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BACKGROUND Systemic effects of long-term narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy have not been well studied in vitiligo patients. An 11-year nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Korean National Health Insurance claims database (2007-2017). OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of long-term NB-UVB phototherapy on the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in vitiligo patients. METHODS This study included vitiligo patients with ≥100 phototherapy sessions (phototherapy group, n = 3229) and

Anti-corrosion metal protection of the 2D structured graphene oxide (GO) was investigated in this study using its intrinsic impermeability against reactive molecules stemming from the small geometric pore size and π-orbital repelling fields of graphene. The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of GO sheets on metals is an attractive coating method but the negatively-charged GO only allows the anodic EPD process, which makes it difficult to achieve high-quality coating layers due to gas bubbling and electrochemical oxidation of metals. Thus, we imposed the positive charge to GO sheets using p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and successfully carried out the cathodic EPD in the ethanol aqueous solution. The cathodic EPD of GO on cupper provided a linear growth rate with both deposition time and voltage providing the thickness over 6.0 μm in a void-free and robust feature, which could hardly be achieved by other coating methods. Converting the GO coating to the reduced GO (RGO) by thermal reduction, we successfully increased the RGO adhesion strength up to the highest adhesion grade of 5B in the cross-cut adhesion test. An excellent anti-corrosion protection capability of the developed RGO coating was demonstrated by a decreased corrosion current density and increased corrosion potential in potentiodynamic polarization analysis.

Elemental doping is a universal strategy in controlling the functionalities of materials that strongly correlate with naturally formed atomic defects. Element-resolved chemical mapping for atomic defects has answered numerous problems on the relations between defective structures and properties. However, tracking small amounts of dopants in multicomponent bulks and clarifying their doping behaviors remain challenging. Using advanced X-ray spectroscopy, the excess Cu doping behavior in ternary Bi2Te2·7Se0.3 bulk alloy is visualized with the unprecedented detectability from sub-one atomic percent of concentration. The low content of 0.2 at.% Cu preferentially occupies the Bi site, while Cu atoms are found in three crystallographic sites of Bi2Te3 structure and van der Waals gap at high Cu content of 1.2 at.%. These behaviors explain the nontrivial role of Cu dopants on carrier generation processes and relevant thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te2·7Se0.3. The atomic-level identification should also stimulate the elucidation of diverse properties in doped nanomaterials and quantum phenomena in doped topological insulators.

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was observed in sputtered FeZr/CoFeB/MgO multilayers. A thin paramagnetic amorphous FeZr layer was used as a buffer layer and perpendicular anisotropy was obtained by annealing the samples without an external magnetic field. The critical CoFeB thickness for perpendicular anisotropy was 1.8 nm; the anisotropy changes from out-of-plane to in-plane as the CoFeB thickness increases beyond this point. Perpendicular anisotropy was also enhanced when a Ta layer was capped on top of the MgO layer. The amorphous buffer provided better perpendicular anisotropy than previously reported Ta buffer, and it may be applied to perpendicular magnetization MRAM devices where good uniformity of tunnel junctions is required.

Here we introduce the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets interleaved between polyetherimide (PEI) films fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Incorporating only 0.66 vol % of RGO, the developed PEI/RGO composite films exhibited an electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) at 6.37 dB corresponding to ∼50% shielding of incident waves. Excellent flexibility and optical transparency up to 62% of visible light was demonstrated. It was achieved by placing the RGO sheets in the localized area as a thin film (ca. 20 nm in thickness) between the PEI films (ca. 2 μm) to be an interleaved and alternating structure. This unique interleaved structure without any delamination areas was fabricated by a successive application of cathodic and anodic EPD of both RGO and PEI layers. The EPD fabrication process was ensured by an alternating deposition of the quarternized-PEI drops and RGO, each taking positive and negative charges, respectively, in the water medium. We believe that the developed facile fabrication method of RGO interleaved structure with such low volume fraction has great potential to be used as a transparent EMI shielding material.

