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Managerial contracts are essentially synthesis of the power of management and the power of the leadership of the company. The conclusion of management contracts is not a simple and routine task which the contracting parties will easily access or, on the other hand, they will assign that task to other (third) persons. With the adoption of corporate decisions by the company, at the moment of appointment to the management body, and thus becoming a member of the body, rights and obligations determined by law arise. In the process of transferring the status powers to the management body or the manager, the owners of the companies or their representatives inevitably have to share a part of the power with the elected managers. The managerial contract is an act of free entrepreneurial will of the two parties that conclude the contract. Thus, this contract regulates the salary, allowances, participation in profit, reimbursement for expenses, reimbursement for life insurance, insurable income, and other employment rights and obligations. On the other hand, managers as individuals facing professional risk are to create a professionally based coalition of interests of all those involved in realizing the company's corporate goals and business policy and thereby enable economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the management of national parks, the principal–agent relationship is key to efficient and effective management. Based on multi-task principal–agent theory, this study examines the dual functions of central government incentives and guidance and the objectives of local National Park Administration offices in environmental conservation and reasonable resource utilization. First, this study constructs a multi-task principal–agent model for central and local governments within the national park management system and identifies effective contractual mechanisms. Second, this study examines the relationship between the intensity of central government incentives and the ecological conservation atmosphere coefficient. Third, by integrating the three stages of national park management system advancement, this study explores the central government's incentive strategies at different stages. The findings indicate that local governments receive limited ecological conservation support, underscoring the need for long-term central government incentives. The findings also confirm that the effective management of national parks by local governments can only be achieved by eliminating external uncertainties, reducing the variable costs of innovative advancements, and controlling risk aversion in local National Park Administration processes. In addition, this study includes empirical data for sensitivity analyses to understand the robustness of the model under different scenarios. This study offers valuable insights and practical suggestions for enhancing national park management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Health Organizations (SHOs) are private entities that receive resources from governments for the management of public healthcare services. With the history of market interest in public health and the high volume of resources transferred to SHOs, one must question if the market logic continues to be inserted in this management model. The understanding of the dynamics of providing healthcare services to the population in the different contracts may help to understand how possible changes in the contracted services may have an influence. This is a descriptive-exploratory study using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Documental research was conducted through the collection of data from management contracts and amendments. The State of São Paulo was chosen because of its economic representativeness and for being the pioneer state in the implementation of SUS services managed by SHO. Medical specialties were included in 184 renegotiations (6.14%) and excluded in 187 (6.24%), whereas non-medical services were included in 26 renegotiations (2.97%) and excluded in 144 (16.44%). Regarding examinations, 101 renegotiations (18.07%) had their goals increased and 60 (10.73%) reduced, while 6 renegotiations (1.07%) included exams and 12 (2.14%) excluded them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at benefit distribution of guaranteed water saving management contract (WSMC) projects, principal-agent theory is used to propose benefit distribution scheme. Firstly, principal-agent models are established in two cases: (1) the water user and WSCO are risk-neutral; (2) the water user is risk-neutral, while WSCO is risk-averse. Then the models are solved by the backward induction method under symmetric information and asymmetric information. The models' results are analyzed and the results show that (1) WSCO's benefit distribution proportion is negatively correlated with effort cost coefficient, risk aversion degree and project uncertainty; (2) the water user's expected utility is positively correlated with project investment scale and WSCO's water saving capacity; (3) WSCO's risk aversion will reduce the water user's expected utility; (4) incentives are only required when WSCO's effort is unobservable. Finally, numerical examples are used to show the above results' rationality and suggestions are given for the water user and WSCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Româna de Dreptul Muncii is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sharing electronic medical record (EMR) is essential to dig out the value of medical data. Current data-sharing schemes usually rely on trusted third-party institutions. Patients lack control and tracking capabilities for sensitive individual