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The backoff algorithm employed by the medium access control (MAC) protocol of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard has a significant impact on the overall performance of the wireless sensor network (WSN). This algorithm helps the MAC protocol resolve the contention among multiple nodes in accessing the wireless medium. The standard binary exponent backoff (BEB) used by the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol relies on an incremental method that doubles the size of the contention window after the occurrence of a collision. In a previous work, we proposed the adaptive backoff algorithm (ABA), which adapts the contention window's size to the value of the probability of collision, thus relating the contention resolution to the size of the WSN in an indirect manner. ABA was studied and tested using contention window sizes of up to 256. However, the latter limit on the contention window size led to degradation in the network performance as the size of the network exceeded 50 nodes. This paper introduces the Improved ABA (I-ABA), an improved version of ABA. In the design of I-ABA we observe the optimal values of the contention window that maximize performance under varying probabilities of collision. Based on that, we use curve fitting techniques to derive a mathematical expression that better describes the adaptive change in the contention window. This forms the basis of I-ABA, which demonstrates scalability and the ability to enhance performance. As a potential area of application for I-ABA, we target wireless body area networks (WBANs) that are large-scale, that is, composed of hundreds of sensor nodes. WBAN is a major application area for the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. We evaluate the performance of I-ABA based on simulations. Our results show that, in a large-scale WBAN, I-ABA can achieve superior performance to both ABA and the standard BEB in terms of various performance metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine Type Communication Devices for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication in 5G cellular networks have issues with scalability, quality of service (QoS), collisions, and delays in data transmission. M2M connectivity has become prevalent in the Internet of Things. The suggested MAC protocol for M2M communication using adaptive TDMA was designed to be scalable and power-efficient. To address the problems of collision, quality of service and scalability in M2M communication by presenting a Power-efficient MAC switching protocol with Adaptive Time Division Multiple Access (PMAC-ATDMA). There are three phases to this: grouping, dynamic MAC switching, and time slot allocation. Optimization Technique: The usage of the adaptive k-means algorithm with the HHO method for selecting MTC heads based on their power status and proximity to enhance network efficiency and reduce collision. Hybrid MAC Protocol Design: A dynamic switching mechanism between CSMA/CA and Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance Reservation Protocol (CSMA/CARP) based on network density and device activity, aiming to optimize collision handling and energy consumption. ATDMA assigns time slots that are used for data transmission based on the size of the data and QoS requirements. Traditional TDMA's synchronization issue is solved by using the Markov chain model; this PMAC-ATDMA is simulated using a network simulator tool. Access delay, energy, collision likelihood, and successful packet transmissions are all taken into account throughout the evaluation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary problem for a resource-limited Wireless Sensor Network is how to extend the system reliability without sacrificing system performance like reception rate and network connectivity. This method effectively deploys sensor nodes and ensures connectivity between the nodes and the transceiver station. Reinforcement Learning (RL) can effectively schedule the sensor nodes' unsupervised activities. A Nash Q-Learning inspired node task scheduling (QL-TS) for service and connection management has been described in this work. An energy-saving MAC Protocol (ESMACP) has been developed to extend the system lifetime. The primary aim of this model is to use the suggested QL-TS-ESMACP that allows sensor devices to learn their best action with minimal energy. The correctness and dependability of the QL-TS-ESMACP can be demonstrated by comparing it with other existing methods. QL-TS-ESMACP outperforms other models in terms of energy efficiency, coverage, node lifespan, and packet delivery ratio in the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, wireless body area networks (WBANs) have gained significant traction in healthcare applications. These networks facilitate connections among various sensors, which can be integrated into clothing, placed directly on the body, or implanted beneath the skin. While these sensors typically serve a single application, they generate traffic with diverse requirements. Managing this diversity necessitates tailored treatment to meet specific traffic needs while satisfying application requirements such as reliability and timeliness. In this paper, we propose a novel, flexible, and