Search

Endothelial vasomotor dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis encompass the features of rheumatoid vascular dysfunction (RVD), increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methotrexate, among DMARDs, effectively reduces cardiovascular events, but its non-selectivity together with its pharmacokinetic variability often limit drug adherence and contribute to its potential toxicity. Thus, methotrexate was conjugated to gold nanoparticles (MTX/AuNPs) and its effect on RVD in rats’ adjuvant-induced arthritis was evaluated. A comparative study between MTX/AuNPs, free MTX, and AuNPs treatments on joint inflammation, vascular reactivity and architecture, smooth muscle phenotype, systemic inflammation, and atherogenic profile was done. Since MTX/AuNPs effect was superior, it appears that conjugation of MTX to AuNPs demonstrated a synergistic action. MTX immunomodulatory action combined with AuNPs anti-atherogenic potential yielded prompt control of whole features of RVD. These findings highlight the usefulness of nanoparticles-targeted drug-delivery system in refining rheumatoid-induced vascular dysfunction treatment and reviving gold use in RA.

The peri- and post-menopausal periods have been described as the “window of vulnerability” for the development of depressive symptoms that impair women activities and quality of life. The etiopathogenesis of these symptoms is multifactorial and may confer resistance to traditional antidepressants. Attention is now directed toward phytochemicals for their pleiotropic functions and safer profiles. This study investigated the possible perturbation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways as an underlying mechanism of post-ovariectomy depression and highlighted the potential benefits of carnosic acid (CA) on the associated behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological alterations. Female Balb/c mice were randomly assigned to be sham-operated or ovariectomized (OVX). After 3 weeks, OVX mice received either a vehicle, CA (20 mg/kg/day), or tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP-IX; a heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor; 50 μmol/kg/day) for 3 weeks. Our findings revealed that OVX mice had depressive but not anxiety-like behavior. Suppressed Nrf2 and its downstream signaling, and augmented proinflammatory markers were observed in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. CA treatment alleviated depressive behavior, induced the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, thioredoxin-1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and enhanced serotonin levels. CA also suppressed oxidative stress, reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS mRNA expression, and ameliorated OVX-induced histopathological changes. SnPP-IX aggravated post-OVX behavioral, neurobiochemical, and histological deteriorations, and reduced CA-protective effects. In conclusion, Nrf2/HO-1 signaling suppression and the associated proinflammatory state are key mechanisms in post-OVX depression. CA exerts multifaceted neuroprotection in OVX mice and represents a promising candidate for clinical evaluation as an antidepressant.

Seventy-five samples of selected meat products, including luncheon, beef burger, sausage, basterma, and kofta, were collected from Alexandria and New Borg El-Arab cities (Egypt). The samples were subjected to mycological examination as well as for detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) residues. Besides, the study evaluated the effect of aqueous leaf extracts from mealycup sage (Salvia farinacea) and neem (Azadirachta indica), individually and in combination, on the growth of human pathogens Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus producing AFB1, as well as Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus niger which produce OTA. The obtained results revealed that sausage samples had the highest mould count with a mean value of 13.20×102/g, followed by basterma samples 12.05×102/g, then beef burger 7.39×102/g. In contrast, luncheon and kofta samples had the lowest count with a mean value of 5.51×102/g and 2.82×102/g. The findings revealed the antifungal potential of tested extracts. The total inhibition of A. parasitcus and A. niger growth was observed at 2 mg/mL of the combined extract. Salvia farinacea extract had the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with a value of 174.1 and 52.6 mg g-1, respectively. Rutin was the major phenolic component in neem and combined extracts, accounting for 19123 and 8882 μg/g, respectively. Besides, the study investigated detoxification of AFB1 and OTA using combined extract in albino rats. The results confirmed the convenient and safe use of Salvia farinacea and Azadirachta indica extract and their combination as natural antifungal and antioxidant agents. The combined extract could be used as a natural preservative in food processing to control or prevent contamination.