medical data, and access control strategies lack personalization and autonomy, resulting in patients' reluctance to share EMR. Given the above problems, this paper proposes a blockchain-based patient-centered medical account chain to address the issues of existing EMR sharing schemes. The account chain establishes a personal smart contract account for the patient to allow patients to control and track sensitive medical data. This smart contract consists of two components: identity management and data management. Using the identity management contract, the patient can authorize and revoke access to their data. Data management contracts only allow authorized doctors to access and update the EMR. We use a hybrid encryption system, combining symmetric and asymmetric methods, to secure EMR, which often includes large files like medical images. This approach effectively tackles data privacy and security challenges, while improving encryption and decryption efficiency. The encrypted EMR is stored in the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) cluster. Within the smart contract account, only the hash value from IPFS and the symmetric key encrypted with the patient's public key are retained. This approach minimizes storage costs on the blockchain while ensuring data coherence and integrity. During the sharing process, the proxy re-encryption algorithm reduces computational overhead on the patient's side while mitigating the risks associated with frequent exposure of the patient's private key. Through experiments and theoretical analysis on the Ethereum platform, the efficiency and superiority of the medical account chain in terms of functions, storage and computing costs are verified, and it is more suitable for modern medical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Public Administration & Social Management / Administração Pública e Gestão Social is the property of Administracao Publica e Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When demands exceed capacities, suppliers allocate available supply to customers based on customer importance and advance demand information. The accuracy of advance demand information interacts with the length of customer order lead times and influences overall customer service levels. In this paper, we analyse industrial contract portfolios with customer-specific terms in order to derive insights for contract portfolio management and the design of demand fulfilment processes. For this purpose, we develop a framework for analysis of contract portfolios capturing the dynamics of industrial planning processes. The framework is applied to portfolios from the semiconductor sector. Our numerical analysis shows that, in order to improve service levels, demand fulfilment processes and contract portfolio management must especially take into account the length of order lead times and the accuracy of advance demand information. Even though suppliers often prefer long order lead times, our analysis shows that demand fulfilment performance is not primarily determined by the absolute length of the order lead times but by the presence of a negative correlation with the accuracy of advance demand information in the entire contract portfolio. Consequently, these factors require increased attention in the management of contract portfolios and in the negotiation of individual contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increasing complexity of the construction industry, characterised by diverse multidisciplinary project teams, various stakeholders, distinctive site conditions and uncertainties, can contribute to an antagonistic environment, which may result in disputes arising between the contractual parties. Identifying the most common causes of disputes is important for an efficient contract management process. This study aims to help project stakeholders incorporate consolidative contract management strategies before commencing a new project by identifying the most common causes of construction disputes in Jordanian construction projects. Key causative factors of disputes were analysed through a literature review, a questionnaire survey and a case study analysis of construction projects in Jordan. The results revealed that the main factors leading to disputes in Jordan are incomplete technical drawings/specifications, variations initiated by the owner/consultant (additive/deductive) and errors and omissions in the contract documents. Moreover, the results show that the most popular methods of dispute resolution in the Jordanian construction industry are negotiation and arbitration. The findings can enable local and international construction stakeholders to initiate contract management strategies before commencing projects. More effective planning can help to reduce the negative impacts of known causes of disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of buildings during their life cycle could be increased by optimizing their facility management. In this sense, data-driven approaches could support the improvement of building operation and maintenance (O&M), because they can exploit collected data to provide useful correlations to assess the sustainability performance depending on the surrounding constraints. Universities are among the most relevant and largest organizations, generally hosted in multistory buildings, that could take advantage of such data to improve the sustainable goals of class occupancy and timetable. A high level of classroom occupancy is the main goal for class timetabling, and its effect on other O&M performance generally is overlooked. In the literature, class timetabling effects on university O&M, and especially on elevator maintenance tasks, have not yet been addressed in depth. Therefore