power-efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol designed to seamlessly complement existing solutions. Our protocol, available in two versions as an enhancement to the beacon-enabled mode of IEEE 802.15.4, aims to optimize quality of service (QoS) for periodic traffic applications within WBANs, irrespective of traffic and density conditions, without compromising energy efficiency. Our results demonstrate significant improvements compared to the standardized IEEE 802.15.4-MAC protocol across all test scenarios, even in the presence of selfish behaviors. These findings underscore the protocol's efficacy in enhancing reliability and efficiency in wireless healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile ad hoc networks are self-organizing networks that do not rely on fixed infrastructure. Smart antennas employ advanced beamforming technology, enabling ultra-long-range directional transmission in wireless networks, which leads to lower power consumption and better utilization of spatial resources. The media access control (MAC) protocol design using smart antennas can lead to efficient usage of channel resources. However, during ultra-long-distance transmissions, there may be significant transport delays. In addition, when using the time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes, it can be difficult to manage conflicts arising from adjacent time slot advancement caused by latency compensation in ultra-long-range propagation. Directional transmission and reception can also cause interference between links that reuse the same time slot. This paper proposes a new distributed dynamic TDMA protocol called State Interaction-based Slot Allocation Protocol (SISAP) to address these issues. This protocol is based on slot states and includes TDMA frame structure, slot allocation process, interference self-avoidance strategy, and slot allocation algorithms. According to the simulation results, the MAC layer design scheme suggested in this paper can achieve ultra-long-distance transmission without conflicts. Additionally, it can reduce the interference between links while space multiplexing. Furthermore, the system exhibits remarkable performance in various network aspects, such as throughput and link delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid Power-line/Visible-light Communication (HPVC) network has been one of the most promising Cooperative Communication (CC) technologies for constructing Smart Home due to its superior communication reliability and hardware efficiency. Current research on HPVC networks focuses on the performance analysis and optimization of the Physical (PHY) layer, where the Power Line Communication (PLC) component only serves as the backbone to provide power to light Emitting Diode (LED) devices. So designing a Media Access Control（MAC) protocol remains a great challenge because it allows both PLC and Visible Light Communication (VLC) components to operate data transmission, i.e., to achieve a true HPVC network CC. To solve this problem, we propose a new HPC network MAC protocol (HPVC MAC) based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) by combining IEEE 802.15.7 and IEEE 1901 standards. Firstly, we add an Additional Assistance (AA) layer to provide the channel selection strategies for sensor stations, so that they can complete data transmission on the selected channel via the specified CSMA/CA mechanism, respectively. Based on this, we give a detailed working principle of the HPVC MAC, followed by the construction of a joint analytical model for mathematical-mathematical validation of the HPVC MAC. In the modeling process, the impacts of PHY layer settings (including channel fading types and additive noise feature), CSMA/CA mechanisms of 802.15.7 and 1901, and practical configurations (such as traffic rate, transit buffer size) are comprehensively taken into consideration. Moreover, we prove the proposed analytical model has the solvability. Finally, through extensive simulations, we characterize the HPVC MAC performance under different system parameters and verify the correctness of the corresponding analytical model with an average error rate of 4.62% between the simulation and analytical results.

Abstract The maximum amount of sensor energy is consumed during broadcasting. Hence in order to make delay with the network lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN), there is a need of optimum utilization of sensor energy. Scheduling in media access control (MAC) layer plays a critical role in the designing of WSN to avoid collision and conserve more energy. The Distributed energy aware MAC (DE-MAC) is one such efficient and feasible MAC protocol that addresses the energy management issues in WSN. This work proposes an extension of DE-MAC framework by allocating varying period slots to the nodes based on their residual energy level. Energy of all the nodes is exchanged at regular intervals. Accordingly, the nodes with low energy are allocated less time slots for broadcast and are made to sleep for more time. Simulation is carried out using NS2 (network simulator 2) and the efficiency and performance results are compared with DE-MAC for analysis. Improvement in performance for various parameters such as residual energy, throughput, and packet delivery ratio can be observed.