BACKGROUND: Busulfan is an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent that is routinely prescribed for leukemic patients to induce myelo-ablation. However, it also results in azoospermia and infertility in cancer survivors. This research was constructed to explore the possible therapeutic role of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSCs) in improving busulfan-induced azoospermia in adult rats. METHODS: Forty two adult male albino rats were randomized into: (1) control group, (2) azoospermia group, (3) spontaneous recovery group, and (4) AFSCs-treated group, in which AFSCs were transplanted through their injection into the testicular efferent ducts. The assessment included a histo-pathological examination of the seminiferous tubules by the light and transmission electron microscopes. Additionally, the confocal laser scanning microscope was used for confirmation of homing of the implanted cells. Moreover, we conducted an immuno-fluorescence study for detection of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the spermatogenic cells, epididymal sperm count, and a histo-morphometric study. RESULTS: AFSCs successfully homed over the basement membrane of the injured seminiferous tubules. They greatly attenuated busulfan-induced degenerative and oxidative changes. They also caused a re-expression of PCNA in the germ cells, leading to resumption of spermatogenesis and re-appearance of spermatozoa. CONCLUSION: AFSCs could be a promising treatment modality for male infertility induced by chemotherapy, as they possess prominent regenerative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Aims: Guava (Psidium guajava), pomegranate (Punica granatum), olive (Olea europaea L.), and moringa (Moringa oleifera( extracts which are assumed to contain active components and which are renewable sources in fighting infections of microbes. This study aimed to investigate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Methodology: The agar well diffusion technique, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the free radical scavenging activity of the plant extracts were applied. Results: All extracts exhibited different results against the microorganism used in the research. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for bacteria and fungi ranged from 25 to 300 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging assay. In addition, the amount of total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts ranged from 48.08 to 324.08 mg/g, while total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from11.53 to 65.85 mg/g. Conclusion: It could be noticed that the guava and pomegranate extracts had strong antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, while olive extract had a moderate effect, but moringa showed a very weak effect against tested microbes. Therefore, the herbal extracts of guava and pomegranate could be used as novel, safe, and effective food preservatives instead of chemical ones.

Growing skull fracture (GSF) is a rare condition that may complicate pediatric head trauma. Patients may present with delayed-onset neurological manifestations. This study aims to highlight the different presentations, methods of evaluation, treatment modalities, and outcomes in patients with orbital roof GSF. This retrospective multicentric cohort study reviewed the hospital records of children with GSF who presented at the Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery Department, and Neurosurgery Department with Otorhinolaryngology Department (Maxillofacial unit), from 2011 to 2020. The collected data included age, gender, delay, manifestations, findings of imaging techniques, surgical treatment, complications, and satisfaction of patients’ parents. Twenty-eight patients with orbital roof GSF were included in this study. Most of the patients (82.1%) were boys, and the mean (SD) age was 5 (2) years old. Head trauma was caused by falls in all cases. Clinical manifestations included eyelid swelling (75%), pulsatile proptosis (25%), headache (17.9%), and seizures (10.7%). The mean (SD) diameter of bony defects was 24.3 (8.7) mm. Duraplasty alone was performed in 57.1%, while dura-cranioplasty was done in 42.9% of patients. Dural reconstruction was done using pericranial graft in 82.1% and artificial grafts in 17.9% of patients. Most of the parents (95%) were absolutely satisfied. No mortalities or recurrence of symptoms were recorded. The median follow-up period after surgery was 3.9 years. Orbital roof GSF should be considered among the differential diagnoses in pediatric patients with history of head trauma presenting with ocular and/or neurological manifestations. Duraplasty is mandatory in all cases, whereas cranioplasty is required mainly in cases with large bony defects more than 25 mm. Prognosis in most patients was good both subjectively and objectively.

Twinning induction of single-bearing Noemi ewes is an important avenue to maximize the economic feasibility of sheep production. Sixty Noemi ewes were used and randomly assigned to six treatment groups (n=10/group).Two sources of FSH [i.e., porcine (P) vs. human (H)] were given as a single dose or in six doses. The control 1 group was given a single dose of saline (C1), while the control 2 group was given six doses of saline (C6). Ewes in group 3 (P1) were given a single dose of p-FSH, in group 4 six doses of p-FSH (P6), in group 5 a single dose of h-FSH (H1), and in group 6 six doses of h-FSH (H6). The ewes were inserted with CIDR for 10 days with FSH given on day 8. A fertile ram was used at the onset of estrus. Blood samples were collected for hormone analyses. The time between CIDR removal and onset of estrus (63, 38 and 26 hrs. in C, P, and H, respectively) was shortened by FSH administration. FSH increased the incidence of twinning, however single dose resulted in more stillbirths and mortalities. The neonatal survival rate decreased in the P1 (40%) compared to the P6 (65%) treatments. Both sources of FSH raised progesterone and estradiol 17-β compared to the controls. Contrariwise, both h- and p-FSH reduced T4; however, h-but not p-FSH raised T3. In conclusion, using rh-FSH at six descending doses of a total 180 IU in Noemi ewes produced two viable neonates. Moreover, the exogenous FSH raised the sex hormones and T3 in the ewes.

