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The way we connect with the physical world has completely changed because of the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, there are several difficulties associated with this change. A significant advancement has been the emergence of intelligent machines that are able to gather data for analysis and decision-making. In terms of IoT security, we are seeing a sharp increase in hacker activities worldwide. Botnets are more common now in many countries, and such attacks are very difficult to counter. In this context, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks pose a significant threat to the availability and integrity of online services. In this paper, we developed a predictive model called Markov Detection and Prediction (MDP) using a Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC) to identify and preemptively mitigate DDoS attacks. The MDP model helps in studying, analyzing, and predicting DDoS attacks in Long-Term Evolution for Machine (LTE-M) networks and IoT environments. The results show that using our MDP model, the system is able to differentiate between Authentic, Suspicious, and Malicious traffic. Additionally, we are able to predict the system behavior when facing different DDoS attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progression of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about a complete transformation in the way we interact with the physical world. However, this transformation has brought with it a slew of challenges. The advent of intelligent machines that can not only gather data for analysis and decision-making, but also learn and make independent decisions has been a breakthrough. However, the low-cost requirement of IoT devices requires the use of limited resources in processing and storage, which typically leads to a lack of security measures. Consequently, most IoT devices are susceptible to security breaches, turning them into "Bots" that are used in Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, we propose a new strategy labeled "Temporary Dynamic IP" (TDIP), which offers effective protection against DDoS attacks. The TDIP solution rotates Internet Protocol (IP) addresses frequently, creating a significant deterrent to potential attackers. By maintaining an "IP lease-time" that is short enough to prevent unauthorized access, TDIP enhances overall system security. Our testing, conducted via OMNET++, demonstrated that TDIP was highly effective in preventing DDoS attacks and, at the same time, improving network efficiency and IoT network protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En la era de los vehículos conectados, donde los automóviles ofrecen servicios digitales avanzados, surge una pregunta crucial: ¿deberían los fabricantes de vehículos ser considerados empresas de telecomunicaciones? Este artículo explora por qué, bajo el derecho europeo, los fabricantes de vehículos no deben ser clasificados como tales. Analizamos las definición legal de proveedores de servicios electrónicos de comunicaciones, el alcance de los servicios de conectividad máquina a máquina (M2M), la naturaleza accesoria de los servicios de telecomunicaciones proporcionado por los fabricantes de vehículos y las implicaciones regulatorias, todo ello, apoyándonos en la legislación vigente, la resolución de ciertas agencias de telecomunicaciones y la relación contractual entre los fabricantes de vehículos con las empresas de telecomunicaciones y el cliente final.

Cost efficiency is an essential metric in the design of major part of what is expected to be the 5G network. Some of the 5G solutions, mainly those involving mmWave technology and network densification, are extremely expensive. Much of what was said about 5G rollout strategies has been said with regard to the world's major leaders in 5G technology and telecom infrastructure investment. However, a much more numerous group of countries often referred as emerging markets or middle-income economies has never hold a leadership in the development of cellular technologies. To date, few of them have fully leveraged the potential of 4G systems while many still have not ensured a return on investment in 3G. This gave rise to the views that these countries are not ready for 5G challenges. However, all of them are doomed to enter the era of another industrial revolution, where exactly 5G is to become the main driver. Yet, the use cases and the portfolio of services of the future networks will apparently depend on economic realities of the country where it will be deployed. There is a rather vague picture at the moment of how the 5G rollout may take place in this part of the world and that is the main reason for this study. In this paper, we outline the technical challenges and economic tensions associated with the developing of 5G physical infrastructure and address spectrum allocation issues with a particular focus on the needs of the future enhanced mobile broadband component. Then we discuss the role of government in establishing favorable regulatory framework, providing supportive policies and finding local drivers to facilitate 5G rollout and the challenges, confronting the operators paving their way to 5G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progression of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about a complete transformation in the way we interact with the physical world. However, this transformation has brought with it a slew of challenges. The advent of intelligent machines that can not only gather data for analysis and decision-making, but also learn and make independent decisions has been a breakthrough. However, the low-cost requirement of IoT devices requires the use of limited resources in processing and storage, which typically leads to a lack of security measures. Consequently, most IoT devices are susceptible to security breaches, turning them into “Bots” that are used in Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, we propose a new strategy labeled “Temporary Dynamic IP” (TDIP), which offers effective protection against DDoS attacks. The TDIP solution rotates Internet Protocol (IP) addresses frequently, creating a significant deterrent to potential attackers. By maintaining an “IP lease-time” that is short enough to prevent unauthorized access, TDIP enhances overall system security. Our testing, conducted via OMNET++, demonstrated that TDIP was highly effective in preventing DDoS attacks and, at the same time, improving network efficiency and IoT network protection.

