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The design methodology of a Ka-band frequency doubling two cavity gyroklystron has been discussed in this paper. In this study, the amplifier’s design and simulation are accomplished by employing nonlinear analysis and validated using particle-in-cell simulation techniques. The output cavity functions in the TE02 mode at two times the input signal frequency at the second harmonic of the cyclotron frequency, while the input cavity is powered by a 17.5 GHz source and functions in the TE01 mode at the first harmonic of the cyclotron resonance. The device’s performance has been examined both in the presence and in the absence of a beam. A number of factors were taken into account in order to optimize the interaction structure dimension to reach the device’s targeted performance. By adjusting the structural features and electron beam parameters, the device’s RF output power is assessed in an effort to increase efficiency. Simulation results estimate that the device displays a gain of 21.5 dB, an efficiency of 21.6%, a power of 227 kW, and a −3 dB bandwidth of ∼0.3%.

Two-terminal (2-T) and four-terminal (4-T) tandem solar cells with wide bandgap perovskite (MAPbI3) as the top sub-cell and low bandgap copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2, CIS) as the bottom sub-cell have potential to outperform the single-junction power conversion efficiency. The proper consideration of native defects density and interface defects density in tandem solar cell (TSC) is required to achieve the full ability. The present paper examines a MAPbI3-on-CuInSe2 (MAPbI3-on-CIS) TSC. The bottom sub-cell of CIS has a bandgap of 1.04 eV, while the top sub-cell of MAPbI3 has a bandgap of 1.61 eV. The performance of the independent top and bottom sub-cells is explored by considering the physical parameters such as interface defects density, bulk defects density, and absorber layer thickness. The filtered spectra have been used to investigate the performance of 2-T monolithically integrated and 4-T mechanically stacked TSCs. When measuring the short-circuit current density (JSC) in a 2-T monolithic TSC, the top sub-cell's absorber layer thickness is changed to determine the exact thickness for the current matching condition. The proposed 2-T monolithic TSC satisfies the current matching requirement at a thickness of 0.346 μm of the top sub-cell’s absorber layer, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.21%. The best simulated PCE of 4-T mechanically stacked TSC is 31.07%.

Abstract Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium udum Butler is the most important disease of pigeonpea throughout the world. F. udum isolate MTCC 2204 (M1) inoculated pigeonpea plants of susceptible (ICP 2376) and resistant (ICP 8863) cultivars were taken at invasion stage of pathogenesis process for transcriptomic profiling to understand defense signaling reactions that interplay at early stage of this plant–pathogen encounter. Differential transcriptomic profiles were generated through cDNA-AFLP from M1 inoculated resistant and susceptible pigeonpea root tissues. Twenty five percent of transcript derived fragments (TDFs) were found to be pathogen induced. Among them 73 TDFs were re-amplified and sequenced. Homology search of the TDFs in available databases and thorough study of scientific literature identified several pathways, which could play crucial role in defense responses of the F. udum inoculated resistant plants. Some of the defense responsive pathways identified to be active during this interaction are, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mediated defense responses, cell wall remodeling, vascular development and pattering, abscisic acid mediated responses, effector triggered immunity, and reactive oxygen species mediated signaling. This study identified important wilt responsive regulatory pathways in pigeonpea which will be helpful for further exploration of these resistant components for pigeonpea improvement.

Quality education is the key factor for overall development of an individual and nation. Quality of education is directly related to competency and dedication of the teacher, as teacher is the main implementor of the educational program. This study investigates the attitude of permanent school teachers towards teaching profession and their level of job satisfaction. Quantitative research design over a sample of randomly selected 200 teachers was used in this study. A Likert type attitude scale was prepared and standardized by the researcher on the sample of 374 school teachers of five districts of Nepal and India but this study is based in context of Nepal. Job satisfaction level was measured by Job Satisfaction Scale (JSST-DM) published by National Psychological Corporation, Agra, India. Normative survey method was used to collect required data. Maslow's theory of motivation based on the needs hierarchy system was used to interpret the findings of this study. Result was interpreted by using z-score norms based on seven categories, which explored that 20.50 percent of the teachers were favorable towards their profession, 46 percent were unfavorable and 33.50 percent were neutral towards teaching profession. Similarly, percentage of teachers found above Average Satisfied on their job was 37 percent, below Average Satisfied was 40 percent and percent of Average Satisfied teachers was 23. Out of which, nine percent school teachers were extremely satisfied and 13 percent were extremely dissatisfied. Teachers cannot do well on teaching profession unless they have a positive attitude towards their profession and are not satisfied with it. This study reveals that a significant number of teachers are not satisfied with their profession and do not have a positive attitude towards it. It is imperative that the concerned authorities review the policies regarding salary, facilities and position in the national protocol for teachers in order to bring a positive change in the situation.