There are various types of materials used in electronic industry, such as electrode material, conductor, insulator, anode, cathode and semiconductor. Electrode material type is Cu, Ti, ZnO and so on. Especially if we use mixed ZnO in soil cement or silica gel, we can have advantages in ice road to prevent freezing. We have great impact if we use supported in inorganic substances like silica gel. In this paper we have studied that ZnO supported silica gel and its properties. Zinc acetate dissolved in distilled water were loaded on the silica gel by the reaction with ammonia at . And we investigated particle structures of ZnO by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).

The neurosphere culture system is useful for expanding neural stem cells (NSCs) without affecting self-renewal potential and multipotency. However, the extrinsic signals that affect the formation or dissociation of neurospheres are poorly understood. Here, we found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) induced the attachment of neurospheres, astrocytic differentiation, and migration of neurosphere NSCs. These outcomes were accompanied by Akt activation and upregulation of the adhesion molecule, N-cadherin. A phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3 kinase) inhibitor (LY294002) blocked attachment of neurosphere, astrocytic differentiation, migration, and N-cadherin upregulation of neurosphre NSCs. The PI3 kinase-Akt pathway appeared to selectively mediate the effects of BMP4, as neurosphere attachment was unaffected by MEK inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126). Importantly, a neutralizing N-cadherin antibody inhibited BMP4-induced neurosphere attachment, astrocytic differentiation, and migration of neurosphere NSCs. Together, these findings show that BMP4-induced attachment of neurospheres is related to the astrocytic differentiation of these cells and that these effects are attributable, at least in part, to PI3 kinase-Akt pathway-dependent induction of N-cadherin.

A previous study reported that many supplements have been added to NaF mouthrinses to improve the remineralization potential. Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) might also be suitable to this purpose because these nano-size particles can penetrate the enamel pores. Moreover, hydroxyapatite is similar to the inorganic component of teeth and is both bioactive and biocompatible. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of a nano-HA and fluoride mouthrinse on an early caries lesion in human enamel using an in vitro cycle remineralization and treatment model. Forty-eight human enamel specimens, which had a Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) of 25~45 were artificially demineralized for 48h. There were 8 treatment groups (0%, 1%, 5%, 10% nano-HA in distilled water and the same concentrations of nano-HA in a 0.05% NaF solution). The specimens were incubated in an in vitro remineralization model. After immersing the specimens into the treatment and remineralization solution for 12 hours each, the VHN of each specimen was evaluated for total 24 hours. This step was repeated once again for total 48 hours. The enamel surfaces of all specimens were examined by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and SEM. The statistical significance of the data was identified by one-way ANOVA followed by a Duncan’s studentized range test. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that the degree of remineralization, as revealed by the VHN values, was higher in the NaF groups than in the distilled water groups. The VHNs of the remineralized enamel specimens for 48 hours were higher than after the 24 hours treatment. In addition, the level of remineralization increased with increasing concentration of nano-HA and was more pronounced in the NaF groups than the distilled water groups (p

Summary Background Although epidermal and dermal T cells play roles in the pathogenesis of fixed drug eruption (FDE), not much is known about keratinocyte death and its precise mechanism in FDE. Objectives Our aim is to elucidate the mechanism that underlies keratinocyte death in FDE, that is, the role of apoptosis and its signalling pathway. Methods We first examined the involvement of apoptosis in the active FDE lesions by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay and immunohistochemical analysis of caspase-3. We then examined the expressions of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) to deduce the possible upstream signalling pathway of apoptosis, if apoptosis were involved. We finally characterized the infiltrated T-cell subpopulations in the active FDE lesions. Results In the active FDE lesions, TUNEL positivity was strongly observed in the basal keratinocytes, and also weakly observed in the upper dermal infiltrates as well as in a few keratinocytes in the granular layer. The distribution of TUNEL-positive cells was similar to that of the strong staining of active capase-3. Fas was found mainly in the keratinocytes and some infiltrated dermal cells, whereas FasL was identified predominantly in the intraepidermal and dermal infiltrated cells and in some basal keratinocytes. Overlapping expression of Fas and FasL was accompanied by apoptosis in the FDE lesions. Many of the infiltrated mononuclear cells were CD8+. Perforin was rarely observed in the FDE lesions. Conclusions These findings suggest that apoptosis of the keratinocyte is highly likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of FDE, and this cytotoxicity might be predominantly mediated by the FasL of the infiltrating CD8+ T cells, possibly also playing an inflammatory role.