In the present study a variety of fruit juices (pomegranate, strawberry, apple, plums and blackberries) each was mixed with equal amounts of orange juice (1:1) and different levels of rosemary extract (5, 10, 15, ml/L) were developed. Sensory evaluation tests were performed to choose the most acceptable level of rosemary added to the fruit-orange juices. Physicochemical and bioactive determinations were also assessed. Sensory evaluation tests showed that 10ml/L rosemary extract added to all tested fruit-orange juices was highly appreciated by panelists except blackberry-orange juice at 5ml/L. The physicochemical tests as measured by TTA%, pH and TSS revealed that the addition of rosemary extract did not significantly affect most of the tested parameters for all tested fruit-orange juices and their controls, and they were at the normal range of commercial juices. Vitamin C the total sugar content showed a variation ranging between 2.54 -28.11mg/100ml and 6.51-19.35%, respectively. Results also indicated that the addition of rosemary extract significantly enhanced the increase in total phenolics (TP) and flavonoids (TF), where blackberry (BO5), strawberry (SO10) and pomegranate (PO10) exhibited the highest TP values, respectively whereas, SO10, BO10 and RO10 exhibited the highest TF values, respectively. SO10, exhibited the highest anthocyanin content (800mg/L) as compared to all other fruit- orange juices. The antioxidant activity (% inhibition) measured by DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that SO10, PO10, and RO10 (plum) exhibited the highest antioxidant activities as compared to their controls and the other fruit-orange mixes. The study postulates that these beverages could provide health promoting benefits against oxidative stress related diseases.

Background and objective Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a troubled foodborne pathogen associated with contamination of meat, fish and poultry. The present work aimed to evaluate plant extracts as natural preservatives anti- Escherichia coli O157:H7 in meat and fish products. Materials and methods Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of seven herbal plants, clove, marjoram, sage, pomegranate peel, turmeric, Cassia fistula and black pepper and their different 6 mixes were examined against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Phytochemical qualitative analysis, phenolic compounds (HPLC), total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of individual extracts and their 6 mixes were evaluated. Combination Mix 5 extract was applied on meat and fish-fillet, then its antimicrobial effect against E. coli O157:H7 and sensory evaluation were assessed. Results Five extracts exhibited good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7. The greatest inhibition zone was recorded by clove aqueous extract (25 mm). Mix 5 (clove, sage, pomegranate and Cassia fistula) showed the highest inhibition with MIC of 3.0 mg mL-1. This mix exhibited strong anti-bactericidal effect against E. coli O157:H7 in meat and fish-fillet products throughout 8 days of cold storage (4°C). The sensory evaluation revealed that Mix 5 was acceptable by panelists with concentration of 0.50% in beef burgers and 0.25% in fish-fillet. Conclusion This study suggests that the use of herbal extracts provide antibacterial potentials against food pathogens in meat and fish products.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) compared with pituitary-derived porcine FSH given as one dose or multiple doses on the neonatal traits, follicular dynamics, and maternal blood biochemical constituents in Noemi ewes. Materials and Methods: A 3×2 factorial arrangement was designed utilizing 60 adults Noemi ewes to test the effects of using two sources of FSH (human vs. porcine) in addition to control, either given as a single total dose or six descending doses to provoke twinning. Six treatments (T) were tested (n=10 ewes/T). C1 and C6 served as control ewes given saline as one dose and six doses, respectively; H1 and H6 ewes were given human FSH as one and six doses; and P1 and P6 ewes were given porcine FSH similar to the above treatments. Saline and/or FSH administration were administered at days 8, 9, and 10 of the 10-day controlled internal drug release (CIDR) implant. At CIDR removal, fertile rams were used for natural mating. Blood samples for the assessment of serum metabolites were collected. Results: Twinning increased in FSH-treated ewes than control. However, giving FSH of either source as a single dose resulted in a higher incidence of stillbirths. Pregnancy rates were 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% in C1, C6, P1, P6, H1, and H6, respectively. Respective percent of ewes delivering twins/multiple birth was 0, 0, 80, 66.7, 71.4, and 87.5%. FSH of human source was more efficient for folliculogenesis than porcine FSH. Administration of FSH increased blood cholesterol, decreased high-density lipoprotein; however, low-density lipoprotein levels were not different than control. Moreover, an interaction (p

