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Abstract This study investigates the thermal behaviour of unsteady hybrid nanofluid flow on an infinite vertical plate. The investigation takes into account parameters such as magnetohydrodynamics and radiation effects, as well as the stratified medium. The systems of equations were solved by employing the explicit finite difference approach of Dufort-Frankel method. The main motivation of the study is to compare the performance of water, magnetic oxide, and multi-wall carbon nanotubes as working fluids. Additionally, velocity, temperature, and concentration outlines are visualized through plots, elucidating the fluid behaviour. Tables are provided for the Skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number, offering comprehensive insights crucial for optimizing performance in engineering applications ranging from thermal management systems to renewable energy technologies. The main finding of this study indicates that the quantitative result reveals that the temperature outline escalates among increasing values of radiation. In contrast, the outlines of a velocity and concentration show a decrease as the values of magnetohydrodynamics increase. In addition, multi-walled carbon nanotubes consume a larger outcome on temperature. A statistical study displays that the thermal stream rate of magnetic oxide-multi-wall carbon nanotubes-water increases from 1.7615 percentages to 7.4415 percentages, respectively, when the volume fraction of nanoparticles rises from 0.01 to 0.05. Future research is important to understanding hybrid nanofluid flows and their applications in thermal engineering systems such as energy systems, nuclear reactors, biomedical applications, electronics cooling, solar thermal systems, chemical processing, and other heat transfer applications where improved thermal performance is crucial.

Abstract Background Tuberculosis in cattle is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. Apart from MTBC, different Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) species have also been isolated from cattle. The presence of NTM infection in bovines makes the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) a cumbersome task. Therefore, a cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize different Mycobacterium spp. from a slaughterhouse situated in Kolkata, a city in the eastern part of India. Results Out of 258 morbid samples, 98 isolates were found to be positive for bacterial growth, and 35% (n = 34) were positive for Mycobacterium. 94% of Mycobacterial cultural isolates were NTM (n = 32), and the rest (n = 2) were found to be MTBC. Species-level identification of the isolates by hsp65 sequencing revealed that out of 32 isolates, 24 were M. fortuitum, three were M. abscessus, two each were M. chelonae and M. parascrofulaceum, and one was M. novocastrense. A phylogenetic tree with partial hsp65 gene sequences was also constructed to determine the relatedness of the unknown isolates to the reference strains. Conclusion Both NTM species and MTBCs were identified from TB-like lesions in cattle that were slaughtered at the Kolkata abattoir. This discovery may indicate that NTM contributes to the development of lesions in cattle. Also, we recommend implication of more specific diagnostic tests for bTB.

This study investigates singularly perturbed differential equations through advanced convection-diffusion techniques. We employ a finite difference approach utilizing a piecewise uniform Shishkin-type mesh to tackle this problem. Our analysis demonstrates that the approach achieves virtually first-order convergence. Error estimates are computed using discrete norms, and numerical experiments are conducted to validate these theoretical results.

Pleomorphic adenomas, which are benign tumours of the salivary glands, are most commonly found in the parotid gland and comparatively infrequently seen in the submandibular gland. These benign mixed tumours, known as pleomorphic tumours, are composed of different types of myoepithelium, epithelium, and mesenchyme. Regardless of the histologic type, parotid gland neoplasms result in distinct swellings in front of and below the ear. With the exception of neglected malignant tumours, both benign and malignant lesions are normally palpable when they are first discovered. Malignancies are often discovered more quickly due to their rapid growth, even though benign tumours are known to exist for many months to years before gaining clinical attention. Ultimately, there are no reliable clinical criteria to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. A 58-year-old female patient presented to the general surgery outpatient department with a six-month history of a firm, palpable, slow-growing, painless, freely mobile mass in the submandibular region that was not attached to the surrounding tissue, bone, or skin. There was no significant past history, and the patient was not on any medication. Axial and coronal views of the Computed Tomography (CT) scan showed a well-defined radiolucent mass in the medial aspect of the left submandibular gland. The patient underwent surgical exploration and excision of the mass under general anaesthesia, and the excised specimen was sent for histopathological examination. The entire gland was dissected freely and removed, with utmost care taken not to affect the nearby neurovascular structures. No enlarged lymph nodes were noted. The histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen revealed features of pleomorphic adenoma. Surgery is the treatment of choice for pleomorphic adenoma, and the tumour tissue must be completely removed because any residual tumour tissue has a high risk of recurrence or transformation into a malignant tumour. The patient was followed-up for more than two years with no signs of recurrence.