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The maximum amount of sensor energy is consumed during broadcasting. Hence in order to make delay with the network lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN), there is a need of optimum utilization of sensor energy. Scheduling in media access control (MAC) layer plays a critical role in the designing of WSN to avoid collision and conserve more energy. The Distributed energy aware MAC (DE-MAC) is one such efficient and feasible MAC protocol that addresses the energy management issues in WSN. This work proposes an extension of DE-MAC framework by allocating varying period slots to the nodes based on their residual energy level. Energy of all the nodes is exchanged at regular intervals. Accordingly, the nodes with low energy are allocated less time slots for broadcast and are made to sleep for more time. Simulation is carried out using NS2 (network simulator 2) and the efficiency and performance results are compared with DE-MAC for analysis. Improvement in performance for various parameters such as residual energy, throughput, and packet delivery ratio can be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a cutting-edge technology that is being used in healthcare applications to monitor critical events in the human body. WBAN is a collection of in-body and on-body sensors that monitor human physical parameters such as temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen level, body motion, and so on. They sense the data and communicate it to the Body Area Network (BAN) Coordinator. Themain challenge for the WBANis energy consumption. These issues can be addressed by implementing an effectiveMediumAccessControl (MAC) protocol that reduces energy consumption and increases network lifetime. The purpose of the study is to minimize the energy consumption and minimize the delay using IEEE 802.15.4 standard. In our proposed work, if any critical events have occurred the proposed work is to classify and prioritize the data. We gave priority to the highly critical data to get the Guarantee Tine Slots (GTS) in IEEE 802.15.4 standard superframe to achieve greater energy efficiency. The proposed MAC provides higher data rates for critical data based on the history and current condition and also provides the best reliable service to high critical data and critical data by predicting node similarity. As an outcome, we proposed aMAC protocol for VariableData Rates (MVDR). When compared to existingMACprotocols, theMVDR performed verywellwith lowenergy intake, less interruption, and an enhanced packet-sharing ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of National University of Defense Technology / Guofang Keji Daxue Xuebao is the property of NUDT Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The popularity of fog-enabled smart cities is increasing due to the advantages provided by modern communication and information technologies, which contribute to an improved quality of life. Wireless networks make them more vulnerable when the network is under malicious attacks that cause a collision in the medium. Furthermore, diverse applications of smart cities demand a contention-free medium access control (MAC) protocol to meet adaptive data requirements. In this work, a time-slot-based medium access control protocol to meet adaptive data requirements (TMPAD) for IoT nodes in fog-enabled smart cities is proposed. TMPAD proposes a trust mechanism to differentiate malicious and legitimate data requests. In addition, it accommodates more legitimate data-requesting nodes to transfer their data during a session by applying the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and 0/1 knapsack algorithm. The performance of TMPAD is compared with well-known techniques such as first come first serve (FCFS), shortest job first (SJF), and longest job first (LJF) in different prospective scenarios. The results show that TMPAD scrutinizes more data-requesting nodes in slot allocation, allowing more data transmission in a session, with better mean trust value, as compared to other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have emerged as a significant breakthrough in the healthcare sector due to their immense potential to revolutionize health outcomes. This type of network is able to support a diverse range of applications with traffic rates ranging from several bits per hour up to 10 megabits per second. The challenge lies in accommodating this wide range of applications and meeting their distinct requirements using a single suitably flexible medium access control protocol. In response to this challenge, our paper proposes a novel Traffic Adaptive MAC protocol designed specifically for the regular traffic of WBANs. This innovative protocol dynamically adapts its operation based on the observed traffic, leading to significant efficiency gains compared to the standardized MAC protocols IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6. Our contribution aims to address the critical need for a tailored and adaptive MAC protocol that can seamlessly handle varying traffic loads within WBANs. By incorporating our protocol, we envision enhanced communication