The progress of the nation is based on the competencies of the citizens, and the overall development of the person depends on the effectiveness of the educational system implemented in the country. The teacher is a key factor in the implementation of educational programs. Without a favorable attitude toward the teaching profession, teachers cannot do well in the teaching profession. Regarding this context, this study was conducted to construct an attitude scale to measure the attitude of schoolteachers towards the teaching profession. Steps of standardization of the test were adopted to construct a reliable and valid tool. Piloting was made in the Indo-Nepalese context. A quantitative research design was used in this study. A draft of 50 statements was designed, and 40 were selected on the basis of expert judgment. A sample of 374 schoolteachers from five districts of Nepal and India was selected using a random sampling technique. Eight statements were rejected based on item analysis and respondents' suggestions. A standardized attitude scale was developed comprising 32 statements, which were again categorized into eight factors on the basis of factor analysis. Various reliability coefficients ranging from .80 to .87 were found. For interpretation of the results, z-score and percentile norms were developed. This test will be beneficial to researchers who are interested in identifying the attitudes of schoolteachers in the Indo-Nepalese context.

In North West Himalayan region, farmers tend to face problems related to production and natural resource management due to steep slopes; fragile geology and frequent landslides which leads to high soil erosion. The present study was conducted with the objective to assess the impact of Farmer FIRST Project on the livelihood of beneficiary farmers of study area. A sample of 300 farmers comprising of 180 beneficiary and 120 non-beneficiary farmers were selected through multi stage random sampling. To delineate the impact, with-without and before-after comparison on different aspects of Farmer FIRST Project were carried out. Study revealed that there exists a significant difference between beneficiary farmers and non-beneficiary farmers on various aspects, viz. awareness level, change in decision making behaviour, change in marketing behaviour, change in yield, change in income, change in cropping intensity and change in average annual employment days. Before-after comparison of beneficiary farmers showed that there is a significant increase in crop yield, cultivable area and average annual employment days. Hence, there is a need of upscaling the project for inclusion of more numbers of farmers and securing their livelihood.

The size- and shape-dependent band gap energy of semiconductor compound nanomaterials (SCNs) is formulated. The model theory is based on the cohesive energy of the nanocrystals compared to the bulk crystals. We have considered CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe and ZnTe semiconductors compounds for the study of size- and shape-dependent band gap energy. It is found that the band gap energy of SCN depends upon the particle size and shape. The model predicts that the band gap energy increases as particle size of the semiconductor nanomaterials decreases. The results obtained are compared with the available experimental data, which support the validity of the model reported.

In the light of non-zero and relatively large value of rector mixing angle (θ13), we have performed a detailed analysis of texture one zero neutrino mass matrix Mν in the scenario of vanishing determinant/trace conditions, assuming the Dirac nature of neutrinos. In both the scenarios, normal mass ordering is ruled out for all the six possibilities of Mν, however for inverted mass ordering, only two are found to be viable with the current neutrino oscillation data at 3σ confidence level. Numerical and some approximate analytical results are presented.