Raising sheep and goats in the gulf region is a large entrepreneurial business. This is, of course, derived from the big demands of lamb and goat meats for citizens and expatriates. There is a major population living in the rural desert areas whose main income steps from rising local sheep and goats. Despite large number of farmers into sheep production, the country still imports from foreign countries to meet augment local demand. Thus, improving local sheep production is a means to reduce the importation of sheep from foreign land. The low twinning rates in the main two indigenous breeds (i.e., Najdi and Noemi) in the region motivated the researchers to pursue an avenue for maximizing the neonatal outcomes is a contributing factor to low level of sheep proliferation in the region. Thus, pursuing an avenue for maximizing the neonatal outcome per female is a good strategy. Application of hormonal induction protocol support reproductive efficiency by improving viable twin birth in single-bearing ewes. By applying this method, several sheep raisers could retain their business more effectively.

INTRODUCTION: Odontogenic tumors are diverse groups of lesions derived from odontogenic tissues. Clinical behavior of these lesions varies widely, ranging from benign to malignant with differences in recurrence rate and growth pattern. A better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms will help to predict the course of odontogenic tumors and lead to the development of new therapeutic applications. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are loops of DNA that codify the ribosomal RNA and are considered important for protein synthesis. The NORs stained histochemicaly by silver are named argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR). Quantification of AgNOR represents a valuable parameter of cell kinetics and therefore cell proliferation. The number of AgNOR sites in malignant cells is significantly greater than those in their normal or benign counterparts. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a useful marker of cellular proliferation and DNA replication. Malignant tissue is characterized by an uncoordinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cell proliferation rate using the expression of Argyrophilic Organizing Region counts and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in epithelial odontogenic tumors and to assess the usefulness of AgNOR and PCNA as markers in malignant potential of epithelial odontogenic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was done on 45 surgical specimens of epithelial odontogenic tumors and one control specimen from normal tooth germ.The tissue biopsies were processed and paraffin sections were prepared. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were examined for diagnosis. Other sections were subjected to AgNORhistochemical technique and immunohistochemical staining for PCNA. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a Labeled Strept-Avidin Biotin complex method (LSAB). RESULTS: The mean AgNOR count of tooth germ was 1.21 and the benign odontogenic tumors was 1.862.The highest AgNOR count was recorded in Ameloblastic carcinoma and lowest was seen in adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. Statistically significant difference in AgNOR counts of ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, ameloblastoma and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, benign odontogenic tumors and ameloblastic carcinoma were seen. AgNORs in ameloblastic carcinoma were more in number and more widely distributed.The highest mean value of PCNA-positive cell percentage was demonstrated in ameloblastic carcinoma followed by ameloblastoma. A significant difference was noted when the PCNA value of ameloblastoma was compared with that of ameloblastic carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: AgNOR technique may be considered a good indicator of cell proliferation in epithelial odontogenic tumors.The PCNA expression, along with the clinical features, can predict the aggressiveness, chances of recurrence and malignant potential of these tumors.

This study aimed at elucidating effects of replacing sorghum with blue panic (BP) on total dry matter intake (TDMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), apparent nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical constituents, rumen fermentation patterns and economic feasibility of Barky male lambs. Fifteen lambs (av. BW, 22.5 ± 1.6 kg) were randomly allotted into 3 treatments (n = 5/group). Control lambs were given a diet of concentrate mixture (CM) plus sorghum (S), BP50% lambs were given a diet of CM plus (S: PB 1:1) and BP100% lambs were given CM plus PB. The experiment lasted for 54 days. At the last week of the experiment, the apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients were determined using lignin contents of feeds and faeces as an internal marker. Blood samples were collected at weeks 3, 5 and 7 to determine serum biochemical parameters. Results showed that TDMI significantly (P 0.05) by total replacement of sorghum with BP. Likewise, none of the serum biochemical constituents were different in BP than in control lambs. This study concluded that BP grass would be considered as one of the promising tropical green forages in the arid regions as an alternative feedstuff in case of shortage of green fodders.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of 10 weeks supplementation of Quebracho tannins (QT; 0 [control], 100 [QT100] or 200 g/[cow·d] [QT200]) to 30 multiparous postpartum buffalo cows (10 cows per group) on milk yield and composition, blood metabolites and reproductive performance. Supplementation of QT100 had no significant effect on milk yield, whereas QT200 decreased (P