IrMn-pinned top spin valve (TSV) and bottom spin valve (BSV) films were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering onto thermally oxidized Si (111) substrates at room temperature under a magnetic field of above 100 Oe. The effect of cyclic annealing treatments on magnetoresistive and structural properties in the films was investigated. The exchange coupling field (Hex) of TSV and BSV is stabilized after the second annealing cycle and it is thought that these films reveal high thermal stability. The magnetoresistance (MR) ratio and Hex of TSV were 5.6% and 430 Oe, respectively. For BSV the Hex value (1180 Oe) is much higher while MR ratio (3.6%) is reduced with respect to TSV. The blocking temperatures of the TSV and BSV were 250 °C and 270 °C, respectively. The results concerning magnetic properties together with structural investigations suggest the Hex is mainly dependent on the quality of fcc (111) crystalline texture while MR is sensitive to both crystalline texture and interface roughness. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Specular spin valves (SSVs) having the spin filter layer (SFL) in contact with the ultrathin free layer of composition Ta 3 /NiFe 2 /IrMn 7 /CoFe 1 /(NOL1)/CoFe 2 /Cu 1.8 /CoFe(t F )/Cu(t SF )/(NOL2)/Ta 3.5 (in nm) deposited by magnetron sputtering were studied. For these antiferromagnetic Ir 22 Mn 78 -pinned spin filter specular spin valve (SFSSV) films, an optimal magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of 11.9% was obtained when both the free layer thickness (t F ) and the SFL thickness (t SF ) were 1.5 nm, and a MR ratio higher than 11% was maintained even when t F was reduced to 1.0 nm. This was due to an increase of specular electrons by the nano-oxide layer (NOL) and of current shunting through the SFL. Moreover, the interlayer coupling field (H int ) between the free layer and pinned layer could be explained by considering the RKKY and magnetostatic coupling. The coercivity of the free layer (H cf ) was significantly reduced as compared to traditional spin valves (TSV), and remained as low as 4 Oe when t F varied from 1 to 4 nm. It was found that the SFL made it possible to reduce the free layer thickness and enhance the MR ratio without degrading the soft magnetic property of the free layer.

Annealing cycle number and nonmagnetic layer thickness dependences of interlayer coupling field (H inf ) and coercivity (H cf ) of free magnetic layer on NiMn alloy-pinned spin valve films (SVF), glass/Ni 81 Fe 19 (70 A)/Co(10 A)/Cu(t A)/Co(15A)/Ni 81 Fe 19 (35 A)/Ni 25 Mn 75 (250 A)/Ta(50 A) prepared by magnetron sputtering, were investigated. At a Cu thickness of SVF of 35 A and peak exchange coupling field (H ex ) of 620 Oe, coercivity H c = 280 Oe and MR ratio = 2.5%. For every SVF H inf and H cf increased up to stabilized values with the increase of annealing cycle number up to 15, which were 120 Oe for H inf and 75 Oe for H cf . The increase of H cf with the annealing cycle number seems to be caused by the effective reduction of Cu layer thickness due to the increase of interfacial mixing of Cu layer and Co layer. The effect of interfacial mixing is analysed to be increased or weakend when the Cu layer becomes thinner or thicker than the Cu layer thickness of 35 A, respectively.

The magnetoresistance (MR) of [Ni/Mn] superlattice-based spin valves was compared with that of [Pt/Mn] superlattice. The [Ni/Mn] superlattice after a thermal treatment at 240 °C showed a fct (face centered tetragonal) structure with an antiferromagnetic phase. The thermal stability of its spin valves increased gradually with the annealing treatment. As-deposited [Pt/Mn] superlattice-based spin valves showed an exchange coupling field (H ex ) of 17 Oe and an MR ratio of 1.2% without deposition field. The surface morphologies of the two superlattice-based spin valves were dominantly different after annealing.

