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A regular restful sleep for a recommended time affects the quality of life and psychic/physical health and prevents cognitive, emotional, and somatic disorders. Meanwhile, the rate of nocturnal awakenings among toddlers is 20–66%. This paper reviews current data on night sleep in toddlers. Techniques for assessing sleep duration in children are addressed. Research findings demonstrate that the most important causes of sleep disturbances are breastfeeding, mother’s anxiety and depression, and sleeping with parents. Sleeping with parents is not only a culturological feature but also indicates potential problems in the family being a means of compensating for the lack of partner intimacy and family relations. Factors affecting sleep transition and sleep quality (including the specifics of food intake) are discussed. It was demonstrated that amino acids are important for falling asleep and sleep regulation. A high-carbohydrate diet is also beneficial. KEYWORDS: night sleep, toddlers, nocturnal awakenings, sleeping with parents, nutrition. FOR CITATION: Dubrovskaya M.I., Ryazanova O.V., Netrebenko O.K. et al. Night sleep in toddlers. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(2):173–177. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-2-173-177.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin disorders. In most patients, AD is a starting point for developing other atopic diseases, e.g., food allergy, allergic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, allergic rhinitis, and asthma known under the umbrella of "atopic march". In addition to genetic predisposition, various environmental factors are essential for the development of this dermatosis. In young children, food is the most relevant factor. This paper discusses principles of the selection of complementary food, techniques, and terms of its introduction. Prolonging of breastfeeding, the adequate introduction of complementary food, and personified nutrition program prevent the atopic march. The authors highlight that there is no special diet for atopic dermatitis. Meanwhile, food should be safe, low allergy, and balanced to provide a child with essential macro-and micronutrients. In addition, the paper addresses the utility and validity of an elimination diet which should be prescribed only in established food sensitization and used under the control o f a specialist. KEYWORDS: atopic dermatitis, atopic march, infancy, early childhood, nutrition, complementary foods, prevention. FOR CITATION: Botkina A.S., Dubrovskaya M.I. Principles of complementary food introduction in atopic dermatitis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(6):421–426 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-6-421-426.

This literature review describes evolutionary aspects of the formation of relationships between microorganisms and the human body. The formation of symbiotic relationships, which resulted in the formation of a holobiont, is discussed. Separate chapter of the article is dedicated to describing positive effects of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 strain for human health, including effective prevention and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants.

The article deals with the diagnostic difficulties and the problems of differential diagnosis of various dermatoses. We describe our own clinical observations of juvenile-onset Behcet’s disease in a 16-year-old adolescent and acrodermatitis enteropathica in a 12-month-old girl. A competent differential diagnosis and adequate therapy made it possible to obtain a complete clinical remission of these diseases. Key words: rash, infections, children, Behcet’s disease, acrodermatitis enteropathica, clinical case

Aim: to study the possibilities of online surveys for mothers using a questionnaire on the basis of the Rome IV criteria (2016) as a screening for functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) in infants and toddlers. Patients and Methods: an anonymous online survey of 477 mothers was conducted regarding the health condition of their children under the age of 4 years. The survey consisted of 2 question pools. The first pool included general questions regarding the age of the mother at the time of delivery, obstetric and gynecological history, feeding of an infant/toddler at the time of the survey. The second pool included questions regarding FGID in infants and toddlers on three separate topics: functional disorders of the first year of life; diagnosis of cyclic vomiting syndrome; bowel movement disorder. Results: among 130 infants, regurgitation was in 50% of cases (at the age of 6 months — in 75%, at the age of 6 to 12 months — in 35%), baby colic — in 49%. The incidence of functional constipation in children under 6 months was 5.8%, from 6 to 12 months — 7.6%, gradually increasing by 3–4 years to 21.5%. Toilet skills were taught to 15 (12%) children aged 1 year — 1 year 11 months, 58 (59%) — at the age of 2 years — 2 years 11 months, and 119 (98%) — at the age of 3 years — 3 years 11 months. Mothers who were unaware of their child’s physical development and/or defecation problems accounted for 20.1% of those who took part in the survey. Conclusion: online survey results of mothers coincide with modern statistical data on FGID disorder. The survey results generally reflect the anatomical and physiological patterns of the child’s GI development. Online survey on the detection of FGID in infants/toddlers allows to make a preliminary diagnosis, identify existing problems and determine further patient management tactics. KEYWORDS: functional gastrointestinal disorders, infant, toddler, Rome IV criteria, questionnaire for parents, functional constipation, online survey, baby colic, regurgitation, toilet skills. FOR CITATION: Dubrovskaya M.I., Gryaznova E.I. Functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. Online survey results. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(5):274–281. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-5-274-281.

Objective. To study the interrelation between the emotional state of mothers during pregnancy and the severity of functional GIT disorders in their infants using an online questionnaire. Patients and methods. We analysed questionnaires of completed by 656 mothers who had children in their first 4 years of life. Mothers were asked to take part in an anonymous survey of the health of their children. The questionnaire consisted of 3 blocs and included general questions (maternal age at delivery, obstetric-gynaecological history, number of children in the family, children’s gender, the type of infant nutrition at the time of survey); a postpartum women attitude test (modified pregnant women attitude test); a parental questionnaire to determine infantile functional gastrointestinal disorders, based on criteria of the Rome IV questionnaire for parents. Results. According to the results of assessing the postpartum women attitude test, mothers were divided into 3 groups: 144 (22.0%) mothers were included in group I of psychological comfort, 248 (37.8%) mothers in a risk group II, 264 (40.2%) mothers in group III of potential nervous and psychiatric disorders. A tendency to a higher number of unwanted pregnancies and decisions not to breastfeed during the first 6 months of their baby’s life was found in mothers of group III. The frequency of regurgitation episodes during the first 6 months was 77%, at 6 to 12 months – 35%. Persistent regurgitation during the first 6 months in babies of mothers from group III were recorded more often as compared with infants from other groups. The frequency of colic during the first 6 months was 42.9%, from 6 to 12 months – 32%. Babies of mothers from group III suffered from short-time colic by 5 times more often than babies of mothers from group I. Conclusion. The most susceptible to the development of functional disorders of GIT were babies of mothers «with potential nervous and psychiatric disorders». In these mothers, rejection of pregnancy, negative attitude to breastfeeding and childcare can be noted more often. Joint activities of obstetrician-gynaecologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and paediatricians will permit to decrease the anxiety level, postpartum dissatisfaction, to enhance the overall preparedness for motherhood. Key words: children, functional gastrointestinal disorders, emotional state of mother, gestational dominant, mother–child dyad