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Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579121002959?via%3Dihub The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of the free-fatty-acid (FFA) content and saturation degree of dietary fat (added at 6%) on the fattyacid (FA) digestibility and lipid-class content along the gastrointestinal tract and excreta in broilers from 22 to 37 d of age. This is essential to determine the potential use of acid oils (refining by-products rich in FFA) in broiler diets as an alternative to crude oils. The study consisted of a 2 £ 4 factorial arrangement, which included 2 fat sources (soybean oils − unsaturated, or palm oils − saturated) and 4 levels of FFA (5, 15, 35, and 50%). Samples of digestive content of the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and of the excreta were obtained at 37 d of age. Irrespective of the dietary fat source, more than 80% of total FA (TFA) was absorbed in the jejunum. Broilers fed with unsaturated diets had a higher absorption efficiency of FA than did those fed with saturated diets. This conclusion is supported by the lower FFA content and the higher TFA and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) digestibility coefficients in the ileum (P < 0.001) observed in the former group. The dietary FFA level did not affect the FA absorption process as much as the dietary fat source did. This was supported by the lack of statistical differences among the diets with a similar saturation degree but rather different levels of FFA, for TFA, saturated FA, and PUFA digestibility coefficients both in the jejunum and ileum. However, the interactions reported in the ileum for triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol contents (P < 0.001), as well as for monounsaturated FA digestibility coefficients (P < 0.05) show that the dietary FFA content affects the FA absorption process. The present results show that the inclusion of acid oils in grower-finisher broiler diets with FFA levels up to 35% does not have a negative impact on the FA absorption process.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579120300924?via%3Dihub This experiment studied the effect of broiler breeder nutritional strategies on uniformity, carcass traits, tibia parameters, and behavior during rearing and prebreeder periods (up to 22 wk of age). One-day-old pullets (n 5 384) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments arranged as a 2!2 factorial,with 2 fiber levels (control vs. fibrous diet, 15% diluted in AMEn and nutrient content) and 2 vitaminCfeed inclusions (0 vs. 200 mg/kg).At 6, 15, and 22 wk, blood sampling was carried out (4 birds/replicate) to determine serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, and behavior was observed by visual scan sampling. At 22 wk, carcass traits, tibia parameters, and intestinal morphology were assessed (2 birds/replicate), and tail- and wing-feather integrity of all birds were scored. Fibrous diet did not modify BW uniformity, mortality, or tibia growth when compared with control diet. Pullets fed the fibrous diet had lower tibia breaking strength, elasticmodulus, and ash content values (P , 0.05). They also had lower ALP serum level at 6 and 22 wk (P , 0.05), their breast muscle was less developed (18.5 vs. 19.8%, P , 0.05), and their abdominal fat deposition was higher (1.14 vs. 0.87%, P , 0.05). At 15 and 22 wk, they performed, on average, 97% less grasping feather pecking and 45% less non–food object pecking behaviors, and their wing-feather score was lower (P , 0.05) at 22 wk. Tail- and wing-feather scores of the control treatments were reduced by vitamin Cinclusion (tail: 0.30 vs. 1.15,P,0.05;wing: 0.98 vs. 1.26, P , 0.05) at 22 wk. In conclusion, fibrous diet improves carcass traits (reduces breast muscle and increases abdominal fat deposition), deteriorates bone mineral deposition and thus skeletal strength, and reduces stereotypic behaviors, improving wing-feather integrity. Vitamin C inclusion improves tail- and wing-feather integrity of lower in feed allowance.

Sensilla comprising the sensory equipment of the antennal flagellum of eight species of Damalinia were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The sensillar complex consists of three pore organs and two sensilla coeloconica in both males and females. No relationship between their relative position in different genera and species has been found. The `pit organs' of the sensilla coeloconica have different shapes according to species. In the apex of the male flagellum, teeth are present in the species studied but the number and shapes are different. Adjacent to the teeth is a cluster of sensilla basiconica. At high magnification, no pores were found in the sensilla walls but their more or less blunt tips have small pores. The inner face of the male flagellum can be serrated or non-serrated.

The study was carried out under field conditions in a commercial farm, and 1,440 as-hatched Ross-308 broilers were included. Broilers were randomly distributed into 24 experimental 4-m(2) pens (60 broilers/pen). Pens were randomized to the 3 treatment groups: a) tylvalosin 10 mg/kg of live BW during 2 d, b) positive control (tylosin during 2 d), and c) negative control (no treatment). The drugs were provided in the water supply. Mortality, individual BW, and feed intake were assessed. Clostridium presence was assessed in fecal and cecal samples, coccidian oocyst counts were assessed in fecal samples, and bacterial diversity was assessed in ileal content. Live BW at 42 d old was significantly better in the tylvalosin group than in tylosin and no-treatment groups, with tylvalosin-treated broilers reaching 80 to 100 g higher final live weight. Average daily gain results mirrored BW findings. The improvement of feed conversion rate with tylvalosin amounted to 0.13 and to 0.10 versus tylosin and no-treatment, respectively, with mortality being similar in all groups. Significantly reduced sulfite-reducing Clostridium and Clostridium perfringens counts in tylvalosin and tylosin groups versus the no-treatment group were observed in cecum content samples. In conclusion, according to the present study results, tylvalosin, at doses substantially lower than registered for poultry in Europe, has proven effective in controlling the colonization of the cecum by Clostridium ssp. in broilers, improving some productive performances.