This study aimed to investigate the existence, uniqueness, and Ulam-Hyers stability of solutions in a nonlinear coupled system of Hilfer-Hadamard sequential fractional integrodifferential equations, which were further enhanced by nonlocal coupled Hadamard fractional integrodifferential multipoint boundary conditions. The desired conclusions were obtained by using well-known fixed-point theorems. It was emphasized that the fixed-point technique was useful in determining the existence and uniqueness of solutions to boundary value problems. In addition, we examined the solution's Ulam-Hyers stability for the suggested system. The resulting results were further demonstrated and validated using demonstration instances.

Nitrate uptake is an essential nutrient for primary production. A study focused on the surface waters of the Bay of Bengal (BoB), new, regenerated, and total production were estimated from nitrate, ammonia, and urea (nitrogen uptakes). Understanding nitrogen uptake rates in coastal waters, where nutrient limitations can disturb environmental biological productivity, is essential. A detailed study of these uptake rates and metabolic processes is required to develop effective mitigation strategies to prevent further degradation of these ecosystems. Total production ranged between 1.39 and 7.43 mmol N m2 d−1, new production ranged between 0.58 and 2.83 mmol N m2 d−1 and regenerated production ranged between 0.83 and 4.59 mmol N m2 d−1. The study observed a significant negative correlation nitrogen uptake along with pH, sea surface salinity (SSS), and sea surface temperature (SST) was observed in the study. The R2 values for SST were 0.605, 0.619, 0.503, 0.601, and 0.627; for SSS they were 0.688, 0.511, 0.498, 0.579, and 0.644 with nitrogen (Na15NO3), ammonium (15NH4Cl), urea (CO(15NH2)2), regenerated, and total production uptake, respectively. pH was highly correlated with nitrate uptake (R2 = 0.525), had a low correlation with ammonium uptake (R2 = 0.439) and a moderate correlated with urea uptake (R2 = 0.526). A positive relationship of nitrogen uptakes with chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) were observed. Chlorophyll-a had R2 value of 0.608, 0.126, 0.524, 0.526, 0.578, with Na15NO3, 15NH4Cl, CO(15NH2)2, regenerated and total production uptake respectively. Dissolved oxygen (DO) related to ammonium uptake showed a very poor correlation (R2 = 0.079) but a better correlation with urea (R2 = 0.534). New production uptake rate showed a high positive correlation with DO (R2 = 0.645), whereas regenerative production uptake rates showed a relatively low correlation (R2 = 0.519). The positive relationship between DIN and nitrogen uptake had corresponding R2 value of 0.642, 0.591, 0.558, 0.652 and 0.675 for nitrite, ammonium, urea, regenerated and total production uptakes respectively. Total nitrogen: Total phosphate (TN:TP) showed a positive correlation with ammonium. The TN:TP relationship fit nicely with R2 = 0.576 (nitrate uptake), 0.524 (ammonium uptake), and 0.503 (urea uptake) in the coastal BoB. Hence, by applying statistical analysis, principal component analysis and pearson correlation, the interdependency of the environmental parameters enhancing the new production has been confirmed.

Andrographis (A.) paniculata contains andrograpanin, which is both anti-inflammatory and anti-infective. Rosa comprises over 150–200 species from the family Rosaceae. Rosa exerts various properties, including anti-inflammatory property. Herbal mouthwash was made using A. paniculata leaf powder and Rosa extract. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using an albumin denaturation assay and egg albumin denaturation. The percentage of protein denaturation that is inhibited by the formulation of A. paniculata and Rosa indicates that it has strong anti-inflammatory effect. According to the findings, as concentration is raised, the formulation’s anti-inflammatory activity rises. The formulation’s percentage inhibition values are also equivalent to those of a typical anti-inflammatory medicine, indicating that it may be effective as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.