A simple theory is proposed to study the size- and shape-dependent specific heat, melting entropy and enthalpy of nanomaterials. The particle size and shape are demonstrated to affect the specific heat, melting entropy and enthalpy of nanomaterials. The model is applied to Ag, Cu, In, Se, Au and Al nanomaterials in spherical, nanowire and nanofilms shapes. The specific heat is observed to increase with the decrease in particle size, whereas the melting entropy and enthalpy decrease as the particle size decreases. Our theoretical predictions agree well with available experimental and computer simulation results, thereby supporting the validity of formulation developed. Keywords: Nanomaterials, Specific heat, Melting entropy, Surface properties, Thermodynamic properties

The Government of India in its annual budget 2016-17 set a policy target of doubling farmers' income by 2022. Agriculture sustains livelihood for more than half of the India's total population. Doubling farmers' income in such a short period is an overwhelming task for decision makers, scientists and policy makers. Doubling farmers' income is possible through increasing total output and better price realization in market, reduction in production costs, diversification of product, efficient post-harvest management, value addition, etc. In this paper, efforts have been made to detail issues, challenges and strategies to achieve the target of doubling farmer's income. Specific strategies suggested for achieving the target of doubling farmers' income were market management, agricultural input management, risk management and agricultural extension strategies.

The effectiveness of an extension system referred to its ability to meet the farmer needs in providing the new technology which suits to their conditions and results in better production. Recently the demand for information on agricultural practices and technology among the farmers is increasing day by day but fulfilment of these demands exclusively by public agricultural extension system is limited. To address this challenge, information communication technology (ICT) has the immense role in supplementing the extension system. Among the ICT tools, mobile phone, because of its affordability, accessibility, minimum skill requirement, widespread network etc., has emerged as important tool for information and knowledge dissemination to the smallholder and marginal farmers. But it is necessary to study how effective they are in achieving the respective objectives.The present investigation was conducted to study the effectiveness of mKRISHI® PAWS (Personalised Advisory on Water and Soil) in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand state. An ex-post facto research design was used for this study. Total 136 messages were sent to the respondents. The data was collected from 240 beneficiary farmers of the north-western Himalayan region. The effectiveness of the mKRISHI® PAWS in technology advisory and delivery services were measured by developing an effectiveness index for the purpose. Results showed that 93.8% of farmers perceive that quality of information regarding the latest NRM technologies in soil and water conservation was excellent and 83.75% of the farmers felt that the information regarding the latest NRM technologies in soil and water conservation was appropriate to their condition. The study revealed that the extension services delivered by mKRISHI® PAWS were found to be highly effective by majority of the farmers. 34.58% farmers perceived that the mKRISHI® PAWS was very highly effective as a mean of getting their information needs.

We have studied that the implication of a large value of the effective Majorana neutrino mass in case of neutrino mass matrices has either two equal elements and one zero element (popularly known as hybrid texture) or two equal cofactors and one zero minor (popularly known as inverse hybrid texture) in the flavor basis. In each of these cases, four out of sixty phenomenologically possible patterns predict near maximal atmospheric neutrino mixing angle in the limit of large effective Majorana neutrino mass. This feature remains irrespective of the experimental data on solar and reactor mixing angles. In addition, we have also performed the comparative study of all the viable cases of hybrid and inverse hybrid textures at 3σ CL.

In the light of latest neutrino oscillation data, we have investigated the one-zero Majorana neutrino mass matrix Mν with zero sum condition of mass eigenvalues in the flavor basis, where charged lepton mass matrix is diagonal. Among the six possible one-zero cases, it is found that only five can survive the current experimental data, while case with (1, 1) vanishing element of Mν is ruled out, if zero trace condition is imposed at 3σ confidence level (CL). Numerical and some approximate analytical results are presented.

We investigate the novel possibilities of hybrid textures comprising a vanishing minor (or element) and two equal elements (or cofactors) in light neutrino mass matrix Mν. Such type of texture structures leads to sixty phenomenological cases each, out of which only fifty-six are viable with texture containing a vanishing minor and an equality between the elements in Mν, while fifty are found to be viable with texture containing a vanishing element and an equality of cofactors in Mν under the current experimental test at 3σ confidence level. Detailed numerical analysis of all the possible cases has been presented.

