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Ecuador’s geography is very irregular, each region is at a different altitude, rising from sea level to more than 2800 m above sea level. In this sense, the altitude variable becomes important in the behavior of an internal combustion engine. In this work, the behavior of an internal combustion engine with indirect electronic injection is studied at different heights above sea level to facilitate diagnostic tasks. This behavior is determined through the signals emitted by the absolute pressure sensors of the intake manifold and the throttle position, obtained in 11 places with a difference of approximately 500 m in altitude up to 4500 m above sea level. Analysis of these signals indicates the MAP sensor voltage variations are approximately 0.38 V per 1000 m and the engine vacuum decreases approximately 7.7 kPa per 1000 m of the head. Furthermore, the correction ratio made by the electronic control unit ECU on the pulse width and the ignition advance with the height has been determined. These results generated by this research work are important to understand the behavior of engines at altitude and facilitate automotive diagnosis.

Pengujian sistem induksi udara pada mobil toyota avanza K3-VE dengan scanner launch thinkdiag easydiag 4.0 bertujuan untuk menguji sistem induksi udara dengan media mobil apakah sensor-sensor serta sistem induksi udara yang terdapat pada media tersebut bekerja dengan baik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan jenis metode penelitan deskriptif. Pengambilan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yang bertujuan untuk memperkuat hasil penelitian berdasarkan dari suatu teori, gagasan para ahli dan observasi. Berdasarkan dari hasil pengujian yang sudah dilakukan pada mobil toyota avanza K3-VE dengan scanner launch thinkdiag easydiag 4.0 pada putaran stasioner, rendah, menengah dan tinggi yaitu: 1) kecepatan 750.25 Rpm sensor IAT membaca 89.6 degree F, sensor MAP 4.2 Psi dan sensor TPS membaca 0%, 2) kecepatan 1507.75 Rpm sensor IAT membaca 95 degree F, sensor MAP 3.62 Psi dan sensor TPS membaca 2.75%, 3) kecepatan 2042.52 Rpm sensor IAT membaca 96.8 degree F, sensor MAP 3.62 Psi dan sensor TPS membaca 4.31%, dan kecepatan 3102.75 Rpm sensor IAT membaca 114 degree F, sensor MAP 3.77 Psi dan sensor TPS membaca 6.67%, dari data yang diperoleh diatas dapat disimpulkan sensor dan sistem induksi udara pada mobil toyota avanza K3-VE berfungsi dengan baik dan bisa digunakan untuk kendaraan pribadi sehari-hari yang efektif.

Fault tolerant control systems can be used in the process machines such as Internal Combustion (IC) engines to achieve greater reliability and stability in the fault conditions. Thus, costly loss of production due to the unusual and unexpected shutdown of these machines can be avoided. The Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) control system is an important system in IC engines and faults in the sensors of this system will cause its shutdown creating costly production loss, therefore, fault tolerance is necessary for them. In this paper, an Active Fault Tolerant Control System (AFTCS) based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) has been proposed for the AFR control system of a Spark Ignition (SI) IC engine to increase its reliability. In the proposed AFTCS, a nonlinear ANN-based observer is used in the Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) unit for the highly nonlinear sensors of the AFR system for analytical redundancy. The Lyapunov stability analysis has been utilized to design a stable system in normal and faulty conditions. The system has been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment to test its performance. The simulation experimental results demonstrate that the suggested system stays reliable maintaining the stability well in the fault conditions of sensors with little degradation in AFR. A comparison with the existing works demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed AFTCS for the highly nonlinear sensors of the AFR control system. The technique suggested is very effective in terms of fault robustness and is more specifically based on the nonlinear behavior of the MAP sensor compared to the existing works.