efficiency and improved performance, unlocking new possibilities for healthcare applications and ultimately revolutionizing the healthcare industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The backoff algorithm employed by the medium access control (MAC) protocol of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard has a significant impact on the overall performance of the wireless sensor network (WSN). This algorithm helps the MAC protocol resolve the contention among multiple nodes in accessing the wireless medium. The standard binary exponent backoff (BEB) used by the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol relies on an incremental method that doubles the size of the contention window after the occurrence of a collision. In a previous work, we proposed the adaptive backoff algorithm (ABA), which adapts the contention window’s size to the value of the probability of collision, thus relating the contention resolution to the size of the WSN in an indirect manner. ABA was studied and tested using contention window sizes of up to 256. However, the latter limit on the contention window size led to degradation in the network performance as the size of the network exceeded 50 nodes. This paper introduces the Improved ABA (I-ABA), an improved version of ABA. In the design of I-ABA we observe the optimal values of the contention window that maximize performance under varying probabilities of collision. Based on that, we use curve fitting techniques to derive a mathematical expression that better describes the adaptive change in the contention window. This forms the basis of I-ABA, which demonstrates scalability and the ability to enhance performance. As a potential area of application for I-ABA, we target wireless body area networks (WBANs) that are large-scale, that is, composed of hundreds of sensor nodes. WBAN is a major application area for the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. We evaluate the performance of I-ABA based on simulations. Our results show that, in a large-scale WBAN, I-ABA can achieve superior performance to both ABA and the standard BEB in terms of various performance metrics.

Due to the significant propagation delay in underwater sensor networks, conflict retransmission in channel access protocols comes at a high cost. This poses a challenge in scenarios where multiple sensor nodes generate data frames with strong temporal correlations, such as in disaster warning applications. Traditional channel allocation and timeout-based retransmission mechanisms lead to considerable access delays, making it difficult to meet the requirements. To tackle this issue, we propose the asynchronous pattern-designed random access (APDRA) protocol. This protocol enhances the access probability by designing retransmission time intervals for data frames based on pattern design. Additionally, we introduce a successive interference cancellation (SIC) mechanism at the receiver for decoding. This mechanism facilitates the transformation of the conventional method of discarding conflicted data frames into iterative decoding, thereby enhancing transmission efficiency. Via the utilization of simulations, we compare the APDRA protocol conventional underwater medium access control (MAC) protocols and existing retransmission mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the APDRA protocol has the ability to improve both the transmission success ratio (TSR) and reduces the access delay to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the emerging competences to have possible appliance on wide varieties including investigating about the nature of surroundings, elegant places, therapeutic system, and study of robots. Energy is efficient in deliberation of essential invent for WSN. In WSNs, packet loss may occur due to network congestion, packet collision, bad link quality, buffer overflow, and low energy levels. Retransmitting the lost packets again requires more energy consumption and delay. Ensuring data reliability and maintaining minimum delay with improving energy efficiency are challenging issues in a resource-constrained sensor networks. The variation of link quality and other node status impacts the end-to-end delay of the sensor nodes in the network. On the other hand, the sensor nodes have energy limitations and it is a great concern to extend the network lifetime. To deal with these issues, a novel and simple routing mechanism SCORE BASED LINK DELAY AWARE ROUTING (SBLDAR) is proposed. The proposed SBLDAR protocol selects the appropriate forwarder nodes by enhancing the forwarder node selection method using multiple parameters such as residual energy, distance, delay, Received Signal Strength Indicator, remaining delivery ratio and the Expected Transmission Count of the nodes. Based on the aforementioned parameters the protocol estimate and assign a score for every sensor nodes. The score is a factor describes the stability of the sensor node. The high score of the node denotes the high stability of the node. The proposed SBLDAR protocol implemented in NS2 simulation and compared it with existing protocols MPCBHM, QTSAC, RBDCEER, AdvMMAC and DEEHCB. From the