Aims This study investigated the relationship between markers of overall glucose exposure, postprandial glucose excursions and glycaemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 63 patients with T2DM (mean age 56 years) were enrolled. All wore a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) device for 72h to collect data on markers of overall glucose exposure, postprandial glucose excursions and glycaemic variability parameters. Results Spearman's correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between all markers of overall glucose exposure and various parameters related to glucose excursions. The percent coefficient of variation (CV) showed the strongest correlation with glycated albumin ( r =0.470, P 1c levels n =33), almost all glycaemic markers and glycaemic variability parameters were significantly correlated with each other. Also, all postprandial glucose excursion parameters showed significant correlation with other glycaemic markers, and all markers of overall glucose exposure were significantly related to mean glucose, postprandial glucose excursions and glycaemic variability parameters (except CV). In contrast, in participants with HbA 1c levels≥7.5% ( n =30), no parameters of postprandial glucose excursions and glycaemic variability were related to any markers of chronic glycaemia. Conclusion Postprandial glucose excursions may explain glycaemic variability and total glucose exposures in well-controlled T2DM patients.

The three kinds of double-barrier magnetic tunnel junction (DMTJ) with or without amorphous ferromagnetic Co70.5Fe4.5Si15B10 (in at. %) free-layer were investigated to understand the effect of the free-layer on the bias voltage dependence of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio. The DMTJ structure consisted of Ta 45/Ru 9.5/IrMn 10/CoFe 7/AlOx/free-layer 7/AlOx/CoFe 7/IrMn 10/Ru 60 (thickness in nm). Various free layers, such as CoFe 7, CoFeSiB 7, and CoFe 1.5/CoFeSiB 4/CoFe 1.5 were prepared and compared. The roughness values of the interface between free-layer and tunnel barrier were confirmed by using the techniques of X-ray reflectivity and transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the amorphous free-layer made the interface roughness of DMTJ smoother, reducing the interlayer coupling field and suppressing the bias voltage dependence of TMR ratio at a given voltage.

The switching characteristics of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) comprising amorphous ferromagnetic CoFeSiB free layer have been investigated. CoFeSiB was used for the free layer to enhance the switching characteristics. The typical junction structure was Si/SiO 2 /Ta 45/Ru 9.5/IrMn 10/CoFe 7/AlO x /CoFeSiB ( t )/Ru 60 (in nm). CoFeSiB has low saturation magnetization ( M s ) of 560 emu/cm 3 and high anisotropy constant ( K u ) of 2,800 erg/cm 3 . These properties caused low coercivity ( H c ) and high sensitivity in MTJs. It was also confirmed in submicrometer-sized elements by micromagnetic simulation based on the Landau–Lisfschitz–Gilbert equation. By increasing CoFeSiB free layer thickness, the switching characteristics became worse due to increase of the demagnetization field.

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which consisted of amorphous CoFeSiB layers, were investigated. The CoFeSiB layers were used to substitute for the traditionally used CoFe and/or NiFe layers with an emphasis given on understanding the effect of the amorphous free layer on the switching characteristics of the MTJs. CoFeSiB has a lower saturation magnetization (M/sub s/:560 emu/cm/sup 3/) and a higher anisotropy constant (K/sub u/:2 800 erg/cm/sup 3/) than CoFe and NiFe, respectively. An exchange coupling energy (J/sub ex/) of -0.003 erg/cm/sup 2/ was observed by inserting a 1.0 nm Ru layer in between CoFeSiB layers. In the Si-SiO/sub 2/-Ta 45/Ru 9.5/IrMn 10/CoFe 7/AlO/sub x//CoFeSiB 7 or CoFeSiB (t)/Ru 1.0/CoFeSiB (7-t)/Ru 60 (in nanometers) MTJs structure, it was found that the size dependence of the switching field originated in the lower J/sub ex/ using the experimental and simulation results. The CoFeSiB synthetic antiferromagnet structures were proved to be beneficial for the switching characteristics such as reducing the coercivity (H/sub c/) and increasing the sensitivity in micrometer size, even in submicrometer sized elements.