this work adopted a data-driven approach to jointly optimize class scheduling and corrective maintenance actions required for elevators in university buildings. Elevator use is influenced greatly by schedule-dependent occupant movement, and thus is one of the main components of the total maintenance costs, and significantly affects safety performance. A 15-month experimental campaign on a university campus hosting as many as 7,000 occupants daily was performed to correlate occupant presence and movement with the number of corrective actions on elevators. The data-driven correlation was integrated with open-source timetabling software to assess the impact of alternative timetables (affecting occupant movement and occupancy levels) on expected maintenance needs. According to the results, the optimized timetable can reduce current elevator maintenance needs by 65%, whereas the classroom occupancy performance is reduced by only 7%, thus still leading to sustainable building use. The proposed optimization approach allows facility managers to implement a university class timetabling that achieves higher maintenance cost savings, thus moving toward more-sustainable management of building scheduling and maintenance performance in a joint manner. Sustainable management of university buildings should take into account the optimization of maintenance tasks, due to their impacts on time, costs, workforce, and business continuity needs. Such maintenance needs are related strongly to class occupancy and timetable, which imply user flows and activities, especially in complex and multistory buildings. Elevators are strongly influenced by scheduling-dependent occupants movement, and thus are one of the main components of the total maintenance costs, and significantly affect safety performance. Data-driven approaches can reduce uncertainties regarding unpredictable faults depending on scheduling. Data collected by computer maintenance management systems regarding end-user requests can be used to provide correlations between occupancy and maintenance needs, in terms of their implementation in building automation and performance systems. Such correlations can (1) support facility managers in predicting critical conditions implying corrective actions; (2) inform decision-makers about how to better define facility management contracts, because they can estimate additional efforts based on building use; and (3) improve the maintenance sustainability by allowing decision-makers to adopt optimized class occupancy (when correlations are implemented, for example, in simulation tools). The proposed approach to timetable optimization could be extended to other scheduling-based activities (e.g., offices, meeting and cultural centers, large medical offices, recreation buildings, other administrative buildings open to the public, mixed-use buildings, and ideally, large and long-term construction sites), and systems or components with which users can interact deeply depending on scheduled tasks (e.g., lighting systems, ductless air conditioning devices, safety handles, and paving). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who suddenly take interest in a social movement because it is in the media spotlight are members of the hot issue public, whereas the enduring public has an ongoing interest in the issue after it fades from public discourse. This is the first study to compare the behaviors of each public through a social media analysis. We performed structural topic modeling on 151,004 tweets to investigate any differences in topics each type of public tweeted about. In addition, we analyzed whether each public's generation of Twitter posts followed the power law with regard to the extent to which the workload of posting tweets was shared equally. Finally, we explored whether the hot issue public's tweets subsided more quickly than the enduring public's tweets. Theoretical and practical implications are addressed, including a discussion of hot issue publics on social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the link between supplier relationship management and contract performance in the public sector, focusing on the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS). While supplier relationships are well- studied in general, their importance and dynamics within the public sector remain underexplored. Utilizing a cross- sectional design, the research employed both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, including surveys and semi-structured interviews with 104 respondents from UNBS. Findings reveal a significant positive relationship between effective supplier relationship management and contract performance. Key elements such as prompt payments, clear communication, well-defined roles and responsibilities, and trust-building emerged as critical factors enhancing this relationship. The correlation analysis indicated a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.525, p < 0.01) between supplier relationship management and contract performance, suggesting that improved communication, clear role delineation, and trust can substantially boost organizational performance. However, challenges such as communication gaps and regulatory constraints were noted, which may hinder the full realization of these benefits. The study underscores the importance of fostering strong supplier relationships to enhance service delivery and organizational performance in the public sector. Recommendations include enhancing communication channels, trust and transparency, clearly defining roles and responsibilities, building and maintaining trust through prompt payments and feedback mechanisms, performance measurement and evaluation, capacity building, and supplier relationship management