simulation evaluations, we found that SBLDAR is able to achieve an improved network lifetime over the current protocols while maintaining the average data transmission delay. In the simulation, the SBLDAR achieved almost 75% more throughput and saved 60% of total consumed energy compared with compared protocols. In addition, the proposed SBLDAR protocol eliminated 40% of transmission delay when compared with MPCBHM, QTSAC methods and 85% of transmission delay compared with RBDCEER, AdvMMAC and DEEHCB methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LoRa is one of the most popular low-power wireless network technologies for implementation of the Internet of Things, with the advantage of providing long-range communication, but lower data rates, when compared with technologies such as Zigbee or Bluetooth. LoRa is a single-channel physical layer technology on top of which LoRaWAN implements a more complex multi-channel network with enhanced functionalities, such as adaptive data rate. However, LoRaWAN relies on expensive hardware to support these functionalities. This paper proposes a LoRa data-link-layer architecture based on a multi-layer star network topology that adapts relevant LoRa parameters for each end node dynamically taking into account its link distance and quality in order to balance communication range and energy consumption. The developed solution is comprised of multiple components, including a LoRa parameter calculator to help the user to configure the network parameters, a contention-free MAC protocol to avoid collisions, and an adaptive spreading factor and transmission power mechanism. These components work together to ensure a more efficient use of the chosen ISM band and end node resources, but with low-cost implementation and operation requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive radio network is an intelligent and adaptive communication technology used to effectively utilize the radio spectrum to provide better communication. It enables the secondary (unlicensed) users to communicate over vacant channels without disrupting the communication of the primary (licensed) users. This paper proposes a novel contention-free MAC protocol for full-duplex and half-duplex cognitive radio networks. A novel concept of a fusion center-based channel allocation scheme is proposed to provide better channel allocation and reduced energy consumption. The proposed technique is compared with the existing techniques in terms of the average number of channels being sensed by each user, average wait time, collisions, throughput, and average energy consumption. The number of collisions increases as the maximum allotted time of communication increases in existing approaches. The experiment is performed with 20, 40, 60, and 80 s. The existing approaches show for 20 s, the number of collisions is 65, 61, 68, and 62; for 40 s, the number of collisions is 93, 96, 95, and 92; for 60 s, the number of collisions is 122, 126, 133, and 130; for 80 s, the number of collisions is 176, 170, 173, and 175. The proposed method approaches the number of collisions will become zero as the maximum allotted time of communication increases. The experimental results show that the proposed approach performs better than existing approaches. Moreover, it can be observed that the average waiting time of secondary users when a collision occurs is reduced with the application of a fusion center-based channel allocation scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used in agricultural greenhouses to monitor and control farming-related parameters. These networks are composed of multiple sensor nodes, usually deployed in an ad hoc fashion. But the nodes mostly run on batteries. So if a node fails or loses power, it creates areas in the network with no sensor coverage, consequently affecting the entire system. Therefore minimizing energy use is essential for extending the network lifetime. Researchers have proposed multiple energy-saving schemes in the past but the majority have not eliminated the sources of energy waste, and are not suitable for greenhouse applications. In light of this, we propose GS-MAC, a scalable and energy-efficient medium-access-control (MAC) protocol specialized for greenhouse monitoring and control: Unlike previous designs, our technique is applicable to both homogenous and heterogeneous settings. To minimize power use, nodes periodically sleep, but GS-MAC avoids periodic node synchronizations, unlike traditional duty cycling mechanisms. Instead, nodes use coordinated universal time (UTC) to maintain strict schedules to avoid energy waste and maintain constant low-duty cycles even with increasing node density. GS-MAC also uses short node addresses to reduce packet overheads. Finally, GS-MAC adopts a contention approach on reserved time slots scheduled between communication rounds to maintain scalability. Our work is evaluated on MATLAB, with simulation parameters obtained from actual hardware. The experiment results show that GS-MAC is more efficient by at least 2.7 times compared to previous research in terms of duty cycling, energy consumption, and network lifetime, in exchange for increased delays.