Introduction L’evolution des anticorps antiphospholipides (aPL) et leur lien avec le pronostic materno-fœtal chez les femmes porteuses d’aPL ou d’un veritable syndrome des antiphospholipides (SAPL), sont mal connus. L’objectif de cette etude etait de determiner comment les aPL varient au cours de la grossesse et d’evaluer le lien entre ces eventuelles variations et les complications materno-fœtales, dans une cohorte prospective de femmes enceintes porteuses d’aPL, plus ou moins en association avec un lupus erythemateux systemique (LES). Patients et methodes Les donnees ont ete collectees au sein d’une cohorte de patientes porteuses d’aPL, inclues dans une large etude prospective multicentrique observationnelle, dont l’objectif etait d’identifier les phenotypes cliniques, les biomarqueurs et tests biologiques pertinents pour la prediction de la survenue d’une complication materno-fœtale apres le 1 er trimestre de grossesse, chez les patientes porteuses d’aPL et/ou d’un LES. Les aPL ont ete mesures de facon centralisee, aux 1 er , 2 nd et 3 e trimestres de grossesse ainsi qu’a 3 mois du post-partum, en suivant les recommandations internationales pour les criteres biologiques du SAPL. Les complications de la grossesse attribuees a la presence des aPL (CMF) etaient definies comme la survenue de : une mort fœtale apres 12 semaines de gestation, une mort neonatale, un accouchement premature avant 36 semaines de gestation du a une pre-eclampsie ou a une insuffisance placentaire, ou un retard de croissance inferieur au 5 e percentile. Resultats Cent cinquante-deux patientes ont ete incluses. L’âge moyen etait de 31,9 ± 4,6 ans, 57 % des patientes etaient atteintes d’un SAPL, avec dans 24 % des cas un antecedent de thrombose, et 36 % avaient un LES. En debut de grossesse, 90 (59 %) etaient IgG anticardiolipines (aCL) positives, 29 (19 %) IgM aCL positives, 59 (39 %) IgG anti-beta 2 Glycoproteine I (aβ2GPI) positives, 26 (17 %) IgM aβ2GPI positives et 79 (52 %) avaient un anticoagulant circulant (ACC). Pendant la grossesse, les aPL ont globalement persiste a titres eleves chez les patientes positives a l’inclusion. Neanmoins, une diminution des titres d’aPL d’isotype IgG a ete observee au cours de la grossesse, cette diminution etait statistiquement significative au cours des 2 e et 3 e trimestres en comparaison au 1 er trimestre ( p e trimestre de grossesse ( p nd trimestre. Parmi ces patientes, 30 (67 %) etaient IgG aCL positives, 5 (11 %) IgM aCL positives, 20 (45 %) IgG aβ2GPI positives, 8 (18 %) IgM aβ2GPI positives et 36 (80 %) avaient un ACC. La presence d’un ACC, quel que soit l’âge gestationnel, etait le seul facteur associe a la survenue d’une CMF (80 % versus 43 %, p p p Conclusion Dans notre large cohorte prospective de femmes enceintes porteuses d’aPL, une diminution modeste des aPL a ete observee au cours de la grossesse. Cette diminution n’etait pas associee a la survenue de complications materno-fœtales. Nos resultats suggerent donc que le suivi des aPL au cours de la grossesse ne semble pas necessaire.

We have shown that it is possible to make Ni/Mn superlattice-based spin valves that have high thermal stabilities. Ni/Mn superlattice was compared with Pt/Mn. The Ni/Mn superlattice after a thermal treatment at 240°C showed an FCT structure with the antiferromagnetic phase. The exchange coupling field ( H ex ) and the coercive field ( H c ) of [Ni(2 A)/Mn(3 A)] 40 /NiFe(60 A)/Cu(30 A)/NiFe(60 A) spin valves with 30 at% Ni [Ni/Mn] superlattice as the pinning layer are 305 and 245 Oe after thermal annealing for 12 h at 240°C, respectively. As-deposited Pt/Mn superlattice spin valves showed uniaxial anisotropy and exchange biasing without deposition field and post-annealing.