The high consumption rates of fossil fuel and unburned hydrocarbons pollution in exhaust gases are considered to be the main problems that face the world today. The use of Brown’s gas (HHO gas i.e. mixture of hydrogen and oxygen) as a new source of energy, reducing the amount of injected fuel and ensuring complete combustion of the mixture are gaining an increasing interest worldwide. There are two different types of HHO cells; HHO wet cell and HHO dry cell. In this paper, the HHO dry cell was used because it has several advantages, such as its small size and ease to install in engines. The HHO dry cell uses the electrolysis process in order to produce the HHO gas from water, which is ionized by adding NaOH as the electrolyte. Three types of HHO dry cell were used, namely alpha, beta and omega cells. Many measured data were done to choose the best one of the HHO dry cells. Oxygen sensor, MAP sensor, and MAF sensor were used to control the fuel injection. From the recorded measured experimental data, the beta cell has shown a good performance for the engine. The amount of HHO gas needed to be supplied to a 1500 CC engine is 0.375 LPM. The results also showed that there is a 17% reduction in fuel consumption and a 17% reduction in CO, a 27% reduction in HC, a 15% increase in O2 and a 1% increase in CO2.

The test was done on cars travelling at the speeds of 20km/h, 60km/h and 100km/h using the performance testing mode for chassis dynamometer. In this test, the secondary ignition waveform, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption were measured in case of faulty MAP sensor, faulty oxygen sensor and spark plugs. The following results from the related analysis of secondary waveform, emission and fuel consumption measurements were obtained : 1) The fuel consumption was higher in the order of oxygen sensor trouble, MAP trouble, spark plug trouble, before maintenance and after maintenance. Maximum fuel economy is 9.3km/L, the minimum fuel economy is 3.2km/L, the difference between max. and min. is 65.5%. 2) If you compare the oxygen sensor trouble with after maintenance, the CO has improved an average of 98%, fuel economy average of 60%. And the HC has improved an average of 87%, fuel economy average of 60%. The fuel consumption and exhaust gas was bad in the order of oxygen sensor trouble, MAP trouble and S/P trouble.

El siguiente trabajo de grado tiene como objetivo dar seguimiento al diseño y construcción de un dispositivo que permita el diagnóstico y mantenimiento de sensores que determinan la posición de acelerador (TPS), vacío del colector de admisión (MAP) y actuadores como válvulas de marcha mínima IAC e inyectores de combustible para vehículos livianos a gasolina, como complemento a los equipos ya existentes en el mercado, con la finalidad de evitar diagnósticos errados que ocasionan perdida deliberada de tiempo y dinero. Para ello se realizó su respectivo estudio de mercado en los talleres y centros de servicio automotriz de la ciudad de Cali siendo aquí el punto de partida a este desarrollo que a través de monitoreo inteligente logra mostrar los resultados in situ y/o en una plataforma (Ubidots) amigable para el usuario en internet, permitiendo el análisis detallado de los distintos componentes a prueba para una posterior toma de decisiones, este resultado se logra mediante un sistema micro controlado que mediante programación de software libre logra obtener los valores de las distintas variables tales como posición angular obtenida en una variación de 0 a 5 voltios siendo cero posición de mariposa de aceleración cerrada, 0 grados de apertura y 5 voltios mariposa de aceleración totalmente abierta, 90 grados de apertura, procesarlas y mostrarlas en tiempo real en el mismo equipo por medio de una LCD 2x16 bajo el protocolo de comunicación I2C y a su vez en internet en los Dashboard de Ubidots por envío de señales del módulo Node MCU a través del protocolo de comunicación MQTT para un análisis más detallado de su funcionamiento y visualización The following grade work aims to monitor the design and construction of a device that allows the diagnosis and maintenance of sensors that determine the throttle position (TPS), intake manifold vacuum (MAP) and actuators such as minimum running valves IAC and fuel injectors for light gasoline vehicles, as a complement to existing equipment in the market, in order to avoid misdiagnoses that cause deliberate loss of time and money. For this, their respective market study was carried out in the workshops and automotive service centers of the city of Cali, being here the starting point for this development that, through intelligent monitoring, manages to show the results in situ and / or on a platform ( Ubidots) user friendly on the internet, allowing detailed analysis of the different components tested for subsequent decision making, this result is achieved through a micro controlled system that through free software programming manages to obtain the values of the different variables such as angular position obtained in a variation of 0 to 5 volts being zero throttle position closed, 0 degrees opening and 5 volts throttle fully open, 90 degrees opening, process and display them in real time on the same equipment by through a 2x16 LCD under the I2C communication protocol and in turn on the Internet in the Ubidots Dashboards by sending signals from the Node MCU module through the MQTT communication protocol for a more detailed analysis of its operation and visualization. Keywords: Electronic injection, MAP sensor, TPS sensor, injectors, IAC valves Proyecto de grado (Ingeniero en Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2019 Pregrado Ingeniero(a) en Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones

In this study, we investigate a stuffed-toy robot capable of estimating a user's emotional state via physical contact; the research is oriented toward the development of bidirectional human-robot communications. Textile-type pressure-map sensors are embedded in the robot's head and back, to facilitate detection of the location and strength of various touches via time-sequence data. Based on the recognition of such touching patterns as stroking, patting, and hugging, we conducted a verification of the estimation of the user's emotions using extracted features, such as strength and duration. The results indicate that emotional arousal was reflected by the number and strength of the touches, while the emotional valence emerged through the factor related to the context of the interaction. Our study thereby represents a possibility of understanding the user via physical contact.

A novel method for estimating helicopter rotor blade kinematics during flight is presented. Limitations of optical measurement approaches (which are incompatible with circulating dust and moisture) and kinematic approaches (which add additional mass and maintenance complications) are overcome by embedding linear displacement sensors into the spherical bearing hinge joint of a fully articulated rotor. Forward and inverse bearing kinematics for this multiple degree of freedom measurement platform are modeled using techniques developed for Gough–Stewart platforms. Displacement sensor orientations are optimized to ensure that the rotational and translational rotor blade displacement modes are distinguishable. Forward kinematic estimation methods, including Newton–Raphson and genetic algorithms, are derived to map sensor measurements to rotor blade displacements. Extensive computer simulations, validated by experimental testing of a prototype, confirm that these approaches provide accurate estimates of rotor blade motion. Estimation accuracy in excess of 99% is demonstrated for all three rotational degrees of freedom.

This paper illustrates the process of a geo-spatial interactive artwork that involves the invention of a fabric sensor for a map to function as an input device. A squeezing motion on the sensitive fabric map results in a corresponding downscale of a video and audio space realized in an art installation. The invention of the fabric sensor, which measures the degree of squeeze of the grasped fabric, uses a combination of woven conductive threads and resistors. The fabric map sensor showed sufficient performance in realizing the initial concept into a form of interactive video artwork: “How would we perceive the world if God wrinkled the earth?” The artwork is discussed in terms of Phenomenological Landscape.

Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) can operate on a blend of ethanol and gasoline in any volumetric concentration of up to 85% ethanol (93% in Brazil). Existing FFVs rely on ethanol sensor installed in the vehicle fueling system, or on an ethanol estimation based on air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) regulation via an exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) or λ sensor. The EGO-based ethanol detection is desirable from cost and maintenance perspectives but it is known to be prone to large errors during mass air flow sensor drifts. Ethanol content estimation can be realized by a feedback-based fuel correction of the feedforward-based fuel calculation using an exhaust gas oxygen sensor. When the fuel correction is attributed to the difference in stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio (SAFR) between ethanol and gasoline, it can be used for ethanol estimation. When the fuel correction is attributed to a mass air flow (MAF) sensor error, it can be used for sensor drift estimation and correction. Deciding under which condition to blame (and detect) ethanol and when to switch to sensor correction burdens the calibration of FFV engine controllers. Moreover, erroneous decisions can lead to biases in ethanol estimation and in MAF sensor correction. In this paper, we present AFR-based ethanol content estimation, associated sensitivity and dynamical analysis, and a cylinder air flow estimation scheme that accounts for MAF sensor drift or bias using an intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor. The proposed fusion of the MAF, MAP, and λ sensor measurements prevents severe misestimation of ethanol content in flex fuel vehicles.

In this paper, we present a computational state space model to track and analyse activities of workers during manual assembly processes. Those models are well suited to capture the semi-structured processes present in final product assembly tasks. But in contrast to pure activity recognition systems, which map sensor data to executed activities, those models are able to track the context of the user, and to reason about context variables which are not directly observable through sensors. We describe our modelling approach and report on first evaluation results.