framework. By adopting these strategies, public entities like UNBS can significantly improve their contract performance and service quality, thereby contributing to the effective regulation and development of quality standards in Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The municipality of São Paulo has historically been marked by a heterogeneous implementation and coexistence of conflicting models of SUS management and Primary Health Care (PHC). The administration of health services management contracts was consolidated and associated with a productivist rationale. The selective PHC weaknesses tend to be pronounced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the present article aims to analyze work management and care in PHC during the COVID-19 pandemic in the municipality of São Paulo through a multicenter qualitative research anchored in the Paideia theoretical framework. We conducted 31 in-depth interviews with PHC clients and workers, along with participant observation. We noted the municipal management’s authoritarian and managerialist stance when conducting the responses, with little room for listening and dialogue. We identified weakened collective spaces and service-community bond, bureaucratization and precariousness of work processes, and NASF’s dismantling. In this setting, care was characterized by significantly reducing the expanded and shared clinical practice and the distancing from the territorial and community-based PHC guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a hotel decides to open in a new location, it must select a specific entry mode that determines its degree of control and ownership. This study combines agglomeration theory with information economics to explain how hotel agglomerations influence the entry modes of new hotels. In particular, we argue that when facing different levels of information asymmetry derived from hotel agglomerations, new hotels should reduce the risk of adverse selection in choosing their entry modes. Using a sample of new hotels in China, this study shows that in areas of co-located higher-quality hotels, new hotels choose shared-control modes (franchise or management contracts) over full-control modes. Evidence from a sample of foreign hotels also indicates that in areas of co-located same-country-of-origin hotels, new hotels are encouraged to choose shared-control modes (franchise or management contracts) over full-control modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on trust law in Hungary, covering themes such as trust formation, the roles and responsibilities of settlors, trustees, and beneficiaries, and the legal framework controlling trust assets. It emphasizes the incorporation of common law ideas into Hungarian trust law, such as the creation of trusts through contracts, declarations, or testaments, as well as the rights and obligations of the parties concerned under the Civil Code and other applicable legislation.

Water saving management contract (WSMC) is a new water-saving strategy based on market mechanism. As a period for the water saving service company (WSSC) to provide funds and technology to water user, contract period is one of the key elements in WSMC projects. This paper attempted to establish a model to determine the optimal contract period based on equipment replacement. First, the performance degradation simulation of water-saving equipment was constructed based on degradation path model. Second, water-saving process simulation under equipment replacement was established based on measured renewal cycle of water-saving equipment. Third, a contract period optimization model for WSMC projects was built with the objective of maximizing WSSC profit net present value (NPV) and with constraints of water user incentive constraint, WSSC rational constraint, and minimal cooperation duration. Finally, a WSMC project case in China was studied and the solutions were compared with traditional model. The results showed that the optimal contract period in this paper was 3 years longer than the one in traditional model. Meanwhile, the measured equipment renewal cycle was 7 years and it was less than the estimated economic lifetime. Based on the 9-year contract, the water user's revenue was higher with 55.8% than original contract, while WSSC's profit loss was lower with 60.8% than the traditional results. The findings reveal that the implementation of an equipment replacement plan considerably boost the revenue of participants and assist WSSC in obtaining more profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I characterize the dynamics of incentives in an optimal contract with investment delegation, moral hazard, and uncertainty about the agent's productivity. The principal increases the agent's incentives after good performance in order to delegate more capital to an agent with higher perceived productivity, thus implementing a convex pay-for-performance scheme. Moreover, the principal commits to reduce the agent's future incentives in order to mitigate ex ante investment distortions. Methodologically, I provide a duality-based strategy to overcome technical challenges common to continuous-time contracting models with state variables. I also derive a sufficient condition to verify the validity of the first-order approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of introducing blockchain into electronic archives sharing and utilization is to break the information barrier between electronic archives sharing departments by relying on technologies such as smart contract and asymmetric encryption. Aiming at the problem of dynamic permission management in common access control methods, a new access control method based on smart contract under blockchain is