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Introduction Cancer causes one in eight deaths worldwide and is rapidly becoming a global pandemic. Diet, nutrition and physical activity play a key role in the prevention of cancer and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Evidence-based recommendations are necessary to help people make informed lifestyle choices in their daily lives to reduce their cancer risk. This talk will present the main global findings from World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) Third Expert Report (2018) on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer which was built upon the WCRF/AICR Second Expert Report (2007), including the updated Cancer Prevention Recommendations and will suggest future research directions. Material and methods The Third Expert Report brings together the very latest research from the Continuous Update Project’s (CUP) rigorous systematic review of the accumulated best available, scientific and worldwide evidence on cancer prevention and survival related to diet, nutrition and physical activity. The Recommendations are derived from the evidence of 18 systematic literature reviews and a review of evidence on energy balance and body fatness, supported by expert reviews on the experimental evidence from human and animal studies that could plausibly explain a causal link between an exposure and cancer. A Panel of independent international experts assessed and judged the body of evidence, drew conclusions and made recommendations for a global audience, taking into account regional and special circumstances. Results and discussions This talk will present the latest evidence on the links between body fatness, physical activity and cancer risk highlighting the updated relevant Recommendations. Additionally, associations of cancer risk with consumption of specific foods such as wholegrains, vegetables, processed foods, red meat, sugar sweetened drinks and alcohol will be also presented. Finally, this talk will touch upon the latest evidence linking cancer risk to lifecourse exposures and will suggest future research priorities. Conclusion As evidence accrues, conclusions regarding the relation of diet, nutrition, physical activity to cancer are mostly strengthened to before, though with some change in emphasis. A number of future research directions have been identified including a better understanding of the mechanistic links of lifecourse factors to cancer and more global representative research on specific exposures in relation to cancer.

One of the most important questions concerning diabetic nephropathy is the identification of its onset. By the time the clinical diagnosis is madewith the appearance of proteinuria exceeding 0.5 g/24 h, the renal lesions are advanced and irreversible by present therapeutic means. The onset of clinical nephropathy which progresses to end-stage renal failure cannot be identified by the appearance of the glomeruli. Morphological lesions of some degree are present in over 90% of insulin dependent diabetics (Thomsen , 1965), whereas clinical nephropathy develops in only 35-40% (Berch-Johnsen et ai, 1985). At present there is no early morphological appearance which will distingu ish those patients who are at risk from those who are not (Thomsen et al, 1984). Indeed this distinction may never be found and the difference may simply be quantitative; in the end those patients in whom the most nephrons are damaged arc those who will be affected by clinical nephropathy. Identification of patients prone to develop the clinical disease is still a problem, and there is a need to detect the earlier phases of renal malfunction which may be involved in the progression to overt disease . The most extensively studied group is insulin dependent diabetics (IDDs), and early physiological abnormalities of renal function have been found some of which may be relevant to the progression of renal dysfunction . It is therefore important to describe these early functional renal anomalies , recognize their origins and determinants, examine their relationship to diabetes and its control , and analyse their prognostic significance.