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Individual RAD sequences files are available in a fq.gz format at the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA771401). The VCF files Xylosandruscrassiusculus.vcf as well as the popmap used in STACKS' population module and specimens' metadata (e.g. GPS coordinates) are available on Portail Data INRAE (https://doi.org/10.57745/JMT4KD). The Genbank accession numbers for the mitochondrial haplotypes reported in this paper are OK489329 to OK489334.; International audience; Xylosandrus crassiusculus, a fungus-farming wood borer native to Southeastern Asia, is the most rapidly spreading invasive ambrosia species worldwide. Previous studies focusing on its genetic structure suggested the existence of cryptic genetic variation in this species. Yet, these studies used different genetic markers, focused on different geographical areas, and did not include Europe. Our first goal was to determine the worldwide genetic structure of this species based on both mitochondrial and genomic markers. Our second goal was to study X. crassiusculus' invasion history on a global level and identify the origins of the invasion in Europe. We used a COI and RAD sequencing design to characterize 188 and 206 specimens worldwide, building the most comprehensive genetic dataset for any ambrosia beetle to date. The results were largely consistent between markers. Two differentiated genetic clusters were invasive, albeit in different regions of the world. The two markers were inconsistent only for a few specimens found exclusively in Japan. Mainland USA could have acted as a source for further expansion to Canada and Argentina through stepping-stone expansion and bridgehead events. We showed that Europe was only colonized by Cluster 2 through a complex invasion history including several arrivals from multiple origins in the native area, and possibly including bridgehead from the USA. Our results also suggested that Spain .

A total of 43 insect species non-native to Europe are so far considered to affect human welfare through their biting, urticating and allergenic properties, or by causing domestic nuisances. They involve several orders. In Hymenoptera, species in two families, Formicidae (ants) and Vespidae (wasps and hornets), are known to cause disturbance and health problems. Several moth species (Lepidoptera) have urticating larvae which may induce painful urticarial and allergic reactions. Bugs in five Hemipteran families have direct impacts on health, such as bed bugs and kissing bugs, which are vectors of pathogens, but most are considered to be household pests, causing nuisances to people when invading houses or aggregating on walls. Several non-native species of cockroaches that develop in synanthropic habitats have body parts, saliva or faeces containing powerful indoor allergens, and they can also facilitate mechanical transmission of pathogens to humans. Some species of Siphonaptera (fleas) and Phthiraptera (lice), which are obligate ectoparasitic insects of warm-blooded animals, are of high importance for human health because they cause itches and skin infection, and transmit major diseases such as bubonic plague and murine typhus.

Based on haploid males, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to study genetic variation within and among four French populations and one Finnish outgroup population of the common pine sawfly, Diprion pini (L.), representing a severe European forest pest associated with mass outbreaks. Taking into account that all multilocus haplotypes were detected, a total of 140 individuals were completely discriminated by means of 17 polymorphic markers (present or absent), which were amplified from nine selected random-decamer primers. All populations shared the same genetic types, but pronounced population-specific frequency distributions were found, indicating that on average 84% of the present genetic variation exists within populations and the remaining smaller part counts for interpopulational variation. The haplotype differentiation registered was able to distinguish between the class of lowland populations and the class of highland populations. Reproductive isolation and therefore limited altitudinal gene flow, indicated in case of a French highland population by an enlarged number of fixed markers, and hitchhiking effects with respect to selective processes at certain loci following local adaptation and speciation are discussed to explain the population structures found. A possible selection is indicated by five markers, showing significantly different frequency distributions between the class of highland populations and the class of lowland populations.

International audience; Non-lethal genetic surveys in insects usually extract DNA from a leg or a piece of wing. Although preferable to lethal sampling, little is known about the effect of leg/wing non-lethal sampling on fitness-related traits. 2. Graellsia isabelae (Graells, 1849) is a European moth protected by the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention. Conservation genetics surveys on this species should therefore use non-lethal sampling. 3. The present study aimed to (1) quantify the effects of both leg and hind-wing tail sampling on survivorship and reproductive behaviour of adult males and females, and (2) assess the quality and quantity of DNA obtained from those tissues. 4. Both hind-wing tails and mid-legs proved to be good sources of high quality nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. DNA concentration was significantly higher when extracted from a large (130 mm 2 ) piece of the hind-wing tails than from about half of the mid-leg. Using mark – release – recapture experiments with adults, it was found that neither midleg nor hind-wing tail sampling significantly reduced male survivorship or total number of matings. However, although mid-leg sampling did not significantly affect female survivorship, it had a negative effect on female mating success. 5. Wing-tail clipping on males appeared to be the best non-lethal sampling procedure for G. isabelae . It is a fast procedure, similar to natural wing impairment, and did not significantly affect survival or mating behaviour.

International audience; We analysed the notifications of non-compliance reported by EPPO for 29 European countries for the period 1995–2004. Although gaps probably existed for some of these countries, a total of 8889 interceptions of non-indigenous pests were reported, among which insects were largely dominant(75.9%) followed by nematodes (11.7%). Pests came predominantly from Asia (38.2%) but intra-European exchanges contributed roughly the same proportion of pests (33.2%). The predominant commodities on which pests arrived were cut flowers (22.3%), plants for planting and potted plants (19.1%) and vegetables (18.7%) but bonsais (8.6%) appeared to contribute more than wood/bark (3.7%) and wood derivates (2.3%). Among the intercepted insects, two orders were quite equally dominant, Diptera (30.7% of which 66.7% of agromyzids) and Homoptera (30.0% among which 82.7% of aleyrodids), far above Coleoptera (17.8% of which 28.1% of cerambycids)and Lepidoptera (9.3% of which 72.6% of noctuids). The intercepted insect species reported as identified with certainty constituted a list of 302 entities,Bemisia tabaci(Aleyrodidae) and Liriomyza huidobrensis(Agromyzidae) showing the largest number of individuals. The discrepancies observed for some species between a limited number of interceptions and their effective establishment in Europe (e.g. only 1 interception for the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera)could be useful for identifying the invasion pathways.; Nous avons analysé les notifications de non-conformité publiées par l’OEPP pour 29 pays européens durant la période 1995–2004. Bien que des lacunes existent probablement pour certains pays, on a enregistré 8889 interceptions de ravageurs non autochtones, avec une très nette dominance des insectes(75,9%), suivis des nématodes (11,7%). Les ravageurs provenaient majoritairement d’Asie (38,2%) mais les échanges intra-européens ont joué un rôle à peu près équivalent (33,2%).Les fleurs coupées (22,3%), les plantes en pots et à planter(19,1%), et les légumes (18,7%) ont constitué les commodités prédominantes sur lesquelles les ravageurs ont été observés mais les bonsaïs (8,6%) ont constitué une source de ravageurs plus importante que les grumes (3,7%) et les produits dérivés du bois (2,3%). Parmi les insectes interceptés, on a noté une dominance égale des diptères (30,7%, dont 66,7% d’agromyzides)et des homoptères (30,0%, dont 82,7% d’aleurodes), loin devant les coléoptères (17,8%, dont 28,1% de cérambycides) et les lépidoptères (9,3%, dont 72,6% de noctuelles). Au total, on a intercepté 317 espèces d’insectes identifiées avec certitude,Bemisia tabaci(Aleyrodidae) et Liriomyza huidobrensis(Agromyzidae) dominant largement au plan des individus. Les différences observées chez certaines espèces entre le nombre limité d’interceptions et leur établissement effectif en Europe (par exemple, une seule interception signalée de la chrysomèle du maïs,Diabroticavirgifera) pourraient servir à préciser les voies d’invasion.