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This article investigates the interactional relevance of weak cesuras in multimodal transitions in enactments. Previous research has pointed out that enactments are multimodally accomplished phenomena in that they do not only consist of a quotation but usually involve changes in prosody and bodily conduct, too. Furthermore, it has been noted that an upcoming quotation may be projected in the preceding talk by phonetic cues. There is, however, little research on the precise multimodal realization of such transitions and their possible interactional relevance. Taking this as a starting point, we analyze a collection of co-enactments. Firstly, we show that quotations are projected not only by phonetic but also bodily cues, which often build up gradually in the preceding talk. These smooth transitions into enactment are analyzed as “cesural areas.” Secondly, we argue that such cesural areas and the cumulation of multimodal projections open up an opportunity space in the sense of Lerner (1991), whereby a joint enactment involving co-participants, i.e., a co-enactment, is possible. Thirdly, we show that participants jointly develop the meaning of the enactment in this space, mutually taking up and elaborating on their prior contributions. The data is taken from a corpus of collaborative storytellings in German.

Background: Atrial cardiopathy is a proposed mechanism of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Left atrial (LA) strain may identify early atrial cardiopathy prior to structural changes. We aim to study the associations between LA strain, ESUS, and atrial fibrillation (AF) detection in ESUS. Methods: The study population included patients with ESUS and noncardioembolic (NCE) stroke presenting to the Rhode Island Hospital Stroke Center between January 2016 and June 2017 who underwent transthoracic echocardiography. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) was used to measure the three phases of LA strain (reservoir, conduit, and contractile). Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associations between LA strain and stroke subtype (ESUS vs. NCE) as well as follow‐up detection of AF in ESUS patients. Results: We identified 656 patients, 307 with ESUS and 349 with NCE. In binary logistic regression, the lowest tertiles of LA reservoir (adjusted OR 1.944, 95% CI 1.266–2.986, p =.002), contractile (aOR 1.568, 95% CI 1.035–2.374, p =.034), and conduit strain (aOR 2.288, 95% CI 1.448–3.613, p =.001) were more likely to be significantly associated with ESUS compared to NCE stroke. Among all ESUS patients, the lowest tertiles of LA reservoir strain (OR 2.534, 95% CI 1.029–6.236, p =.043), contractile strain (OR 2.828, 95% CI 1.158–6.903, p =.022), and conduit strain (OR 2.614, 95% CI 1.003–6.815, p =.049) were significantly associated with subsequent detection of AF. Conclusion: Reduced LA strain is associated with ESUS occurrence and AF detection in ESUS patients. Therefore, quantification of LA strain in ESUS patients may improve risk stratification and guide secondary prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GABAergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) are driven by baroreceptor inputs relayed via the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and they inhibit neurons in rostral ventrolateral medulla to reduce sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial pressure (AP). After arterial baroreceptor denervation or lesions of the NTS, inhibition of the CVLM continues to increase AP, suggesting additional inputs also tonically activate the CVLM. This study examined whether the NTS contributes to baroreceptor-independent drive to the CVLM and whether glutamate promotes baroreceptor- and NTS-independent activation of the CVLM to tonically reduce SNA. In addition, we evaluated whether altering central respiratory drive, a baroreceptor-independent regulator of CVLM neurons, influences glutamatergic inputs to the CVLM. Splanchnic SNA and AP were measured in chloralose-anesthetized, ventilated, paralyzed rats. The infusion of nitropmsside decreased AP below threshold for baroreceptor afferent firing ( splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity; baroreceptor; muscimol; kynurenate; respiratory; caudal ventrolateral medulla; nucleus tractus solitarius

Adult obese Zucker rats (OZRs) have elevated sympathetic vasomotor tone and arterial pressure (AP) with blunted baroreflex-mediated changes in heart rate (HR) compared with adult lean Zucker rats (LZRs). The present study examined whether compromised cardiac baroreflexes are indicative of attenuated sympathetic responses. In addition, because juvenile OZRs have a normal mean AP, we determined whether baroreflexes are fully functional prior to hypertension. At 13 wk, adult OZRs had an elevated baseline mean AP compared with LZRs (137 [+ or -] 3 vs. 123 [+ or -] 5 mmHg, P < 0.05) under urethane anesthesia. Phenylephrine-induced increases in AP evoked smaller inhibitions of splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and HR in OZRs compared with LZRs. In addition, sympathoexcitatory responses to nitroprusside-induced hypotension were also blunted in OZRs. Sigmoid analysis revealed a decreased gain, a higher mean AP at the midpoint of the curve ([AP.sub.50]), and a reduced range of changes in SNA in OZRs. In contrast, at 7 wk of age, although juvenile OZRs weighed more than LZRs (313 [+ or -] 13 vs. 204 [+ or -] 4 g, P < 0.05), mean AP was comparable in both groups (122 [+ or -] 5 vs. 121 [+ or -] 4 mmHg, not significant). In these rats, rapid changes in AP evoked comparable changes in SNA and HR in OZRs and LZRs. Sigmoid analysis revealed that, although the gain of the reflex was blunted in OZRs (P < 0.05), the mean [AP.sub.50] and range of changes in SNA were comparable in OZRs and LZRs. Together, these data indicate that in adult OZRs, sympathetic responses to acute changes in AP are smaller than those observed in adult LZRs and that impairment of baroreceptor refexes in OZR is not limited to the regulation of HR but extends to sympathetic vasomotor control. In addition, most of these deficits in baroreflex control of SNA develop in adulthood long after the onset of obesity and when other deficits in cardiovascular regulation are present. phenylephrine; nitroprusside; splanchnic; sympathetic; heart rate

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