The IoT networks are customized to work under various smart environments, utilizing diverse sensors. However, they are vulnerable to several cyberattacks because of their finite resources and limited computing capabilities. Intruders can easily hack the data transmitted across the end nodes. Therefore, it is crucial to protect the privacy of the IoT network against adversarial attacks. For real-time insights from IoT networks, an appropriate networking protocol is essential. In previous studies, several routing protocols have been formulated for intrusion detection with limited performance. Even the application of advanced machine learning (ML) has shown relatively lower accuracy with an increased error rate. To address these issues, an innovative intrusion detection system (IDS) for IoT networks based on medium access control (MAC) protocols with an improved efficient shuffle bidirectional COOT channel attention network (IEsBCCA-Net) method has been proposed. The suggested system uses the MAC protocol to securely transmit the data with low energy consumption and delay, which provides increased throughput. The collected data is stored in the BoT-IoT dataset, which is imbalanced and balanced using the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) and random under-sampling (RUS) techniques. The data is pre-processed using the reformed histogram equalization method, and the optimal features are selected using the modified honey badger algorithm (MHBA). Finally, the intrusions are classified using the IEsBCCA-Net approach, which provides outstanding accuracy compared to state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods.

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have been widely used in various applications for effective radio spectrum utilization in recent years. It is essential to fend off the growing demand for this finite natural resource for next-generation communications. In CRNs, detecting the activity of the primary user requires opportunistic spectrum sensing for efficient usage of the available radio spectrum, which is a limited and exquisite resource. Thus, CRNs are the key component in solving the spectrum scarcity issue in the presence of primary user bands through secondary users. Cognitive radio AdHoc networks (CRAHNs) are a unique kind of CRNs where infrastructures less cognitive radio (CR) nodes are furnished. In CRAHN, the CR-MAC protocol works slightly differently from the traditional wireless network MAC protocols. Particularly, the proposed method includes a high traffic scenario under contention-based IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol. Accordingly, it can be observed that both, throughput and delay, increase as the CW size and packet length of the 802.11 (DCF) MAC protocol for CRAHN varies. Therefore, this paper proposed a fuzzy-based optimization framework for the 802.11 (DCF) MAC protocol in CRAHNs. Furthermore, it optimized throughput and delay by training a database of input parameters, contention window, and packet length for the Mamdani and Sugeno fuzzy inference system (FIS) models of the 802.11 (DCF) protocol simultaneously. The experimental result of the proposed framework for CRAHN with FIS shows that altering the contention window increases throughput by 25% and reduces the delay by 38% compared to the IEEE802.11 (DCF) protocol for CRAHNs without FIS. Moreover, it is also revealed that the throughput is increased by and 7% and the delay is reduced by 40% to 50% due to altering the packet length.

The dynamic nature of energy harvesting rate, arising because of ever changing weather conditions, raises new concerns in energy harvesting based wireless sensor networks (EH-WSNs). Therefore, this drives the development of energy aware EH solutions. Formerly, many Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been developed for EH-WSNs. However, optimizing MAC protocol performance by incorporating predicted future energy intake is relatively new in EH-WSNs. Furthermore, existing MAC protocols do not fully harness the high harvested energy to perform aggressively despite the availability of sufficient energy resources. Therefore, a prediction-based adaptive duty cycle (PADC) MAC protocol has been proposed, called PADC-MAC, that incorporates current and future harvested energy information using the mathematical formulation to improve network performance. Furthermore, a machine learning model, namely nonlinear autoregressive (NAR) neural network, is employed that achieves good prediction accuracy under dynamic harvesting scenarios. As a result, it enables the receiver node to perform aggressively better when there is sufficient inflow of incoming harvesting energy. In addition, PADC-MAC uses a self-adaptation technique that reduces energy consumption. The performance of PADC-MAC is evaluated using GreenCastalia in terms of packet delay, network throughput, packet delivery ratio, energy consumption per bit, receiver energy consumption, and total network energy consumption using realistic harvesting data for 96 consecutive hours under dynamic solar harvesting conditions. The simulation results show that PADC-MAC provides lower average packet delay of the highest priority packets and all packets, energy consumption per bit, and total energy consumption by more than 10.7%, 7.8%, 81%, and 76.4%, respectively when compared to three state-of-the-art protocols for EH-WSNs.