The Internet-of-Things concept has evolved from providing network connectivity for devices in our physical world to composing complex tasks with the representations of these things in service mashups. Since most of these devices (e.g. wireless sensors, tagged objects) are resource-constrained, it is easy to realize that such objects provide basic services individually and thus, motivates the need to aggregate such services for complex tasks. However, the existence of fragmentation in protocols and standards for device management and service enablement has been a challenge for the domain. In this work, we propose a resource-oriented device management and service enablement architecture that addresses this problem. We also present a smart home application scenario to demonstrate the performance and feasibility of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the high demand for advanced services and the increase in the number of connected devices, current wireless communication systems are required to expand to meet the users' needs in terms of quality of service, throughput, latency, connectivity, and security. 5G, 6G, and Beyond (xG) aim at bringing new radical changes to shake the wireless communication networks where everything will be fully connected fulfilling the requirements of ubiquitous connectivity over the wireless networks. This rapid revolution will transform the world of communication with more intelligent and sophisticated services and devices leading to new technologies operating over very high frequencies and broader bands. To achieve the objectives of the xG networks, several key technology enablers need to be performed, including massive MIMO, software-defined networking, network function virtualization, vehicular to everything, mobile edge computing, network slicing, terahertz, visible light communication, virtualization of the network infrastructure, and intelligent communication environment. In this paper, we investigated the recent advancements in the 5G/6G and Beyond systems. We highlighted and analyzed their different key technology enablers and use cases. We also discussed potential issues and future challenges facing the new wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the spread of IoT services and the amount of data on the network, the importance of D2D communications has emerged in unloading the network, reducing data access time, and improving performance. Due to this importance, in this article, we have reviewed the latest D2D communication solutions in the recent period. Authors proposed categorizing D2D communication solutions into six categories: M2M, V2V, and D2D in cellular networks, D2D with a caching assistant, D2D in socially aware networks, and D2D based on ICN. Writers examined the proposed solutions in each area, elaborating on the methodology employed, the evaluation, the benefits and drawbacks of each proposal. Moreover, based on the study of the presented solutions, we feel that cellular networks and ICN are the most effective for D2D communications, particularly when awareness and social relationships are incorporated into them. We believe that the review presented in this paper will be useful sufficient for developers, researchers as a reference guide to facilitate the design and implementation of D2D communication solutions.

A quality graduate is not only successful in academics, but also in personality. A university program nowadays is not only aimed at academic achievement alone. The results of a program in a program in the present time also consider attributes related to communication whether with members or the community and also group work. This article examines the role of students in spreading the knowledge learned in class to the community or community outside. Society is currently struggling with various health and safety issues not only outside the home but also at home. Therefore, an approach to empowering the community involves awareness programs in health care and safety needs to be done. This study involves a knowledge sharing program from some final year students of the Mechanical Engineering Program to a few members of the community at various levels regarding ergonomic issues. The interview method between student groups and the community is the main method in this program. The results of this program show that the level of community awareness has improved through the sharing of ergonomic risk knowledge. In addition, student understanding is also improved through this program. This study shows that programs related to practice across various communities can help students in ensuring that a better understanding can be achieved in a matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new medical cryptosystem based on four chaotic maps is presented as a case study. The message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol is used in this research to propose an end-to-end chaotic encryption technique that would enhance security and secrecy to the transmission of medical images from any Healthcare Internet of Things (H-IoT) device connected to the Internet. The maximal Lyapunov exponent (LE), the analysis of bifurcation diagrams, the Statistical Test Suit from the National Institute of Standard and Technology in the Special Publication 800–22 (NIST SP 800–22), and TestU01 statistical tests are used to evaluate the randomness of the sequences. The proposed medical image encryption technique is confirmed to be strong enough to withstand most current assaults, including differential attacks, the correlation between adjacent pixels, statistical histograms, entropy, key-space, and key-space attacks. The suggested cryptosystem is suitable for edge computing devices and has throughputs of up to 10.53 Mbit/s on a Raspberry Pi 4 (RPi4) and 47.44 Mbit/s utilizing a 2.9 GHz CPU on a desktop PC with improved sequences from the Logistic 1D map. Because of this, the proposed embedded medical cryptosystem may be used to strengthen the security of real-time medical image transmission across WiFi networks and the Internet. • This paper presents a real-time medical image encryption using four chaotic maps and post-processing by using mod 1023 function. • The improved chaotic sequences using mod 1023 are tested by encrypting different medical images in grayscale and RGB format. • A wireless communication scheme on a M2M link, via WIFI channels, and over the internet using the MQTT protocol. • The proposed scheme presents high security and robustness against cryptanalysis. • Security analysis verifies the effectiveness of the encryption scheme for novel H-IoT applications operating in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain-based cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and the blockchain Internet of things (BIoT) are two major focuses of the modern technological revolution. Currently we have security attacks like distributed denial-of-service (DDoS), address resolution protocol (ARP) spoofing attacks, various phishing and configuration threats, network congestion, etc. on the existing CPS and IoT architectures. This study conducts a complete survey on the flaws of the present centralized IoT system’s peer-to-peer (P2P) communication and the CPS architecture’s machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. Both these architectures could use the inherent consensus algorithms and cryptographic advantages of blockchain technology. To show how blockchain technology can resolve the flaws of the existing CPS and IoT architectures while maintaining confidentiality, integrity, and availability (the CIA triad), we conduct a holistic survey here on this topic and discuss the research focus in the domain of the BIoT. Then we analyse the similarities and dissimilarities of blockchain technology in IoT and CPS architectures. Finally, it is well understood that one should explore whether blockchain technology will give advantages to CPS and IoT applications through a decision support system (DSS) with a relevant mathematical model, so here we provide the DSS with such a model for this purpose.