The present study attempted to investigate the effect of various concentrations of spirulina platensis additions to the semen extender on Arabian stallion spermatozoa quality. Semen samples were collected with artificial vagina from five fertile stallions and diluted with an extender containing spirulina (2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/100 mL) or without spirulina (control). Aliquots of diluted semen were cooled (5°C, 90 minutes) and frozen (-196°C, 7 days), then physical traits of thawed spermatozoa were examined. Furthermore, antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in post-cooling and freezing spermatozoa. The results indicated that spirulina supplemented with the extender had no effect (P.05) on sperm quality parameters and antioxidant activities after cooling. However, adding 6 mg spirulina/100 mL to the freezing extender improved (P.05) the speed parameters and total motility percentage of frozen/thawed spermatozoa. Besides, supplementation of freezing extender with the previous level increased (P.05) TAC, SOD and GSR concentrations/activities (0.86 ± 0.32 mM/L, 323.70 ± 12.81 U/mL, and 38.65 ± 1.90 U/mL, respectively) compared with the control (0.70 ± 0.25 mM/L, 165.80 ± 8.12 U/mL, and 25.70 ± 1.83 U/mL, respectively). While, lipid peroxidation of the frozen-thawed semen was reduced (P.05, 17.97 ± 1.30 µmol/ L) compared with the control (29.39 ± 1.89 µmol/ L). Accordingly, the present results revealed that additions of 6 mg spirulina/100 mL to the freezing extender improved semen quality and reduced cryodamage of the Arabian stallion spermatozoa.

In this work, the effects of using natural lignocellulosic-based adsorbents from sugarcane bagasse (SC), cornstalk piths (CP), and corn cob (CC) on the physicochemical properties and quality of fried oils were studied. The properties of lignocellulosic biomasses were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, the changes in the physicochemical properties of fresh, fried oils (for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 h) and adsorbents-treated oils were examined. The XRD results revealed that SC and CP biomasses have more amorphous regions than CC biomass, which had the highest crystallinity percentage. The results also showed that lignocellulosic biomasses enhanced the quality of the used oils. SC was the most effective biomass to enhance the properties of the used sunflower oil. For instance, the acid value of oil samples fried for 20 h reduced from 0.63 ± 0.02 to 0.51 ± 0.02 mg KOH/g oil after SC biomass treatment. For the peroxide value, the SC biomass treatment reduced it from 9.45 ± 0.56 (fried oil for 20 h) to 6.91 ± 0.12 meq O2/kg. Similarly, SC biomass adsorbent reduced the p-Anisidine Value (p-AV) of the used oil (20 h) from 98.45 ± 6.31 to 77.92 ± 3.65. Moreover, SC adsorbents slightly improved the lightness of the used oils (20 h). In conclusion, natural lignocellulosic biomasses, particularly SC, could be utilized as natural adsorbents to improve the oil quality. The results obtained from this study could help in developing sustainable methods to regenerate used oils using natural and cheap adsorbents.

Plant by-products are safe, sustainable, and abundant natural antioxidant sources. Here we investigated the antioxidant activity of a mixture of lyophilized pomegranate, guava, and grape (PGG) leaves water extract (1:1:1) and examined its ability to retard the rancidity of soybean oil during accelerated storage at 65 °C for 30 days. To achieve this, we evaluated the oxidative stability of soybean oil enriched with PGG extract at 200, 400, and 800 ppm. We also compared the effect of PGG extract with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (400/100 ppm) with that of only BHT (200 ppm). We observed that 8.19 and 1.78 µg/mL of the extract could scavenge 50% of DPPH• and ABTS•, respectively, indicating its enhanced antioxidant activity. Enriching soyabean oil with the extract at 800 ppm improved its oxidative stability by reducing the acid value to 1.71 mg/g and the total oxidation to 99.87 compared to 2.27 mg/g and 150.32 in the raw oil, respectively. Moreover, PGG-800 ppm inhibited oxidation by 46.07%. Similarly, PGG-400 ppm reinforced BHT (100 ppm) to provide oxidative stability as BHT (p > 0.05), with TOTOX values of 87.93 and 79.23, respectively. PGG-800 ppm and PGG/BHT mix potently inhibited the transformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones. Therefore, the PGG extract might be an efficient substitute for BHT (partially or totally) during industrial processes.