Background: The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme is the largest program for promotion of maternal and child health and nutrition. Aims: The present study is aimed to evaluate ICDS program in terms of infrastructure of anganwadi centers (AWCs), characteristics of anganwadi workers (AWWs), coverage of supplementary nutrition (SN), and preschool education (PSE) to the beneficiaries. Methods: A total of 39 AWCs from a rural area and 15 from the urban area were surveyed. AWWs were interviewed, and records were reviewed. Information was collected using a predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Results: In the selected AWCs, 88.9% were running in Pucca buildings, 38.9% had electricity, 35.1% had a separate kitchen, 1.8% had cooking gas, and toilets were available in 59.3% AWCs. All the AWW have received job training, 83.3% AWW have received refresher training. 38.8% AWW have received orientation training, 37% have received skill training in World Health Organization growth standards and 18.5% AWW have received skill training in mother and child health. 86.9% registered pregnant women, 90.7% registered lactating women, 72.6% registered adolescent girls were availing SN. 95.4% registered children 6 months to 3 years and 92.4% registered children 3-6 years of age were availing SN. Interruption in SN in last 6 months was seen in 22.2% AWCs. Appropriate and adequate PSE material was available in 59.2% AWCs. Conclusion: There are program gaps in the infrastructure of AWCs, training of AWW, coverage of SN, interruption in the supply of SN.

Background: More than 100 million women in less developed countries or about 17% of all married women would prefer to avoid pregnancy, but are not using any form of family planning. Despite the government′s many efforts, the unmet need for family planning in India is still 12.8%. The present study is aimed to assess prevalence of the unmet need for family planning, its determinants, and the reasons for the unmet need for family planning. Materials and Methods: A sample size of 500 was divided equally among the rural and urban areas. A simple random technique was used to select the first household for the survey. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to record the information. Data was entered on Microsoft Access and analyzed using the statistical software SPSS version 11.5 for Windows Vista. The chi square test was used for finding the association and trends. Results: In the present study, 35% of the population had an unmet need, of which 58.28% belonged to rural area, while 41.71% belonged to the urban area. The significant determinants associated with the unmet need for family planning were religion, type of family, husband′s education and occupation, socioeconomic class, women′s age, women′s education and occupation, exposure to mass media, and healthcare facility where services were provided. Overall, lack of motivation and obstacles were the major reasons for the unmet need. Conclusion: Improved access to family planning services, better education, improved standard of living, and higher exposure to mass media can significantly decrease the unmet need of family planning.

This study aims at comparatively identifying the constitutional provisions for right to education, their implementation and impact on education in India and Nepal. This is an analytical descriptive study based on document analysis. By the mid of 2011, 81% constitutions of the world guaranteed or aspired to protect the right to primary education. Nepal and India both have clear constitutional provisions for right to free and compulsory basic education but are unable to fulfil the international and national educational commi tments and goals. India and Nepal fall in 2nd and 48th rank respectively based on population in the world in 2018. However, educational indicators indicate that both the countries could not ensure the educational access to all the children. In the year 2014-15, 22.131 million children were either not enrolled or did not complete primary education in India. This number was 270 958 in Nepal in the same year. Results show that there is a wide gap between the educational policies and their actual implementation in India and Nepal.

Teachers are the most crucial aspect of the education system. Students' learning/achievement level is directly dependent on the competency of the teacher. An educational programme designed to produce qualified teachers is known as a teacher education programme. This study investigates the enrollment of the students in teacher education on the basis of their academic achievement and intelligence level and hence analyzes the enrollment trend in the teacher education (B.Ed.) programme in Nepal. The study was conducted on 50 students of B.Ed. the first semester of the Kanchanpur and Kailali districts of Sudurpaschim Province was selected by systematic random sampling. This research was based on a survey design of a quantitative approach. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. G.C. Ahuja's Group Test of Intelligence was used to collect intelligence scores. Analysis of the data was based on descriptive statistics obtained by using SPSS. Findings are interpreted on the basis of Maslow's motivation theory and Brain drain theory. Results of the study revealed that a negligible percentage of students having high academic achievement and intelligence levels are enrolling in teacher education. Concern authorities need to revisit the policies regarding salary, facilities and position in the national protocol of teachers to attract the high achievers and intelligent students to the teacher education programme.