AimThe current work intends to examine the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated by Ocimum gratissimum stem extract against wound infections. Materials and MethodsTo evaluate the membrane damage brought on by AgNPs, analyses of cytoplasmic leakage and protein leakage assays were performed. ResultsThe outcomes demonstrated that all of the tested bacterial strains were significantly resistant to the AgNPs’ antibacterial activity. AgNPs damaged membranes and caused cellular contents to leak in the target pathogens, according to an examination of protein and cytoplasmic leakage. ConclusionAccording to the current investigation, AgNPs mediated by Ocimum gratissimum stem extract may be effective antibacterial agents against microorganisms that cause wounds.

Many scholars have lately explored fractional-order boundary value issues with a variety of conditions, including classical, nonlocal, multipoint, periodic/anti-periodic, fractional-order, and integral boundary conditions. In this manuscript, the existence and uniqueness of solutions to sequential fractional differential inclusions via a novel set of nonlocal boundary conditions were investigated. The existence results were presented under a new class of nonlocal boundary conditions, Carathéodory functions, and Lipschitz mappings. Further, fixed-point techniques have been applied to study the existence of results under convex and non-convex multi-valued mappings. Ultimately, to support our findings, we analyzed an illustrative example.

In the present study, established fixed-point theories are utilized to explore the requisite conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions within the realm of sequential fractional differential equations, incorporating both Caputo fractional operators and nonlocal boundary conditions. Subsequently, the stability of these solutions is assessed through the Ulam-Hyers stability method. The research findings are validated with a practical example that corroborate and reinforce the theoretical results.

We investigate the criteria for both the existence and uniqueness of solutions within a nonlinear coupled system of Hilfer-Hadamard sequential fractional differential equations featuring varying orders. This system is complemented by nonlocal coupled Hadamard fractional integral boundary conditions. The desired outcomes are attained through the application of well-established fixed-point theorems. It is underscored that the fixed-point approach serves as an effective method for establishing both the existence and uniqueness of solutions to boundary value problems. The results obtained are further demonstrated and validated through illustrative examples.

We report 2 autochthonous feline thelaziosis cases caused by the eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda and discuss the spread among dogs in the northeastern United States. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the parasite was introduced from Europe. Adopting a One Health approach is needed to limit further spread of T. callipaeda eyeworms in North America.

Hydrogen and methane as secondary fuels in diesel engines can be promising solutions to meet energy demand. The current study investigated the effect of the specialty gases of different compositions on diesel engine performance and exhaust gases. Four gases with various compositions of exhaust gas recirculation (Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, and Nitrogen) and fuels (Hydrogen and Methane) were used at various mass flow rates of 10, 20, and 25 LPM (liter per minute), and various engine speeds of 2000, 2500, 3000, and 3500 rpm (revolutions per minute). The procured results revealed that adding specialty gases improved brake thermal efficiency and power. Similarly, the brake-specific fuel consumption was also massively retarded compared to diesel due to the influence of the hydrogen and methane composition. However, the fuel with the higher nitrogen reported less BTE (brake thermal efficiency) and comparatively higher exhaust gas temperature owing to the higher presence of nitrogen in their composition. Regarding emissions, including exhaust gas recirculation dropped the formation of pollutants efficiently compared to diesel. Among various fuels, Case 1 (30 % H2, 5 % CH4, 5 CO2, and 60 % CO) reported the lowest emission of NOx, and Case 2 (25 % H2, 5 % CH4, 5 CO2, 30 % CO, and 35 % N2) of CO and CO2 emissions. Generally, specialty gases with a variable composition of exhaust gas recirculation gases can be a promising sustainable replacement for existing fossil fuels.

In this work numerical solutions using finite difference method of hybrid nanofluids (TiO2–Cu/Water) over an inclined plate are obtained. The nanoparticles are taken of volume fraction of size less than or equal to 0.05. Heat and mass transfers are studied. Chemical reaction and viscous dissipation effect are also examined. The results are computed and plotted for various parameters such as radiation, chemical reactions, and magnetohydrodynamics. The results of skin friction, rate of heat and mass transfers are computed in tables for Prandtl number 6.2 which corresponds to water and discussed in details. The present results can be used for comparison in future research for other non-Newtonian fluids models.