Raising sheep and goats in the gulf region is a large entrepreneurial business. This is, of course, derived from the big demands of lamb and goat meats for citizens and expatriates. There is a major population living in the rural desert areas whose main income steps from rising local sheep and goats. Despite large number of farmers into sheep production, the country still imports from foreign countries to meet augment local demand. Thus, improving local sheep production is a means to reduce the importation of sheep from foreign land. The low twinning rates in the main two indigenous breeds (i.e., Najdi and Noemi) in the region motivated the researchers to pursue an avenue for maximizing the neonatal outcomes is a contributing factor to low level of sheep proliferation in the region. Thus, pursuing an avenue for maximizing the neonatal outcome per female is a good strategy. Application of hormonal induction protocol support reproductive efficiency by improving viable twin birth in single-bearing ewes. By applying this method, several sheep raisers could retain their business more effectively.

Recent studies have suggested that irisin may act as a potential neurokine. Exercise and L-carnosine supplementation showed neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like conditions. However, the regulation of irisin in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced memory impairment and its relation to insulin signalling remain to be investigated. This study was designed to compare the effect of swimming exercise and L-carnosine intake on serum, CSF and hippocampal irisin in rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of STZ. Rats were recruited in swimming paradigm, received oral carnosine (100 mg/kg/day) or vehicle treated. After 5 weeks, rats were sacrificed after neurobehavioural testing. CSF and serum irisin were determined. Hippocampal tissues were used to assess expression of FNDC5/irisin, BDNF and proteins related to insulin signalling, in addition to β-amyloid peptide and phosphorylated tau protein levels. We observed decreased hippocampal, but not CSF or serum, irisin in ICV-STZ-injected rats. Exercise and carnosine intake almost normalized hippocampal FNDC5/irisin expression which was associated with reduced soluble β-amyloid peptide and phosphorylated tau protein, improved BDNF and insulin signalling proteins, with corresponding mitigated cognitive impairments. However, hippocampal FNDC5/irisin was not correlated with serum or CSF irisin levels. Histologically, both interventions ameliorated the hippocampal damage in STZ-injected rats. The current study reveals that carnosine is equivalent to exercise in reversing cognitive decline and Alzheimer's biomarkers. In both interventions, enhancement of hippocampal FNDC5/irisin and insulin signalling may be involved in mediating these neuroprotective effects.

Beetroot is a good source of minerals, fibers, and bioactive components. The present research work was conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of beetroots (juice, peels, leaves and pomace) enhancing the extracted bioactive components, and developing a functional probiotic beverage. Chemical composition and minerals content of beetroot parts were estimated. The bioactive components were extracted by instant extraction method (IEM) and overnight extraction method (at -20&deg, C) (OEM) to determine total phenolics, flavonoids, and DPPH inhibition ratio. The extracted beetroot juice was mixed with milk for valorization of the beverage nutritional value and fermented with LA-5 and ABT-5 cultures to create a novel functional beverage. Chemical composition, minerals content, and bioactive components of beverages were estimated. The leaves exhibited the highest calcium content (1200 mg/100g). Juice showed the highest amount of all minerals except for calcium and magnesium. Overnight extraction method (OEM) increased the antioxidant activity in peels and stems. Natural juice exhibited the highest activity compared to extracts. Fermentation of beet-milk beverage with LA-5 and ABT-5 cultures enhanced the beverage taste, flavor, and antioxidant capacity. Beetroot wastes and juice comprise a valuable nutritional source. Fermentation improved the nutritional value of beetroot and the acceptability of the product.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a troubled foodborne pathogen associated with contamination of meat, fish and poultry. The present work aimed to evaluate plant extracts as natural preservatives anti- Escherichia coli O157:H7 in meat and fish products.Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of seven herbal plants, clove, marjoram, sage, pomegranate peel, turmeric, Cassia fistula and black pepper and their different 6 mixes were examined against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Phytochemical qualitative analysis, phenolic compounds (HPLC), total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of individual extracts and their 6 mixes were evaluated. Combination Mix 5 extract was applied on meat and fish-fillet, then its antimicrobial effect against E. coli O157:H7 and sensory evaluation were assessed.Five extracts exhibited good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7. The greatest inhibition zone was recorded by clove aqueous extract (25 mm). Mix 5 (clove, sage, pomegranate and Cassia fistula) showed the highest inhibition with MIC of 3.0 mg mL-1. This mix exhibited strong anti-bactericidal effect against E. coli O157:H7 in meat and fish-fillet products throughout 8 days of cold storage (4°C). The sensory evaluation revealed that Mix 5 was acceptable by panelists with concentration of 0.50% in beef burgers and 0.25% in fish-fillet.This study suggests that the use of herbal extracts provide antibacterial potentials against food pathogens in meat and fish products.