Antennae of eight species ofBovicola (Trichodectidae) were studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The objective of this study was to report on the common presence and the diversity of shape, in different species, of the ‘pit organs’ at the sensilla coeloconica. Generally, the sensilla coeloconica of the sensillar complex of antennal segment 3 showed the ‘pit organs’ at the bottom of the sensilla. The shape of this structure varies among different species. Normally it is formed by a stalk rising laterally from an opening present in the bottom of the sensillum coeloconicum. This pedicel terminates in a varying number of finger-like structures according to the species and the pit organs appear to have different shapes or appearances.

Although earlier studies have shown the sensory equipment of some species of Anoplura, the objective of the current study is to provide further information on the species already studied, Haematopinus suis, H. eurysternus, H. asini , to report findings regarding the sensory equipment of other species not studied until now, such as Linognathus setosus, L. stenopsis, L. vituli and Solenopotes sp. and to make a comparative study of the sensilla and the sensilla terms used by the authors who have researched this group and relatef groups of Phthiraptera. Antennae were investigated using scanning electron microscopy to describe the types, morphology, and distribution of sensory structures. Fixation was carried out with 70% ethyl alcohol and dehydration by lyophilization. The apex of the fifth antennal segment always had sense pegs. The number, shape and size differed for all species studied. The sensillar complex of antennal segment V was formed by one sensilla coeloconica and at least one pore organ. The sensillar complex of antennal segment IV was formed by a sensilla coeloconica near to a sensilla trichoidea. Sensilla campanifornia were only found in the first and second antennal segments.

It has been proposed that painful and non-painful referred sensations (RSs) are associated with reorganization of sensory pathways in patients with complete spinal cord injury (SCI). In order to investigate the referred sensation (RS) phenomenon and its correlation with neuropathic pain (NP) 48 patients with complete SCI, 24 with chronic NP and 24 without pain or paraesthesias were studied using clinical examination and neurophysiological tests. Patients reporting RSs were re-examined at 2 and 10 weeks after the first examination. We defined the presence of RS as sensations perceived below the injury level in response to touch and pinprick stimuli in various body points above the injury level. The examination was carried out by one researcher applying the stimuli to the patient under two visual conditions (open and closed eyes), and then asking the patient to make tactile self-stimulation. Seven patients with SCI and NP (29%) reported RS below the injury level. RS were well located and consistently evoked at repeated examinations. Touch and pinprick stimulation elicited similar RS that were non-painful in six patients and painful in one. Visual feedback did not change RS perception and characteristics. None of the patients in the SCI group without NP presented RS. In conclusion, our results indicate that RS is relatively frequent in patients with complete SCI and NP. The common occurrence of RS in patients with NP and the location of the sensations in the same area as NP suggest that pain and RS share common pathophysiological mechanisms.

Pretarsal, tarsal and tibial structures of the forelegs, midlegs and hindlegs of Pediculus humanus of humans and of Haematopinus apri Goureau, 1866 (Phthiraptera), a parasite of feral hogs, were studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Details of the tibial thumb-like process (tl) with the spine of the thumb (spn), tarsal apophysis (ta) and the coupled finger-like process (cfl) can be observed in the leg photomicrograph of both species. A frontal view of the leg in open position shows the articulation of the claw: the structures of an open-closed system, a tooth row (te), rack-system (rs) and two telescopic columns (tc) which are present near the base of the claw in both species. In H. apri, we observed a pad-like structure, the flap-like tibial lobe (fl) on the ventral surface on the tarsus, the euplantulae, with several sensilla basiconica, which is present in each leg.

A comparative study was made of the structures of the preantennal region of nine species of Damalinia Mjoberg, 1910 (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae). Variability in the form of the head, ventral carina, pulvinus, mandibles, and labrum was observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. According to previous studies, the form of the head is possibly influenced by the density and texture of the hair of the host. The ventral carina, which may be sharp or blunt, and the pulvinus, a membranous lobe, of these parasite species of different hosts, were studied. Photographs of the mandibles and labrum show a high variability according to species.

Larvae from adults of Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) emerging from pupal cold storage (4 degrees C for 80-100 d) were reared in wound and dead tissues. Of 2,150 first instars placed on a mixture of muscle + liver in a climate-controlled room, 47.1% molted to 2nd instar, 6.1% to 3rd instar, and 4.6% pupated. Two females emerged from these pupae after 14 d. To synchronize adult emergence, 191 pupae that were reared in living or dead tissues and were 2, 8, and 11 d old were cold-stored in lots according to age. Adult emergence was greatest in pupae of 2-d-old (57.1%) and, pupae developing in living and dead tissues, 22.5 and 8.7%, respectively. When the experiment was repeated with cold-stored pupae from 0 to 11 d old, developing in living tissues, the highest emergence was again in 2-d-old pupae (55.0%). These data have important implications for the control of adult emergence which may be used in further biological studies.

Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) has a seasonal cycle from May to September. The main objective of the current study is the rearing and development in the laboratory, outside its natural life cycle. The free and obligate parasite phases were reared in the laboratory during 7 mo, from 16 September to 26 March. Between 97.49 and 98.27% of the third instars reached the pupal stage (at 24 degrees C and under natural light cycle). Between 73.98 and 92.24% of the pupae developed into adults (at 70% RH and 22 degrees C). In the induced cycle the ratio of females to males was between 1.87:1.00 and 1.40:1.00, at 70% RH and 24 degrees C. In the trials involving the diapause pupae, 35.29% emerged as adults during a period of 53 d (from 23 January to 20 March), when held at an average storage temperature of 18 degrees C. Eighty-five percent emerged during 2 d (23 and 24 February) when the storage temperature was 4 degrees C.