Owing to the extreme hardness and toughness of sintered silicon nitride (Si3N4), the material is used in high stress and/or temperature applications such bearings, turbines, and combustion engines. Unfortunately, the same properties which make it ideal for use also make it particularly difficult to machine -- microcracks, inclusions and spalling are all common. While prior research has shown that it is possible to grind sintered Si3N4 without inducing surface damage so long as material is removed entirely under ductile flow, but grind forces associated with ductile Si3N4 material flow are so small as to render the material removal rate (MRR) impractical. Prior researchers have attempted to solve the MRR problem through laser-assisted machining. Laser ablation, by inducing a steep thermal gradient, weakens material through surface and subsurface cracks. Grinding of fractured weakened Si3N4 has been done at upwards of 50 % higher MRR. There are, however, issues with laser ablation, which prevent its widespread use. Laser ablation severely disrupts the microstructure of Si3N4. Because cracks propagate along and through grain boundaries, the irregular morphology makes accurately predicting crack growth from ablation and during subsequent grinding highly problematic. In this proof-of-concept work, researchers determined that it is possible to irradiation weaken Si3N4 without cracking it, and the material can be ground defect-free at a highly productive MRR. Findings suggest present laser-assisted machining methods which fracture weaken Si3N4 prior to grinding may not be the best way to maximize MRR.

Skin diseases affect millions of people worldwide, leading to significant healthcare burdens and challenges in diagnosis and treatment. In the past few years, machine learning techniques have demonstrated potential in assisting dermatologists with diagnosing various skin conditions. As in, conventional machine learning algorithms might encounter challenges in handling the complexity and distinction of skin disease classification tasks, primarily because of the intricate nature of medical image data with its high dimensional properties. In this work, the main analysis is done based on exploring quantum machine learning models for skin disease classification. This approach blends with the aspects of quantum computing with the conventional machine learning techniques to push the boundaries of skin disease classification. This work harnesses the HAM10000 dataset, an extensive compilation of categorized images portraying common skin lesions, to train and assess the efficacy of the proposed methodologies. Quantum computing libraries such as PennyLane and Qiskit is used in this study. Using different combination of qubit rotation encoding and decoding using three types of Pauli gates such as Pauli X, Y and Z gates are implemented and compared using proposed Quanvolutional neural network. Features extracted using MobileNet pre-trained network is used to build Quantum support vector classifier. These quantum machine learning models are compared with some well-known pre-trained models such as Resnet50, Inception-Resnet, Densenet121, DenseNet201 and MobileNet. The combination of RY qubit rotation and PauliZ gate in quantum convolution layer in Quanvolutional neural network produced the optimal classification accuracy of 82.86% more than any other models included in this study. In contrast, Quantum Support Vector Classifier produced similar classification accuracy of 72.5% with respect to pre-trained models.

Background: Rapid detection of tuberculosis (TB) and its resistance are essential for the prompt initiation of correct drug therapy and for stopping the spread of drug-resistant TB. There is an urgent need for increased use of rapid diagnostic tests to control the threat of increased TB and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Methods: EMPE Diagnostics has developed a multiplex molecular diagnostic platform called mfloDx™ by combining nucleotide-specific padlock probe-dependent rolling circle amplification with sensitive lateral flow biosensors, providing visual signals, similar to a COVID-19 test. The first test kit of this platform, mfloDx™ MDR-TB can identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex and its clinically significant mutations in the rpoB and katG genes and in the inhA promotor contributing resistance to rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH), causing MDR-TB. Results: We have evaluated the performance of the mfloDx™ MDR-TB test on 210 sputum samples (110 from suspected TB cases and 100 from TB-negative controls) received from a tertiary care center in India. The clinical sensitivity for detecting MTB compared to acid-fast microscopy and mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) cultures was 86.4% and 84.9%, respectively. All the 100 control samples were negative indicating excellent specificity. In smear-positive sputum samples, the mfloDx™ MDR-TB test showed a sensitivity of 92.5% and 86.4% against MGIT culture and Xpert MTB/RIF, respectively. The clinical sensitivity for the detection of RIF and INH resistance in comparison with MGIT drug susceptibility testing was 100% and 84.6%, respectively, while the clinical specificity was 100%. Conclusion: From the above evaluation, we find mfloDx™ MDR-TB to be a rapid and efficient test to detect TB and its multidrug resistance in 3 h at a low cost making it suitable for resource-limited laboratories.

