the Italian national health system. This paper contributes in shedding light on the determinants and effects of health literacy of Italian hospital patients. Besides, some insights on the validity of the methodological tools typically used to assess health-related skills are provided.

Inadequate health literacy, namely the problematic individual's ability to navigate the health care system, has been depicted as a silent epidemic affecting a large part of the world population. Inadequate health literacy has been variously found to be a predictor of patient disengagement, inappropriateness of care, increased health care costs, and higher mortality rates. However, to date the evidence on the prevalence of limited health literacy is heterogeneous; moreover, studies dealing with this topic show a pronounced geographical concentration. To contribute in filling these gaps, this paper investigates health literacy skills in Italy. Drawing on the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU), a tool to measure self-perceived levels of health literacy was administered to a representative sample of Italian citizens. A stepwise regression analysis allowed to shed light on the determinants and consequences of limited health literacy. Findings suggested that inadequate health literacy is a prevailing problem in Italy, even though it has been overlooked by both policy makers and health care practitioners. Financial deprivation was found to be a significant predictor of inadequate health literacy. Low health literate patients reported higher hospitalization rates and greater use of health services. As compared with the European Countries, Italy showed some peculiarities in terms of health literacy levels and socio-demographic determinants of health literacy, which provide with intriguing insights for policy making.

One of most important effects of the recent economic crisis has been the decline of citizens’ trust in political institutions. This effect was due to the inability of national governments and Parliaments to counteract the consequences of the recession. The lack of trust in institutions involves costs that cannot be underestimated. Therefore, for this reason, it is very important to study the relationship between changes in macroeconomic conditions and changes in the level of citizens’ appreciation in national institutions. The aim of the paper is to analyse as changes in macroeconomic conditions (in particular, changes in inflation, unemployment and income inequality) have affected the level of citizens’ trust in national institutions of European countries in the period 2001-20013. Using panel data method, empirical results show that the increases in unemployment and income inequality contribute to reduce the level of trust in national institutions while, as regards inflation, the results are ambiguous.

The role played by patient empowerment in health reform has been widely discussed by the scientific literature. In fact, patient empowerment has been variously presented as a new paradigm emerging in the healthcare service system, which involves a reconceptualization of the patient from a mere consumer of health services to a value co-creator. However, to the authors’ knowledge, until now most of the attention has been paid to the process of patient enablement, that is to say to the activation and the enhancement of the patients’ functional, interactive, and critical skills to navigate the healthcare service system. Alternatively, the meaningfulness of healthcare organizations, that is to say the ability of healthcare organizations to effectively communicate with patients and to establish with them a comfortable and co-creating relationship has been neglected. Drawing from the organizational health literacy construct, this paper is aimed at discussing the facilitators and the impediments to the meaningful...

This paper analyzes Italian social cooperatives as a typical delivery service firm, focusing on employee incentive systems characterized by “role tension” linked to the dual position of being employee and owner at the same time. The answers to three questions: “Why to incentivize”, “What to incentivize” “How to incentivize” are searched, building on both the lack of employee’s controllability in the sector and the reconstruction of property rights consistent with the characteristics of social cooperatives and the profit non-distribution constraint. The conclusion is that, because they are able to structure a richer incentive set, social cooperatives are more efficient in the provision of social utility services even though they pay lower wages than public organizations and for-profit firms. The pareconist internationalist says that we ought to receive for our labors remuneration in tune with how hard we have worked, how long we have worked, and how great a sacrifice we have made in our work. We shouldn’t get more because we use more productive tools, have more skills, or have greater inborn talent, much less should we get more because we have more power or own more property. We should get more only by virtue of how much effort we have expended or how much sacrifice we have endured in our useful work. This is morally appropriate, and it also provides proper incentives by rewarding only what we can affect and not what is beyond our control. Michael Albert (http://www.zmag.org/zparecon/qatrade.htm)

This paper investigates the nonprofit wage gap suggesting a theoretical framework where, like in , effort correlates not only with wages, but also with non-monetary compensations. These take the form of relational goods by-produced in the delivery of particular services. By paying higher non-pecuniary compensations, the nonprofit sector attracts intrinsically similarly skilled, but more motivated workers, able to provide in fact a similar (or potentially higher) level of effort than their counterparts in the forprofit sector. On an empirical ground, the paper provides a number of econometric tests that confirm the main predictions of the model in Italy's case. It adds to the available empirical literature by introducing in the analysis direct measures of non-pecuniary compensations and job satisfaction. © 2007 The Authors. Journal compilation © CIRIEC 2007.

In this work we first model the role of demand- and supply-side factors (labour market adjustment, productive efficiency) in explaining economic growth. Empirically testing the model, we evaluate why different growth regimes may appear in the 20 Italian administrative regions. This exercise uses a two-stage econometric approach. Estimates for the elasticity of manufacturing output to exports are obtained from regional time series: a significant long-run relationship indicates the existence of a demand-constrained growth regime. We then ascertain whether the regional dispersion of supply-side factors has an impact on the regional dispersion of growth regimes. The empirical evidence supports our expectations of strong regional differences. Southern regions are less likely to display demand-constrained regimes. In explanation of these differences, second-stage analysis reveals that a strong role is played by such efficiency-enhancing factors as technological innovation, bank diffusion and 'social capital'. No role is found for labour market rigidities. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.

IL saggio ricostruisce l'evoluzione delle posizioni di Kaldor nei suoi scritti monetari sul tema della capacità delle banche centrali di stabilizzare i saggi di interesse e l'offerta di moneta. Il saggio argomenta che negli scritti di questo autore, contrariamente a quanto si sostiene nella letteratura recente c'è una forte continuità su questo tema. L'idea di Kaldor appare in linea con le interpretazioni dette "accomodazioniste", ma non quelle che considerano che la banca centrale non ha alcun potere di controllare gli aggregati monetari.