A Cognitive Radio based Wireless Network (CRWN) is an emerging trend in wireless networks. Cognitive Radio (CR) has opened up many new opportunities to utilize the frequency spectrum to its fullest utilization. Many researchers and engineers are coming up with new protocols for CRWN. In this paper, existing MAC protocols for CRWN are studied and found that all the protocols are designed for optimized node performance but not the network performance. Moreover, individual node’s optimized performance may harm network’s performance. So, there is a gap of performance to be filled at an individual node and network-level. In this paper, the frame work of existing MAC protocol is modified to achieve the global optimized performance of CRWN under saturated and unsaturated traffic conditions. Also, majority of the existing work proposed their solutions assuming full information-based game theoretical models, whereas in this paper more realistic approach based on incomplete information is presented. A rigorous simulation study is carried out to compute various parameters such as channel capacity, throughput and delay to understand the limitations of the non-game theoretic approach. Later, a game theoretical framework to MAC protocol is applied for CRWN to improve the network performance in terms of these parameters. It is shown that the application of game theory to the MAC layer avoids collision and reduces the delay by 54% and energy consumption leading to enhancement of the overall throughput of a network by 57% respectively.

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is designed to enable efficient and authentic node/infrastructure communication. The primary role of VANETs is to distribute time-sensitive safety messages (sm) regularly, which causes packet congestion and broadcast failure due to the network's limited spectrum. For efficient and reliable delivery, the proposed paper uses a spatial hybrid division multiple access (SDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) over the control channel interval and hence termed a spatially distributed multichannel MAC (SDM-MAC) protocol. The frequency reuse approach is used to transfer data while efficiently utilising bandwidth, and throughput is considerably enhanced with carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and with the help of TDMA. Moreover, an adaptive algorithm is proposed for an intelligent channel frame structure using this protocol to manage the highly dynamic scenario. The Markov chain defines the protocol, and the network simulator (NS2) analyses several performance metrics. Comparing the response with two existing MAC protocols, the proposed protocol reduces average latency compared to current MAC methods and improves the packet delivery ratio and throughput by an average of 26% and 28%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies have gained popularity in accordance with the explosive growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). Among others, LoRa is considered as the leading standard that can meet the needs of modern wireless networking, mainly offering energy efficiency and broad coverage as well as a massive amount of device support. In addition to the ALOHA protocol, which is the default channel access mechanism used by the standard, a number of alternatives have been proposed in the literature in an effort to ameliorate the overall network performance. Furthermore, with moving nodes gaining ground more and more in the IoT realm and the research being at a relatively premature stage, it is imperative to create innovative algorithms that support highly dense networks with fast moving nodes. Motivated by these reasons, this work proposes a novel medium access protocol that takes advantage of the increased capabilities of modern wake up radio (WuR) technology in order to achieve low latency and mitigate the risk of lost packets in IoT networks with moving nodes based on the LoRa technology. A number of simulation scenarios have been devised and the findings suggest that the proposed protocol achieves the set goals and improves existing solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater Internet-of-Things (UIoT) is an extension of Internet-of-Things technology in underwater. The underwater acoustic network with WiFi architecture (UW-WiFi), as a specific deployment of UIoT, has been proved to be a promising technique for wide-ranging marine applications. However, due to the unique features of underwater acoustic channel, such as long and variable propagation delay, low available bandwidth and high bit error rate, conventional medium access control (MAC) protocols designed for terrestrial WiFi networks need an overhaul to work efficiently for UW-WiFi networks. In consideration of the aforementioned channel features, different demands of nodes to occupy channel resources and the reliability of data transmission, a time sequence-based dynamic on-demand assignment (SDDA) MAC protocol for UW-WiFi networks is proposed in this paper. In SDDA, the collision-free scheduling is integrated with the reservation mechanism, aiming to address the issue of various access requirements of diverse task nodes on channel resources in the UW-WiFi network system. The designed protocol employs propagation delays and the amount of data to be sent by terminal nodes to achieve non-conflict transmissions of control packets and on-demand scheduling of data packets. Additionally, the scheme does not require extra overhead for time synchronization. Comparison simulations demonstrate that SDDA provides considerable benefits in terms of channel utilization, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio. At last, the SDDA protocol is implemented and a UW-WiFi network system is set up in the marine environment. The ocean field experiment results agree well with the simulated ones and also verify that the proposed protocol achieve conflict-free on-demand scheduling, fairness among terminal nodes at different ranges and the practicability in actual environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of sensor and actuator devices are being deployed for sensing and automation in a smart environment. While enabling communication for a large number of stations with RAW in IEEE 802.11ah, the state-of-the-art solutions for channel access are deficient in dealing with both periodic uplink and event-driven downlink actuation at the same time, as per the application’s criteria. In this paper, we propose IoT-MAC, a downlink traffic-aware Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for automation in smart spaces. The proposed scheme uses new RAW frames to schedule downlink actuation traffic, considering the periodicity and freshness of uplink traffic. IoT-MAC identifies the periodicity of uplink traffic and schedules a frame without further contention. It then prioritizes critical downlink traffic without losing fresh uplink data. The performance analysis of the proposed scheme shows significant improvement in terms of throughput, delay, power consumption and packet loss for running different IoT applications.