Universities with faculties of education run programmes to produce competent, trained, qualified and professional teachers for the quality education in the country. Taking this case into consideration, this study examined the curriculum of teacher education of four universities from Nepal and India in relation to objectives, contents, teaching-learning methods and assessment procedures. This is a comparative descriptive study based on document analysis. In Nepal, there is the provision of integrated four-year B.Ed. programme with one fifth of the professional courses while in India two-year B.Ed. with almost professional/pedagogical courses is in practice. The major objective of teacher education programme in both countries is to produce competent school teachers and educational professionals in the field. India has slightly stronger criteria (at least 50% marks at undergraduate) for enrollment at B.Ed. than in Nepal. Both countries have provisions of internal and external assessment to evaluate the students' achievement. There are more similar instructional techniques used in teacher education for teaching-learning while criteria used for interpretation of the results vary from institution to institution in both countries.

A uniform magnetic field across the device is often used to analyze gyroklystron. In this paper, a tapered magnetic field is applied across the two-cavity 35 GHz frequency-doubling gyroklystron to improve its performance. Device performance is compared between tapered and uniform magnetic field cases using particle-in-cell code "CST." The result confirms that the tapered magnetic field significantly improves the device performance parameters such as output power, efficiency, gain, and bandwidth compared to uniform magnetic field conditions. With a 1.6-kW driver power, 306 kW RF output power along with 22.8 dB gain is achieved for a tapered magnetic field case, while 227 kW RF output power along with 21.5 dB gain is achieved for a uniform magnetic field case. When the magnetic field is uniform, the efficiency and bandwidth of a gyroklystron are approximately 21.6% and 100 MHz, respectively; however, for the tapered magnetic field, it can rise to 29.1% and 120 MHz, respectively. Device efficiency results suggest that a tapered magnetic field improves energy transfer from the electron beam to the RF field. A parametric study for both magnetic field cases examines the effect of magnetic field strength, beam current, beam voltage, and pitch factor on the device. This detailed research recommends optimizing frequency-doubling gyroklystron performance with tapered magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design methodology of a Ka-band frequency doubling two cavity gyroklystron has been discussed in this paper. In this study, the amplifier's design and simulation are accomplished by employing nonlinear analysis and validated using particle-in-cell simulation techniques. The output cavity functions in the TE02 mode at two times the input signal frequency at the second harmonic of the cyclotron frequency, while the input cavity is powered by a 17.5 GHz source and functions in the TE01 mode at the first harmonic of the cyclotron resonance. The device's performance has been examined both in the presence and in the absence of a beam. A number of factors were taken into account in order to optimize the interaction structure dimension to reach the device's targeted performance. By adjusting the structural features and electron beam parameters, the device's RF output power is assessed in an effort to increase efficiency. Simulation results estimate that the device displays a gain of 21.5 dB, an efficiency of 21.6%, a power of 227 kW, and a −3 dB bandwidth of ∼0.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial part of a gyroklystron is an electron beam. For the efficient operation of the gyroklystron, effective interaction between the radio frequency wave and the electron beam is necessary. Although the manufacturing and assembly of the gyroklystron are complicated, during the assembly process of various components of the gyroklystron, there is some possibility that the components may be misaligned from their actual positions. The operation of a gyroklystron is very sensitive if its components are misaligned. Electron beam misalignment is one type of such misalignment. This paper studies the effect of an off-axis electron beam on gyroklystron performance. Due to misalignment, the electron beam radius will vary in its position as the electron beam gyrates. First, the nonlinear single-mode analysis describing the beam–wave interaction process within the gyroklystron amplifier is discussed. As reported in the literature, an experimental, two-cavity 35 GHz fundamental harmonic gyroklystron amplifier has been used to conduct the present study. The results obtained from the analytically developed approach are benchmarked by the results of the experimental device. Subsequently, the analysis developed has been extended to investigate the impact of the misaligned electron beam on the gyroklystron performance characteristics. The study shows that efficiency, output power and gain decrease with misalignment, whereas bandwidth does not change due to such misalignments. These findings demonstrate the critical role that the misaligned electron beam plays in the operation of a gyroklystron amplifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]