In a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, 3 levels of L-arginine (0, 75 and 150 mg/kg BW per day) were tested at two stages of pregnancy (Early 60 days vs. Late 60 days) on the maternal blood metabolites and postnatal milk composition relative to the newborn traits of Najdi ewes. Thirty adult pregnant Najdi ewes were randomly assigned into 6 treatments (n = 5). Control early (CE) ewes were orally administered 50 mL normal saline (0.9% NaCl) daily during the first 60 days of pregnancy; control late (CL) ewes were similar to CE except saline was given at the last 60 days of pregnancy; low dose of L-arginine at early pregnancy (LE); low dose of L-arginine at late pregnancy (LL); high dose of L-arginine at early (HE) and high dose of L-arginine at late pregnancy (HL). Blood and milk samples were collected on a weekly basis. Data of lambing and newborn traits were considered. There were non-significant differences in litter size due to L-arginine; however lamb birth and weaning weights increased by 35% in LE-ewes. Arginine did not change blood protein and albumin. Low arginine decreased lipid fractions, creatinine, urea, and milk fat; however, it increased AST, ALT, milk lactose and milk ash. Administration of L-arginine at 75 mg/Kg BW per day for 60 days at an early gestation in ewes improved the maternal body health and milk composition for the welfare of the neonates.

Introduction: Oral cancer is a major health problem, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 90-95% of all oral malignancies. During the last decade, significant evidence has suggested that inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in tumorigenesis. The inflammatory cells and their signals are indispensable participants in the neoplastic process, fostering proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells. The macrophages are the most abundant and important stromal cells in the TME, which orchestrate the inflammatory response. They control the cellular proliferation and survival by stimulating the immune cells and by promoting integrated processes of inflammation and tissue repair. Therefore, the tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) may be of great prognostic significance in different types of tumors. Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the TAMs density in OSCC using CD163 in metastasizing and non-metastasizing OSCC. Moreover, the correlation of TAM density with the lymph node status and the different histopathological grades of OSCC was assessed. Materials and methods: The density of TAM was calculated in 30 surgical specimens taken from OSCC patients. Biopsies were taken from the primary tumor of 15 cases with lymph node metastasis and 15 cases with no lymph node metastasis. Fifteen normal mucosal tissues were taken from healthy individuals indicated for alveoloplasty as a control group. Immunohistochemical staining using the CD163 antibody was performed, using Labeled Strept-Avidin Biotin complex method. Positive cells were counted using the Image J free software package. Results:CD163 was expressed in human OSCC and the TAMs count was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and with the tumor differentiation. Higher density was detected in metastatic tumors and in the poorly differentiated OSCC than in the well and moderately differentiated cases. Conclusions: CD163 positive TAMs could be a prognostic factor in OSCC cases as TAM density was significantly correlated with the lymph node status and the grade of differentiation of OSCC.

Azoospermia is not an uncommon infertility problem in the male dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Azoospermia was investigated via clinical findings, testicular biopsy as well as the evaluation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), concentration of camel testis protein (TEX101) and camel epididymis-specific extracellular matrix protein (ECM1) in seminal fluids. Azoospermic male camels (AZOO group, n = 28) that had been detected to be infertile as a result of lack of resulting pregnancies after repeated mating’s for at least one season were included in this study. Clinical examination, semen analysis and testicular biopsy sampling were conducted for each individual animal. Blood samples were collected from the AZOO and from reference fertile males (FERT group, n = 8) for the assay of FSH hormone and semen biomarkers (TEX101 and ECM1). There were bilaterally normal-sized testes in 42.8%, bilaterally small-sized testes in 35.7%, bilaterally large-sized testes in 7.1%, no testicles in 7.1% and only one testicle in 7.1% of azoospermic animals. Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCO) and maturation arrest were observed in 78.6% and 21.4% of the animals, respectively. There were greater concentrations of FSH in the AZOO group compared with the FERT group (P = 0.01). In conclusion, azoospermia in dromedary camels is mainly associated with spermatogenic defects and greater serum FSH concentrations. Seminal biomarkers, therefore, might be feasible indicators for identifying azoospermia in the male dromedary camels and the condition of non-obstructive azoospermia was seemingly prevalent in the male dromedary camels in the present study.