The popularity of fog-enabled smart cities is increasing due to the advantages provided by modern communication and information technologies, which contribute to an improved quality of life. Wireless networks make them more vulnerable when the network is under malicious attacks that cause a collision in the medium. Furthermore, diverse applications of smart cities demand a contention-free medium access control (MAC) protocol to meet adaptive data requirements. In this work, a time-slot-based medium access control protocol to meet adaptive data requirements (TMPAD) for IoT nodes in fog-enabled smart cities is proposed. TMPAD proposes a trust mechanism to differentiate malicious and legitimate data requests. In addition, it accommodates more legitimate data-requesting nodes to transfer their data during a session by applying the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and 0/1 knapsack algorithm. The performance of TMPAD is compared with well-known techniques such as first come first serve (FCFS), shortest job first (SJF), and longest job first (LJF) in different prospective scenarios. The results show that TMPAD scrutinizes more data-requesting nodes in slot allocation, allowing more data transmission in a session, with better mean trust value, as compared to other algorithms.

This paper proposes a medium access control (MAC) protocol based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL), i.e., multi-channel transmit deep-reinforcement learning multi-channel access (MCT-DLMA) in heterogeneous wireless networks (HetNets). The work concerns practical unsaturated channel traffic that arrives following a Poisson distribution instead of saturated traffic that arrives before.By learning the access mode from historical information, MCT-DLMA can well fill the spectrum holes in the communication of existing users. In particular, it enables the cognitive user to multi-channel transmit at a time, e.g., via the multi-carrier technology. Thus, the spectrum resource can be fully utilized, and the sum throughput of the HetNet is maximized. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides a much higher throughput than the conventional schemes, i.e., the whittle index policy and the DLMA algorithms for both the saturated and unsaturated traffic, respectively. In addition, it also achieves a near-optimal result in dynamic environments with changing primary users, which proves the enhanced robustness to time-varying communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the significant propagation delay in underwater sensor networks, conflict retransmission in channel access protocols comes at a high cost. This poses a challenge in scenarios where multiple sensor nodes generate data frames with strong temporal correlations, such as in disaster warning applications. Traditional channel allocation and timeout-based retransmission mechanisms lead to considerable access delays, making it difficult to meet the requirements. To tackle this issue, we propose the asynchronous pattern-designed random access (APDRA) protocol. This protocol enhances the access probability by designing retransmission time intervals for data frames based on pattern design. Additionally, we introduce a successive interference cancellation (SIC) mechanism at the receiver for decoding. This mechanism facilitates the transformation of the conventional method of discarding conflicted data frames into iterative decoding, thereby enhancing transmission efficiency. Via the utilization of simulations, we compare the APDRA protocol conventional underwater medium access control (MAC) protocols and existing retransmission mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the APDRA protocol has the ability to improve both the transmission success ratio (TSR) and reduces the access delay to some extent.