A novel, media-isolated, temperature-compensated, bulk-micromachined integrated absolute pressure sensor has successfully been developed. The sensor is usable for most applications involving exposure to harsh media, such as fuel vapor seen by manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensors. The device consists of two dice bonded together. Devices are batch fabricated by bonding two wafers together prior to sawing. The bottom wafer contains bulk-micromachined piezoresistive pressure sensors and the top wafer contains signal-conditioning integrated circuitry. The pressure sensors and the integrated circuits are coupled together by wirebonding from the top die down to the bottom die through via holes anisotropically etched in the top wafer. Characterization of the device indicates that the devices fabricated meet the specifications of a MAP sensor.

We describe a system that localizes a single dipole to reasonable accuracy from noisy magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measurements in real time. At its core is a multilayer perceptron (MLP) trained to map sensor signals and head position to dipole location. Including head position overcomes the previous need to retrain the MLP for each subject and session. The training dataset was generated by mapping randomly chosen dipoles and head positions through an analytic model and adding noise from real MEG recordings. After training, a localization took 0.7 ms with an average error of 0.90 cm. A few iterations of a Levenberg‐Marquardt routine using the MLP output as its initial guess took 15 ms and improved accuracy to 0.53 cm, which approaches the natural limit on accuracy imposed by noise. We applied these methods to localize single dipole sources from MEG components isolated by blind source separation and compared the estimated locations to those generated by standard manually assisted commercial software. Hum. Brain Mapping 24:21–34, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

In this paper we propose a vehicle surround sensing system that combines information from a video sensor with a digital map sensor. The video sensor detects road signs and lane markers, whereas the digital map contains information on road geometry, topology and additional information attributes. We show both sensors to be complementary to each other and fuse their information to obtain driver assistance functions such as Speed Limit Assistant, Curve Warning System, and Hazard Warning System.

A novel, media-isolated, temperature-compensated, bulk-micromachined integrated absolute pressure sensor has successfully been developed. The sensor is usable for most applications involving exposure to harsh media, such as fuel vapor seen by manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensors. Characterization of the device indicates that the devices fabricated meet specifications of a MAP sensor.

This manuscript presents a fault detection method for a SI engine at variable speeds using acoustic signal technique. Two faults were addressed: misfire and the malfunction of manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor. The main objective is to detect these two faults by measuring the sound pressure level (SPL) in decibels (dBA) at different engine speeds and one octave frequency bands in the audible human range, and then compare the results to the normal operating SPL engine. The experiments were conducted using a four cylinder, four stroke spark ignition Mitsubishi Lancer sedan engine (1.6 L) model 2006. The experimental results showed that: 1) the SPL due to misfire malfunction increases as the engine speed decreases; 2) at low frequencies the difference between the two values of SPL is very small compared at high frequencies; 3) the curve shape for SPL follows the shape of the power produced from the engine.

In earlier work it has been shown that a nonlinear observer based on the use of the manifold pressure state equation and a nonlinear fuel film compensator can maintain accurate A/F ratio control during both steady state and transient operation. This observer may be called a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) observer because it is fundamentally dependent on the use of the manifold pressure state equation and a MAP sensor. It is in reality a constant gain extended Kalman filter. While this observer shows promise for some applications, it obviously cannot immediately be used with air mass flow sensors other than a MAP sensor. In this paper it is shown that it is possible to construct a family of alternative nonlinear observers which "naturally" allow the use of any given air mass flow related sensor or a combination of them for A/F ratio control. This new family of observers provides the SI engine control system designer with a variety of robust control systems which can easily be made redundant in order to satisfy newer engine emissions and diagnosis requirements and legislation.

*† ‡ + § Three-dimensional feedback controlled simulations of the wake behind a circular cylinder were performed. Feedback control was achieved by using a low dimensional model based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) in conjunction with least square sensor based estimation to estimate the flow state. At a Reynolds numbers of 100, experimental and computational investigations have shown that although the vortex shedding is weakened by the introduction of closedloop control, spanwise phase variations eventually lead to an instability which results in the loss of control. In the current simulations, a three-dimensional sensor array was placed in the wake to estimate the flow state based on two dimensional POD Modes, which were applied at multiple spanwise locations. A linear stochastic estimator was used to map sensor readings to the temporal coefficients of the POD modes. The simulations were aimed at investigating the efficacy of threedimensional flow sensing to improve feedback control. Because the control input had only one degree of freedom (1 DOF), the mode amplitudes had to be combined into one actuator signal. The effect of selecting various spanwise sensing locations for feedback flow control was investigated.