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Background: Conduct disorder is a prevalent difficulty among children and adolescents, encompassing a range of mental and behavioral problems. The present study aimed to determine the association of developmental family functioning and conduct disorder signs with the mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation in adolescents. Methods: The present descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 362 students aged 15-18 (16.70±0.92) in Tabriz, Iran in 2023. The study participants were chosen through multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Data collection was done using Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Youth Self Report Questionnaire (YSRQ) and Developmental Family Functioning Assessment Scale Questionnaire (DFFAQ) and interviews. Data analysis was done through descriptive statistical methods and path analysis with SPSS version 23 and LISREL version 8.80. Results: Mean±SD of the studied variables were as follows: Attention and regulation (2.35±0.54), Logical thinking (1.96±0.49), Discipline (1.95±0.45), Catastrophizing (2.63±1.16), and Acceptance (2.75±1.24). The data analysis showed that the developmental family functioning had a significant association with negative (r=-0.21, P=0.0001) and positive strategies (r=0.32, P=0.0001) of cognitive emotion regulation. Also, negative (r=0.31, P=0.0001) and positive strategies (r=-0.44, P=0.0001) of cognitive emotion regulation had a statistically significant correlation with conduct disorder symptoms. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, developmental family functioning has a significant association with the symptoms of conduct disorder in adolescents due to the association between negative and positive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The first onset of many psychiatric disorders usually occurs in childhood or adolescence. The structured interview of Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) was developed in response to the need for a standardized and reliable method to assess psychiatric disorders in preschool-age children. This study aimed to translate DSM-5-based PAPA into Farsi and evaluate its face and content validity and reliability. Materials & Methods The procedure was a forward translation of PAPA to Farsi, evaluation for face and content validity, finalization of items within the expert panel, backward translation to English, matching the original PAPA with randomly selected items from the backward translation version, and revision as needed, and finally evaluation for the validity of the changes for localization and cultural considerations. The interviews based on the final Farsi version were performed on thirty parents of children from two to five years old (chosen from Tabriz health centers) to determine the reliability and were repeated at an interval of two weeks. Results The mean of CVI=0.91 and Modified Kappa=0.90 were obtained, and reliability with Cronbach's alpha was 0.89. Conclusion The Farsi version of the DSM-5-based PAPA diagnostic interview has good face and content validity and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to compare the executive functions of bilingual and monolingual children. Methods: We recruited 200 children, all under 5 years old, who participated in a cross-sectional study. These participants were separated into two groups based on their enrollment in a second language program. Group one consisted of children enrolled in a second language program (Mean±SD age: 9.86±2.69). Group two consisted of children who did not enroll in any second language program (Mean±SD age: 9.63±3.21). Participants' executive functioning was assessed using the behavior rating inventory of executive function. The demographics and the socioeconomic status of all participants have been collected via parental reports. Results: Bilingual children scored higher in the components of inhibition, shift of attention, emotional control, initiation, working memory, strategic planning, organization of materials, and monitoring. Also, their total score was higher compared to monolingual children. Conclusion: Early exposure to a second language program during childhood enhances executive functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Cognitive abilities might be impaired due to brain lesions in children and adolescents. This study aimed to investigate neuropsychiatric indicators in children and adolescents with primary brain tumors and other brain space-occupying lesions (SOLs) before and after the surgical procedure. Materials & Methods The current pre-post study was conducted on 81 patients with brain SOLs aged under 18 years hospitalized in the Neurosurgery Ward of Imam Reza university hospital, Tabriz, Iran, within 20 December 2016 to 20 December 2017. The patients with metastatic brain tumors were excluded. Before and after the surgical procedure, Digit Span forward and backward task (to assess working memory), Stroop Task and Trail Making Task A and B (to assess attention), and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) (to assess visuospatial memory) were carried out. Then, the scores of the tests were compared to standard values and postsurgical scores. Results The most prevalent type of brain SOLs was medulloblastoma, and the most prevalent region of involvement was the posterior fossa. The scores of all tests after the surgery were significantly