proposed, which improves the intelligence level under blockchain technology. Firstly, the Internet attribute access control model based on smart contract is established. For the dynamic access of heterogeneous devices, the management contract, permission judgment contract and access control contract are designed; Secondly, the access object credit evaluation algorithm based on particle swarm optimization radial basis function (PSO-RBF) neural network is used to dynamically generate the access node credit threshold combined with the access policy, so as to realize the intelligent access right management method. Finally, combined with the abovemodels and algorithms, the workflow of electronic archives sharing and utilization model of multi blockchain is constructed. The experimental results show that the timeconsuming of the process increases linearly with the number of continuous access to electronic archives blocks, and the secure access control of sharing and utilization is feasible, secure and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water saving management contract (WSMC) is an innovative water saving strategy based on market mechanism. As the minimum annual project water-saving revenue agreed with water saving service company (WSSC) and water user, water-saving revenue guarantee (WRG) is one of the key elements in WSMC projects. This paper attempted to establish a model to determine the optimal WRG based on simulation method. First, a nonlinear relationship between water-saving amount and initial investment was built by industry standards. Then, the quantitative influence of water-saving awareness on water-saving amount was built based on Markov chain. Next, a random process with decreasing variance over time was used to describe the fluctuation. Next, the failure maintenance cost in water-saving system was described by renewal function. After that, an unconstraint WRG optimization model of the WSMC was constructed with the WSSC total profit difference net present value (NPV) as the objective function and a solution algorithm was designed. Then, the sensitivity analysis was performed on fluctuation coefficient, estimated model parameters and project original variables. Next, the validities analysis on water-saving revenue and water-saving cost was provided. Finally, a WSMC project case in China was studied and the solutions were compared with traditional model. The results showed that the optimized WRG in this paper was 17% higher than the original one, and the WSSC total profit difference NPV was reduced by about 1200000 yuan. Reducing appropriate initial investment and increasing assistance to water user, like enhancing its water-saving awareness, are efficient methods to improve WRG for WSSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study direct load control contracts that utilities use to curtail customers' electricity consumption during peak-load periods. These contracts place limits on the number of calls and total number of hours of power reduction per customer per year as well as the duration of each call. The stochastic dynamic program that determines how many customers to call and the timing and duration of each call for each day is an extremely difficult (NP-hard) optimization problem. We design a scenario-based approximation method to generate probabilistic allocation polices in a reasonable amount of time. Our approach consists of three approximations: deterministic approximation of demand, discretization of the expected demand, and aggregation/disaggregation of the resources. We show the relative information error resulting from the deterministic approximation is O (1 / n) , the discretization error is O (1 / n) , and the aggregation/disaggregation error is O (1 / n) , where n represents the length of the horizon. Finally, we show the total relative error is O (1 / n). Our error analysis establishes that our approximation method is near optimal. In addition, our extensive numerical experiments verify the high quality of our approximation approach. The error, conservatively measured, is quite small and has an average and standard deviation of 8.6% and 1.4%, respectively. We apply our solution approach to the data provided by three major utility companies in California. Overall, our study shows our procedure improves the savings in energy-generation cost by 37.7% relative to current practices. This paper was accepted by Chung Piaw Teo, optimization. Funding: The authors thank the UCLA Ziman Center's Howard and Irene Levine Program in Housing and Social Responsibility and the Morrison Family Center for Marketing Studies and Data Analytics for generous funding. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4493. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the changing paradigm of the State's functions and the increasing private sector participation in urban planning, public–private partnership (PPP) arrangements gain prominence in the development of cities, whether in the construction and operation of new infrastructures or in interventions in urbanized areas. Regarding urbanized areas, urban regeneration practices constitute an important response in the face of urban degradation observed in different cities, as well as an alternative to the consumption of new land. Despite their use in different contexts, the PPP option in urban regeneration projects encounters many obstacles related to high investment risk, low financial and social return, and the numerous sources of uncertainty generated by these projects. The present work consists of a systematic literature review of papers on PPP in urban regeneration projects, seeking to identify the main research topics addressed so far and what gaps can be identified. It uses a hybrid methodology