Abstract This work proposes a novel scheme for distributed ranking-based and contention-free resource allocation in large-scale machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks. We partition a network of N devices into disjoint clusters based on service type, and assign to each cluster a cluster-specific signature for active cluster members to indicate their active status. The devices in each cluster are totally ordered in some a priori-known manner, which gives rise to an active ranking of active cluster members. In order to tackle complexity issues in large-scale M2M networks with a massive number of devices, we propose a distributed resource allocation scheme using the framework of compressed sensing (CS), which mainly consists of three phases: (i) In a full-duplex acquisition phase, the devices transmit their cluster-specific signatures simultaneously and the network activation pattern is collected in a distributed manner. (ii) The base station detects the active clusters and the number of active devices per cluster using block sketching, and allocates resources to each active cluster accordingly. (iii) Each active device determines its active ranking in the cluster and accesses a specific resource according to the ranking position. By exploiting the sparsity in the activation pattern of the M2M devices, the proposed scheme is formulated as a CS support recovery problem for a particular binary block-sparse signal $$x\in {\mathbb{B}}^N$$ x ∈ B N – with block sparsity $$K_{B}$$ K B and in-block sparsity $$K_{I}$$ K I over block size d. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme efficiently reduces the signature length to $$\mathcal {O}(\max \{K_{B}\log N, K_{B}K_{I}\log d\})$$ O ( max { K B log N , K B K I log d } ) and achieves less computational complexity of $$\mathcal {O}(dK_{I}^{2}+\frac{N}{d}\log N)$$ O ( d K I 2 + N d log N ) compared with standard CS algorithms. Moreover, numerical results suggest strong robustness of the proposed scheme under noisy conditions.

The internet of things (IoT) has a significant economic and environmental impact owing to the billions or trillions of interconnected devices that use various types of sensors to communicate through the internet. It is well recognized that each sensor requires a small amount of energy to function; but, with billions of sensors, energy consumption can be significant. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on developing energy-efficient IoT technology and sustainable solutions. The contribution of this article is to support the implementation of eco-friendly IoT solutions by presenting a thorough examination of energy-efficient practices and strategies for IoT to assist in the advancement of sustainable and energy-efficient IoT technologies in the future. Four framework principles for achieving this are discussed, including (i) energy-efficient machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, (ii) energy-efficient and eco-sustainable wireless sensor networks (WSN), (iii) energy-efficient radio-frequency identification (RFID), and (iv) energy-efficient microcontroller units and integrated circuits (IC). This review aims to contribute to the next-generation implementation of eco-sustainable and energy-efficient IoT technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dedicated fieldbuses were developed to provide temporal determinisms for industrial distributed real-time systems. In the early stages, communication systems were dedicated to a single protocol and generally supported a single service. Industrial Ethernet, which is used today, supports many concurrent services, but usually only one real-time protocol at a time. However, shop-floor communication must support a range of different traffic from messages with strict real-time requirements such as time-driven messages with process data and event-driven security messages to diagnostic messages that have more relaxed temporal requirements. Thus, it is necessary to combine different real-time protocols into one communication network. This raises many challenges, especially when the goal is to use wireless communication. There is no research work on that area and this paper attempts to fill in that gap. It is a result of some experiments that were conducted while connecting a Collaborative Robot CoBotAGV with a production station for which two real-time protocols, Profinet and OPC UA, had to be combined into one wireless network interface. The first protocol was for the exchange of processing data, while the latter integrated the vehicle with Manufacturing Execution System (MES) and Transport Management System (TMS). The paper presents the real-time capabilities of such a combination—an achievable communication cycle and jitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]