This article focusses on the foundations of Kaldor’s monetary theory. It deals with his view that in modern economic systems the supply of money is an endogenous variable while the demand for money tends to be unstable. These ideas were presented in several essays written in the early 1980’s which emphasized Kaldor’s disagreement with monetarism. The theoretical background of his views was however also presented in previous contributions. Finally the article underlines the implications of Kaldor’s view on money for the role of monetary authorities in macroeconomic stabilization policy.

This comprehensive book presents an original reconstruction of the different interpretations of the Phillips curve. The authors demonstrate through an in-depth analysis how it is possible to find non-neoclassical foundations in the trade-off between inflation and unemployment. The debate is presented from a historical perspective which charts the evolution of the Phillips curve from a non-neoclassical perspective, taking account of post Keynesian literature.

Intorno ai concetti di paesaggio e, per estensione, di patrimonio culturale, è da tempo fiorita una ricca letteratura che, attraverso articolate argomentazioni ha messo in luce come i relativi “valori” risiedano nell’eterogeneità delle diverse configurazioni che esprimono condizioni di attrattività dipendenti da infiniti fattori compositivi. In termini di opportunità di sviluppo locale gli attributi di originalità e di rarità che simile patrimonio culturale incorpora, costituiscono una significativa precondizione che sembra aprire prospettive di interessante valorizzazione economica. Di conseguenza, l’attenzione per le risorse culturali, sia paesaggistiche, sia storiche, anima un fervore d’iniziative che coinvolge la compagine sociale nella ricerca di un consenso che sembrerebbe introdurre una nuova stagione nelle politiche di sviluppo locale, incentrata sulla piena consapevolezza della centralità che va riconosciuta al patrimonio culturale di contesto. Tale nuovo corso, tuttavia, presuppone un cambiamento culturale, richiede l’assunzione di ottiche innovative, impone approcci intensamente partecipativi. Essenzialmente perché le fonti capaci di generare l’innesco e la crescita di questi nuovi settori economici non sono fisiche, bensì intellettuali. Ed è in tale scenario che devono confrontarsi quelle iniziative di promozione, valorizzazione e comunicazione del patrimonio culturale che intendano sfruttare a pieno le opportunità che i nuovi sistemi di comunicazione offrono, accettando la sfida comunicativa posta dalle nuove logiche e dai nuovi linguaggi. Tecnologia e cultura, tecnologia e comunicazione possono quindi rappresentare binomi, non più antitetici, bensì in grado di far crescere l'economia, le imprese e l'occupazione.

La transizione da un’economia intensamente segnata dal senso del "materiale" verso un'economia in cui sempre più prepotentemente prende il sopravvento una dimensione "simbolica-culturale" del bene che aggrega domanda ed offerta, si riflette sui criteri e sui processi di valutazione, scelta ed acquisto, modificando in maniera netta la composizione della “shopping list” individuale e il valore stesso delle transazioni che ne concretizzano le dinamiche. In particolare, l’orientamento del mercato verso un’enfatizzazione degli attributi dell’esperienza e dell’emozionalità ha alimentato, almeno nell’ultimo ventennio, lo sviluppo di una particolare formula turistica che, complementare al turismo tradizionale, si avvale del patrimonio storico dei luoghi per rispondere alla necessità del ricordo, per diffondere la conoscenza e la comprensione di quanto, evento esemplare, si è compiuto in uno o più luoghi unificati dalla comune esperienza maturata: il turismo di memoria. Tale formula turistica può essere considerata una sorta di rivisitazione del viaggio di formazione dove le tracce della storia diventano vettori di conoscenza a beneficio del visitatore e fonti insostituibili di scoperta, di conoscenza, di riflessione e di trasmissione di valori; valori che trovano nella percezione emozionale di un itinerario doloroso la dimensione di un rito collettivo che induce non solo alla conoscenza del passato quanto ad una partecipe costruzione dell’identità del territorio attraversato dal viaggio. Muovendo dalle considerazioni esposte, il contributo si propone di indagare, attraverso l’analisi di un caso, quello del cassinate, regione bellica simbolo del sopravvento alleato nella seconda guerra mondiale, limiti ed opportunità di un simile « genere » di modello di offerta turistica. Riflettendo su tale prospettiva, inoltre, si affrontano tematiche di natura geoeconomica, in termini di opzioni di sviluppo locale, sottese all’esperienza documentale dell’Historiale e al progetto di valorizzazione turistica che ruota intorno all’attrattiva rappresentata da una suggestiva evocazione della memoria di luoghi profanati e di vite insanguinate dalla grande battaglia epocale

il lavoro è così strutturato: il primo paragrafo introduce il lavoro; nel secondo paragrafo si delinea l’istituto del 5 per mille; il terzo paragrafo affronta il tema della sussidiarietà con l’obiettivo di inquadrare il 5 per mille nell’ampio quadro della sussidiarietà fiscale; il quarto paragrafo colloca il 5 per mille nell’ambito delle più vaste strategie di fundraising degli enti che ne beneficiano; nel quinto paragrafo si analizzano i dati resi disponibili dalla agenzia delle entrate; il sesto ed ultimo paragrafo conclude.

Il saggio si propone di mostrare come l'istituto della confisca dei beni illegalmente acquisiti e quello del riutilizzo a fini sociali dei beni confiscati possano accrescere il senso di fiducia reciproca dei cittadini e dei cittadini verso le istituzioni, promuovendo lo sviluppo di un'economia alternativa rispetto a quella mafiosa.