considering a systematic quantitative review, a semantic analysis, and a narrative analysis. The findings show that the literature on the topic is recent and has been increasing in recent years, with emphasis on Europe, followed by North America and Asia. The literature presents a high variety in terms of journals, authors, and institutions. As for the methodology adopted in the articles, it highlights the use of quantitative methodologies. Five main topics were found: policy, projects, governance, financial and economic issues, and management and contract issues. The topics found show the complexity of PPPs in urban regeneration projects. The gaps observed refer mainly to financial and economic issues, as well as management and contract issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project information management in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) projects can be a challenging endeavor due to the complex nature of projects and the numerous sources and types of information required, including drawings, plans, specifications, and building information modeling (BIM), among others. AEC projects require stakeholders to develop temporary teams, develop work processes, and collaborate across organizational boundaries. Additionally, the numerous technologies used in information management, such as project management software, scheduling software, and BIM, require contractual agreements among project stakeholders to address these technologies' potential risks while still allowing stakeholder collaboration to benefit project execution and delivery. Contracts are used to define project requirements and can be used to define different aspects of project information management, like required deliverables or stakeholder roles and responsibilities. While recent research has evaluated the relationship between BIM and contracts, there is a gap in understanding the relationship between contracts and information management more holistically. The objectives of this research were to gain insight into how contracts impact information management, identify barriers that exist in contracts related to information management, and to develop potential contract-related strategies to improve information management on AEC projects. Researchers implemented a qualitative analysis approach through semistructured interviews with 38 AEC professionals and the application of a systematic and iterative qualitative coding process. This research found that contracts can be used as a tool to influence the development and execution of project information management strategies. Specifically, contracts can be used to define deliverables, workflows, and software, as well as templates and forms. While interviewees discussed many contract-related challenges, they also proposed potential contract-related strategies to improve project information management. These strategies encompass three main categories: improving contract compliance, contract flexibility, and setting expectations. These findings provide insight into how contracts can impact project information management and provide practitioners with specific contract strategies to improve project information management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the perspectives of hotel employees and managers on hotel suicide based on the opportunity theory. Using an exploratory qualitative research design to gain insights into undesirable events in hotels, the study examines the opinions, attitudes, and management skills of hoteliers in preventing suicide and coping with the after-effects. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with sixteen hoteliers in Denizli, Türkiye. Data collection included scenarios consisting of newspaper articles about hotel suicide cases. The findings demonstrated that hotels mostly meet their legal obligations, such as taking registration, checking identity, and sending instant identity reports to the police station. However, they rarely take preventive measures against suicidal events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entities are registered in Romania in the fiscal vector in 2023 as income taxpayers or profit taxpayers. Due to the legislative changes, the execution of the financial year 2023 radically changes the status of the entities, and each economic agent must be separately analyzed to be included in the correct fiscal vector. The classification is made according to several criteria. One of the criteria is that of an employee or its equivalent. The quality of employees implies the conclusion of an administration contract, which is highlighted in REVISAL. The management contract only requires an act that refers to the entity's management. However, a minimum wage per economy is required, which in Romania at present is 3,000 lei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to examine the impact of enterprise risk management (ERM) on the firm performance of capital markets in developing nations such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. In order to achieve the study's primary purpose, the economic environments of Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, three neighboring and developing nations, were examined from 2012 to 2019. The hypotheses were tested using panel regression analysis. According to the data, ERM might boost the return on assets and lower the total assets of Iranian enterprises while raising the total assets of Iraqi firms. In addition, the data demonstrated that ERM decreased sales growth and boosted net profit margins in Saudi Arabian companies. ERM enhanced the return on assets in Iranian enterprises and sales growth in Saudi Arabian firms while lowering sales growth in Iraqi firms. In addition, it was shown