This paper delves into a novel category of nonlocal boundary value problems concerning nonlinear sequential fractional differential equations, coupled with a unique form of generalized Riemann–Liouville fractional differential integral boundary conditions. For single-valued maps, we employ a transformation technique to convert the provided system into an equivalent fixed-point problem, which we then address using standard fixed-point theorems. Following this, we evaluate the stability of these solutions utilizing the Ulam–Hyres stability method. To elucidate the derived findings, we present constructed examples.

Variations in viscosity and thermal conductivity play a vital role in the manufacturing of glass fiber, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, and plastics, as well as in hot rolling, space technology, and high-temperature processes. This article investigates an electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid flowing across an exponentially extended sheet under variable fluid properties, such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, and non-uniform heat generation. In addition, the Prandtl number can vary inside the boundary layer and is an effective way to manage heat transfer and fluid flow. Furthermore, slip effects and suction at the boundary have been considered, and the hybrid nanofluid flow is also influenced by variations in viscous forces and viscous dissipation effects. The governing partial differential equations can be discretized into dimensionless ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The various important physical parameters have been presented in detail using diagrams. It is also observed that the skin friction of hybrid nanofluids is increased by up to 4.07% compared to nanofluids with suction. The presence of thermal radiation can enhance the energy Nusselt number of hybrid nanofluids by as much as 6.5%. Moreover, the variable Prandtl number is more effective than the constant Prandtl number in enhancing the heat transfer rate.

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) and the validity of routine microscopic urine analysis, enhanced urine analysis, urine dipstick and urine culture in the diagnosis of UTI among febrile children aged 1 month to 5 years who presented without any focus of infection.

In this study, we explore the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a boundary value problem defined by coupled sequential fractional differential inclusions. This investigation is augmented by the introduction of a novel set of generalized Riemann–Liouville boundary conditions. Utilizing Carathéodory functions and Lipschitz mappings, we establish existence results for these nonlocal boundary conditions. Utilizing fixed-point theorems designed for multi-valued maps, we obtain significant existence results for the problem, considering both convex and non-convex values. The derived results are clearly demonstrated with an illustrative example. Numerical examples are provided to validate the theoretical conclusions, contributing to a deeper understanding of fractional-order boundary value problems.

In this study, we focus on the stability analysis of the RLC model by employing differential equations with Hadamard fractional derivatives. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions using Banach’s contraction principle and Schaefer’s fixed point theorem. To facilitate our key conclusions, we convert the problem into an equivalent integro-differential equation. Additionally, we explore several versions of Ulam’s stability findings. Two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the applications of our main results. We also observe that modifications to the Hadamard fractional derivative lead to asymmetric outcomes. The study concludes with an applied example demonstrating the existence results derived from Schaefer’s fixed point theorem. These findings represent novel contributions to the literature on this topic, significantly advancing our understanding.

To improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of fundamental materials including aluminum, stainless steel, superalloys, and titanium alloys, traditional manufacturing techniques have for years been utilized in critical sectors including the aerospace and nuclear industries. However, additive manufacturing has become an efficient and effective means for fabricating these materials with superior mechanical attributes, making it easier to develop complex parts with relative ease compared to conventional processes. The waste generated in additive manufacturing processes are usually in the form of powders, while that of conventional processes come in the form of chips. The current study focuses on the features and uses of various typical recycling methods for traditional and additive manufacturing that are presently utilized to recycle material waste from both processes. Additionally, the main factors impacting the microstructural features and density of the chip-unified components are discussed. Moreover, it recommends a novel approach for recycling chips, while improving the process of development, bonding quality of the chips, microstructure, overall mechanical properties, and fostering sustainable and environmentally friendly engineering.