improved, compared to those before the surgery (P<0.05). In the assessment of Digit Span forward and backward task scores, there was no significant difference between the scores of patients before the surgery and standard values (P>0.05). Regarding the scores of various stages of the ROCF, the scores of the immediate recall stage were significantly low (P<0.05). Regarding Trail Making Task A and B and Stroop Task before the surgery, only Trail Making Task A and B scores were significantly increased (P<0.05). The scores of Trail Making Task A were significantly higher in patients with medulloblastoma and anatomically in left temporal tumors, which indicated greater damage to the attention field (P<0.05). In addition, in cerebellar tumors, the scores of the immediate recall stage of the ROCF were significantly lower than in other brain tumors or SOLs (P<0.05). Conclusion The visuospatial memory and attention of preoperative assessments were significantly impaired, compared to those of the healthy population (P<0.05). Working memory, visuospatial memory, and attention showed improvement, compared to those before the surgery. Deficits in the attention domain were greater in medulloblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiologic changes in mammals, including humans, are known to vary as a function of different lunar cycle phases. Importantly, the structure of the central nervous system (CNS) affects its functional status. A total of 15 healthy volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in each of the lunar cycles, with each subject undergoing a total of four imaging sessions. Size and volume of structures such as the hippocampus, subarachnoid space, lentiform nucleus, thalamus, and trigon, were measured by expert radiologists. Inter-phase differences in size and volume were determined. There was a significant difference between ventricular volume, whole-brain volume, hippocampal volume, lentiform nuclei volume, and thalamus diameter between the four lunar phases. The new moon had the lowest values than any other lunar phase in any reported structures. Importantly, the difference between the new moon and the third quarter lunar phase was always significant. There was no significant difference in subarachnoid space volume and trigone diameter of the ventricles in different lunar phases. The trigone was the smallest in the third quarter lunar phase. Our results suggest that lunar phases affect brain structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in five provinces of Iran: Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad. Method: In the present study, we selected 9,636 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years through multistage cluster random sampling method from Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad. We instructed the clinical psychologists to complete the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for the participants, and those who received a high score on SDQ, completed the Persian version of Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). We used descriptive analysis and 95% confidence interval to investigate the relationship between scores of the K-SADS questionnaire and demographic factors. We used one-way ANOVA to test the significant differences among the disorders according to sex, age and province of residence. Results: Based on the results, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (4.45%) had the highest prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the five provinces and substance abuse and alcohol abuse (0%) had the lowest prevalence. In addition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had the most prevalence in boys (5.03%) and ODD had the most prevalence in girls (4.05%). Among the three age groups, 6 to 9 year olds had the highest rates of ADHD (5.69%); 10 to 14 and 15 to 18 year olds had the highest rates of ODD (4.32% and 4.37% respectively). Among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia. Conclusion: The current study revealed that the overall frequency of psychiatric disorders based on Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was higher than a similar study. Moreover, in this study, among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia. Therefore, these percentage of psychiatric disorders in Iran lead us toward a greater use of consultation and mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Withdrawal symptoms are a main reason of continuous use of opioid. This study compares the efficacy of augmentation of amantadine with clonidine in decreasing opioid withdrawal symptoms. Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out in the detoxification and rehabilitation inpatient ward at Razi Hospital, Tabriz, Iran during 2012. The patients were randomly assigned to receive clonidine or clonidine plus amantadine; and withdrawal symptoms were evaluated in the admission day and 24, 48, and 72 hours later. Data were analyzed using SPSS by the 2*2 repeated analyses of variances (ANOVA). Results: From the total of 69 participants, 30 patients completed the trial in each group. The severity of symptoms, however, had an increasing trend in both groups. Analysis of variance of the symptom severity score (by The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale) revealed a significant grouptime interaction, and the patients who were receiving amantadine experienced milder symptoms . Conclusions: Treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms with amantadine and clonidine would result in a better outcome compared with clonidine alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of psychological problems in adolescents in five provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, East Azerbaijan and Fars in Iran. Methods: In the present cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study, 5171 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years were selected through multistage cluster sampling method from Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi and East Azarbaijan provinces. The self-report form of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to obtain the demographic data of each adolescent. Descriptive analysis and 95% confidence interval were used to investigate the relationship between scores of the SDQ questionnaire and demographic factors. Result: Based on the results, the highest prevalence of psychological problems in the five provinces was related to conduct problems (24%), and the lowest prevalence was related to social problems (5.76%). Also, comparison of 95% confidence interval of prevalence of psychological problems between the two genders suggested a significant difference only in emotional problems of the self-report version of the SDQ between the two genders. The result revealed no significant difference in the psychological problems of the self-report version of the SDQ between the two age's groups and between the middle and high school graduates (p⩽0.05). Among the 5 provinces, Fars allocated the highest rates of conduct problems (28.4), hyperactivity problems (21.5%) and overall criterion problems (17.3%); Esfahan had the highest rates of emotional problems (9.1%) and problems with peers (8.1%); and Khorasan Razavi had the highest rates of social problems (7.6%). Conclusion: In this study, the highest prevalence of psychological problems in the five provinces was related to conduct problems, and the lowest prevalence was related to social problems. It was determined that girls have more emotional problems than boys. Also, no significant difference was found in the psychological problems of 12 to 14 and 15 to 17 year old adolescents or between middle and high school graduates. In the current study, the prevalence of psychological problems in adolescents in the urban population in Fars province was higher than expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Stroop Color-Word Test is a classic instrument for the assessment of selective attention and inhibition control and is a highly utilized instrument in research aspects of executive functions of the brain. The purpose of the present study was a preliminary standardization of Stroop test among Iranian bilingual adolescents. Methods: In this study, 150 subjects, including three groups of adolescents (12-13, 14-15, and 16-17-year-olds) were randomly selected. Also, 30 subjects with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were selected for the study of differential validity. The instruments of this study were Victoria Stroop Color-Word Test and strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: Correlation coeffecients by test-retest in stroop test for reaction times of three cards and reaction time interference were 0.86, 0.86, 0.93, and 0.64; and for errors of three cards and error interference were 0.67, 0.37, 0.81 , and 0.75 respectively. All of the corellations were significant. Differential validity by comparing ADHD and control group showed that there were significant differences among groups. The results of age effect in Stroop variables showed that there were significant differences between age groups in reaction time of all cards and error of the first and third cards; but sex did not show any significant effect on stroop variables. Conclusion: The findings suggest that reaction time and error of almost all cards of stroop test are reliable and also have a good differential validity to discriminate ADHD from healthy controls in Iranian bilingual adolescents. Based on our findings, age but not sex is influential on performance of stroop test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current study attempted to investigate factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children without co-morbidities. Methods: In this case-control study, 164 ADHD children who attended the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran were compared with 166 normal children selected in a random-cluster method from primary and secondary schools. Clinical interviews based on DSM-IV-TR using K-SADS were used to diagnose ADHD cases and to select the control group. Participants were matched for age. We used chi-square and binary logistic regression for data analysis. Results: Among the associated factors with ADHD were gender and maternal employment. Boys (OR 0.54; 95% confidence interval: 0.34 - 0.86) and those children with working mothers (OR 0.16: 95% confidence interval: 0.06 - 0.86) suffered more from ADHD. The birth season, family size, birth order, and parental kinship were not among risk factors for ADHD. Conclusion: The results of the study show that maternal employment and male gender are among the associated risk factors for ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obesity and overweight have shown an increasing trend in most developing countries. Childhood obesity would impose numerous health-related problems. This study was conducted to determine the correlation of obesity and overweight with emotional-behavioral problems in primary school age girls. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 300 primary school girls [aged 7-11 years) were selected using a multi- staged sampling method, including randomized cluster and stratified method. For all students body mass index was measured and then based on BM1 for age and sex, from each grade (1-5), 20 students were selected for each group of normal weight, overweight and obese. The emotional-behavioral problems were evaluated using child behavior checklist that consists of 113 items for childhood behavioral problems. Findings: Total behavioral problems were seen in 17%, 27%, and 2% in obese, overweight, and normal weight children, respectively. Internalizing problems (including Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn, and Somatic Complaints) were seen in 11%, 15%, and 2% and externalizing problems (including Aggressive and Delinquent Behaviors) were observed in 8%, 17%, and 2% in obese, overweight, and normal weight children, respectively. The mean scores in all scales were higher in obese and overweight children in comparison with normal weight children and the emotional-behavioral problems had significant positive correlation with obesity and overweight (P<0.01). Despite the cultural differences between east and west, yet there are similarities in the most of the emotional-behavioral problems related to overweight and obesity. Also, it seems that the risk of behavioral-emotional problems in overweight girls is more than in obese girls. Overweight and Obesity prevention may be a primary preventive step for these problems in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Considering the importance of sexual drive among teenagers, parental and societal concerns about teenagers' sexual drives, particularly in religious communities such as Iran is of practical importance; therefore, this present research was designed to study students' sources of sexual knowledge acquisition. METHODS: This research was carried out among 2600 high school students in the cities of Tabriz, Urmia, and Ardabil in Northwest Iran. Students were selected through a multi-staged randomized sampling method in Tabriz and by the convenience method in Ardabil and Urmia. The instrument was a self-administered questionnaire, which included 19 different resources. The resources were categorized into seven main groups and the results were statistically analyzed with SPSS version 11.5 software. RESULTS: Based on the mean score of each of the seven main groups of resources, the ranking order of the resources was as follows: 1) immediate friends and peers 2) pictures, magazines, and books 3) audiovisual (CDs, foreign movies, satellite programs, and the Internet) 4) school trainings 5) physicians, clergy, and counseling centers 6) family (parents and siblings) and 7) close family members. The differences between the resources were statistically significant (P value= 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Results of the present study emphasize that teenagers should be educated in different areas of sexual problems with the help of parents, schools, and official sources and centers in the society as confident sources of obtaining sexual knowledge. There is a need to prepare a codified educational curriculum in different levels in order to offer teenagers' sexual education in the form of books or specific school credits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Azeri Acute phase/Recent onset psychosis Survey (ARAS) is the first from central Asia to study the course of patients with recent onset psychosis. The aim is to reveal indicators for understanding the risk and resilience factors, and for choosing the best personalized treatment strategy. Methods: The catchment area is north-west of Iran, with the majority having an Azeri ethnic background. All participants are evaluated for clinical signs and symptoms as well as risk and resilient factors and followed up for outcome in several domains. Here we give report of first 100 registered patients (male/female: 1.6). Results: Patients are diagnosed with schizophrenia (23), brief psychotic disorder (4), schizophrenifom (9), amphetamine induced psychotic disorder (12), psychotic disorder NOS and schizoaffective (27). The mean score of PANSS was 26.79±20.62. Their mean age is 29.8±11.5. High school diploma or higher was achieved by 45. While 60 were single, 21 were married at the moment and 35 had children. All of patients were Muslims, 30 scored moderate on religiosity and the remaining scored high. Level of multidimensional perceived social support was moderate and high in 80 patients. Only 4 were living alone. Level of internalized stigma was moderate and high in 16 patients. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 11. Almost one third of patients had ever used substance including cigarette (20), alcohol (12), opioids (5), amphetamine (15) and cannabis (5). The most prevalent prescribed medication is risperidone (78). Metabolic syndrome criteria were fulfilled in 16 patients. Discussion: Preliminary reports from ARAS cohort shows few differences between Iranian and European patients. Lower rate of metabolic syndrome, substance use (especially cannabis) and higher rate of religiosity, having social support, married situation and having children are noticed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]