that total asset turnover increased in non-fraudulent Iranian companies but fell in their Iraqi counterparts. The outcomes of this study revealed substantial evidence regarding the financial conditions and performance of companies operating in emerging nations. As a result, it can be inferred that ERM efficiency and firm performance can be influenced by the firm's nature and structure, as the findings in these three economic environments were fundamentally distinct. This research contributed to the literature on ERM as one of the essential elements influencing business performance in emerging economies with varying capital market laws. In addition, the literature and acquired data demonstrate the scope of fraud and its influence on the performance of businesses in developing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that the Sixth Generation (6G) communication system integrating multiple access networks promotes the internet of everything world-widely. However, due to the differentiated underlying network protocols, it is difficult to find a general authentication solution to support various authentication methods in different access networks. Blockchain is a new technology that supports network heterogeneity, which provides a potential solution for differentiated authentication. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based differentiated authentication mechanism for 6G Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets), which can efficiently authenticate user identities through scheduling different authentication methods. Particularly, we analyze the authentication architecture of 6G HetNets and put forward a blockchain-based differentiated authentication framework. Besides, to improve the scalability of user authentication, it is the first time to use various blockchain authentication contracts to represent different authentication methods. Meanwhile, a differentiated authentication management contract is proposed to uniformly manage different authentication contracts to realize differentiated identity authentication. Based on the evaluation of the prototype system, the proposed mechanism can dynamically provide differentiated authentication services (e.g. EAP-MD5, 5G-AKA) with low additional time (milliseconds levels) cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe how agency frictions in asset management can generate prime violations of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis, such as momentum, value and an inverted risk-return relationship. Momentum in our theory is associated with procyclical fund flows and price over-reaction, and is more pronounced for overvalued assets. The investors who generate the momentum and who are losing from it are those requiring their asset managers to keep their portfolios close to benchmark indices. Our theory suggests a rethinking of asset management contracts. Contracts should employ measures of long-run risk and return, and benchmark indices that emphasize asset fundamentals. There should also be greater transparency on managers' choice of strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power theories (e.g., social exchange theory, resource dependence theory) and efficiency theories (e.g., transaction cost analysis) offer very different perspectives on the design of contractual governance in marketing channels. Whereas power theory suggests that governance will reflect the preferences of powerful firms, efficiency theories argue that governance will maximize joint value. In this research, the authors provide an integrative framework that reconciles power and efficiency perspectives in the context of contractual marketing channel relationships. This framework discriminates between two methods of exercising power: ex ante (through a tightly specified, efficient contract that rewards the powerful firm through the price mechanism while providing strong safeguards for the weak firm) or ex post (through a loosely specified, inefficient contract that allows the powerful firm to exploit its power during renegotiations). The authors argue that power will cause channel governance to deviate from the efficient choice, but only to the extent that the powerful firm cannot price out (i.e., extract) the value it offers to the weaker firm ex ante. As exchange conditions become more uncertain, power will demonstrate stronger effects on governance. This theory is supported with data from studies on contractual research-and-development relationships and procurement contracts for customized industrial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers why a creditor should apply to serve as a member of an Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors in Chapter 11 cases. It argues that the advantages of doing so far outweigh the disadvantages. Written from a practical perspective, this article provides insolvency lawyers with the key points to raise with any client faced with the choice of serving on a Committee, including the statutory benefits provided, access to confidential information and the ability to help shape the debtor’s future business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to map and to analyze the white-leg shrimp supply chain and the institutions. This research was conducted in July-September 2020. Data were collected using structured interviews and in-depth interviews. The results showed that the white leg shrimp supply chain consisted of providers of production inputs, cultivators, small traders, collectors, and exporters. The need for partnerships through professional business management through contracts with off-takers will create a shrimp business system that can provide added value and competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]