Aim To assess initial and follow-up CT findings of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients using new diagnostic criteria, and to compare initial CT findings of survivors with those of patients who died. Materials and methods Forty-six adult SOT patients who met the 2008 EORTC/MSG criteria for proven or probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis were assessed. Initial CT findings of the 21 survivors and 15 patients who died of IPA-related causes were compared using the internationally recognized thoracic glossary of terms. The extents of the largest lesions in each of 18 surviving were measured and changes of those lesions were recorded. Results Consolidation or mass was the most common finding, observed in 33 of 46 patients (72%), followed by large nodules (59%), ground-glass opacity (50%), and infarcted consolidation (48%). Consolidation or mass was significantly less frequent in survivors than in patients who died (62% versus 93%). Cavitation was more common (43% versus 13%), and significantly smaller (7.5 cm 2 versus 19 cm 2 , p = 0.014) in survivors. Follow-up CT in survivors showed that the halo sign resolved rapidly within 4 weeks. The extent of consolidation, infarcted consolidation, and internal low-density area decreased gradually with time to reduce to half the size in 3 weeks. Large nodules persisted for the first 7 days (84%), followed by slow regression. Conclusion Consolidation or mass is the most common CT finding of IPA in SOT recipients. Absence of consolidation or mass and presence of small cavities may be associated with better prognosis. The time for resolution of each pattern after treatment varies.

Planar Hall effect (PHE) and GMR of Glass/Fe70 A/[Co21 A/Cu25 A] 20 multilayers were measured with magnetic field applied in plane of sample. More complicated and sharper peaks were observed in PHE than MR when external field was applied along the easy axis direction. More complicated PHE signal allows the magnetization directions of each magnetic layers to be determined more precisely and to separate magnetization reversal of each neighboring layers.

An user-friendly and economical hysteresis loop tracer that permits to measure four-quadrant J-H loop of Nd based high coercivity magnet is constructed. An alternate pulse magnetic field with a peak value of about 10 T is generated by a way of connecting 3 monopolar pulse generators to an air solenoid magnet by using a sequential ignition circuit and a magnet exciting circuit. The J-H loops with initial magnetization curves are then obtained for rod type Nd based magnets (length of 5 mm and diameter of 5 mm) with an electronic fluxmeter. The increase of apparent coercivity of the magnets due to the eddy current effect is calculated, considering eddy current loss by analyzing a wave of generating magnetic field. The results are calibrated with pure Ni rods with the dimension identical to the Nd magnets.

This study investigated the cytotoxic effect of zinc–citrate compound (CIZAR ® ) on choriocarcinoma cell lines. Primary cultured normal trophoblast cells (NPT), human tumorigenic poorly differentiated trophoblast cell line (HT), and choriocarcinoma cell line (BeWo) were exposed to different concentrations of CIZAR ® and cultured at different times. Cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay. The effects on cell cycle progression, population distribution and apoptotic incidence were determined by flow cytometry. The appearance of apoptosis was confirmed by DNA laddering and DAPI staining. The quantitative analysis of telomerase was measured by TRAPeze ® telomerase detection kit. The molecular mechanism of CIZAR ® -induced apoptosis was examined with Western blot analysis and colorimetric caspase-3 activity assay. In in vitro condition, CIZAR ® had a selective cytotoxic effect on choriocarcinoma cell line in dose- and time-dependent patterns. Flow cytometric analysis, DNA laddering, and DAPI staining indicated that BeWo cells only have been induced apoptosis by CIZAR ® . Shortening of telomere was also observed only in BeWo cells. Results also displayed that CIZAR ® -induced apoptosis involves the up-regulation of p21 WAF1 and Bax protein and down-regulation of Bcl-2 which were accompanied by the activation of caspase-3. Taken together, our results suggest that CIZAR ® is an apoptotic inducer in malignant trophoblast cells (BeWo).