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Simple Summary: Equine asthma is a major disease affecting the health and welfare of horses worldwide. There are many factors in the stable environment that directly lead to the exacerbation of asthma symptoms and indirectly affect the well-being of horses. We conducted a thorough analysis of scientific articles published over the last 20 years on potential environmental factors influencing the development and course of equine asthma. In conclusion, numerous environmental factors have a significant impact on the well-being of horses, and their control helps prevent the occurrence of asthma in horses or alleviate its symptoms. We believe that the information collected in our review will help improve the welfare of horses. Equine asthma is a popular subject of research. Many factors influencing the methods used to improve the welfare of asthmatic horses remain unclear. This study reviews scientific articles published after 2000 to collect the most important information on the terminology, symptoms, and potential environmental factors influencing the development and course of equine asthma. Our work highlights the impact of environmental factors on the severity of equine asthma and why these factors should be controlled to improve treatment outcomes. The present article provides horse owners and veterinarians with valuable information on how to improve the well-being of horses that are at risk of developing asthma symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article concerns the development of internationalisation of higher education in China. The paper describes the historical development of higher education and the development of internationalisation of higher education, recalling the most important facts. The author points out that the first forms of internationalisation took the shape of student and scientific exchanges, and over time, along with the introduction of the country's economic development strategy, the country focused on creating strategic mergers, alliances and international cooperation, which are regulated directly by the PRC (e.g. OBOR) or are transnational (e.g. BRICS), where the Chinese state plays one of the main roles. The article is based on the analysis of existing research by the Chinese researchers, where the analytical perspective of a researcher from a different culture, participating in the process of internationalisation of higher education in the world, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present the psychometric properties of the Risky Use Scale (RUS), used to measure the severity of alcohol and other psychoactive substance use based on the diagnostic criteria of the ICD-11 classification. The survey covered 1,062 people, including 592 women and 470 men, with a diverse sociodemographic profile. To verify the accuracy of the RUS, two screening questionnaire tools were used to assess psychoactive substance use: AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and DUDIT (Drug Use Disorder Identification Test). The internal consistency analysis method was used to determine the reliability of the RUS. The study showed high relevance and reliability of the RUS and revealed the univariate nature of the constructed tool. Criterion relevance was calculated by correlating the data obtained in the RUS with the results of the AUDIT (women: r = .92, p < .01; men: r = .89, p < .01) and DUDIT (women: r = .50, p < .01; men: r = .49, p < .01) questionnaires. The coefficients of internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha) for men and women were .94 and .97, respectively, and the inter-rater reliability coefficients (with Spearman-Browne correction) for the RUS scale were: .90 and .95. RUS is a screening tool that can be successfully used in clinical practice. The questionnaire's design allows for accurate and quick assessment of subjects' behavior toward risky use of psychoactive substances. The Scale's properties also allow it to pick up people with suspected addiction syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polskie Forum Psychologiczne is the property of Kazimierza Wielki University in Bydgoszcz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Pedagogiczne / Pedagogical Forum is the property of Uniwersytet Kardynala Stefana Wyszynskiego w Warszawie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article deals with the French-to-Polish translation of a specific case of reported speech: the investigated examples from literary texts are, from a semantic point of view, paraphrases by the narrator, who formulates the words of the characters in reported speech. They do not, however, only express his point of view (this is a form of reported speech called mixed or mimetic). In the Polish text, the discourse of the characters includes graphic, grammatical or lexical ant indicators, as well as the interpretation of statements in the context of the translation 's reader. A few important guidelines are given, on the basis of which the reader can interpret the passages in which the reported speech comes close to direct speech or to speech in a situation. Attention has also been paid to the modifications that the narrator's speech undergoes when their discourse creates the context of the speech of the character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]