Objective: Heavy metals are major elements polluting our universe. The inhalation, ingestion or even contacting human body with these elements results in huge health problems. The most common pollutant in our surrounding is mercury. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidating the protective ability of hot water extracts of dandelion (DA), coriander (CO), date palm seeds (DS), probiotic supernatant (PS) and their combined mixture against mercury-induced neurotoxicity and altered testosterone levels in male rats. Methods: Fifty six male rats were randomly allotted into seven groups (n = 8 rats/group). Group1 (negative control; NC) animals were fed on the basal diet only, group2 (positive controls; PC) animals were fed on the basal diet and given an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride (25 ppm mercuric) in drinking water. Animals of the antioxidant-treated groups (3–7) were fed on the basal diet and given an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride (25 ppm mercuric) in drinking water together with the herbal antioxidant extracts and probiotics (25 ml/rat/day) throughout the experimental period. Where, group3 (Hg/CO) given coriander extract, group4 (Hg/DA) given dandelion extract, group5 (Hg/DS) given date palm seeds extract, group6 (Hg/PS) given probiotic supernatant, and group7 (Hg/Mix) given mixture of equal quantities of probiotic supernatant together with the three herbal extracts. The treatment lasted for 6 weeks, animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Blood testosterone, enzyme activity and histopathological sections were performed. Results: The obtained data exhibited that mercury intoxication revealed increases of lactic dehydrogenase and decreases of glutathione-s-transferase and testosterone. Light microscopic investigations of the brain cortex and cerebellum were suggestive of multiple foci of inflammation, cellular infiltration, gliosis and degeneration. Moreover, decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity and potential astrocyte toxicity both reflected impaired neuro-protective function of astrocytes necessary for maintaining the brain structure and function. Conclusion: Administration of the herbal extracts and their mixture with probiotics enhance the body defense and contain protective factor against mercury neurotoxicity and for maintaining normal testosterone levels in male rats. Also, treatment restored the normal control levels of biochemical attributes and histological architecture. Keywords: Mercury toxicity, Dandelion, Coriander, Date seeds, Probiotics, GFAP, Histology, Brain, Rats

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most widely occurring cancer worldwide. It represents the tenth most common cancer affecting the world population. Like all other tumors, malignant epithelial cells of the OSCC need adequate blood supply and thus tend to recruit new blood vessels by Angiogenesis (the formation of new vessels by sprouting of the pre-existing endothelium). The major regulators of blood and lymph vessel development are the members of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) family. These are multifunctional proteins mainly involved in normal and pathologic angiogenesis. Accordingly, there is an increasing interest in evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic value of VEGF family OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the expression of VEGF-A in OSCC and to correlate it with both histopathological grading and clinical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study includes 20 patients with OSCC. The lesions of concern were clinically examined and biopsied. The tissue biopsies, as well as five negative control specimens, were processed and paraffin sections were prepared. Hematoxylin and eosinstained sections were examined for grading of the carcinoma. The immunohistochemical expression of VEGF was evaluated by the use of Anti-VEGF-A Antibody using the Strept-Avidin-Biotin method on paraffin sections. Immunohistochemical results were evaluated using an image analyzer. Results were recorded and statistically analyzed and correlated with both clinical and histological grading of the tumors. RESULTS: The expression of VEGF was found to be significantly related to the grade of differentiation of the tumor, where the poorer the differentiation, the more the expression the antibody. On the contrary, no significant relation between VEGF expression and clinical data was found. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of VEGF is of a great value as a means of diagnosis concerning histological grading of the tumor, but cannot be used as a sole method for evaluating the case prognosis

Although monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced neurotoxicity has been recognized for decades, the potential similarities of the MSG model to Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-type neuropathology have only recently been investigated. MSG-treated mice were examined behaviourally and histologically in relation to some features of AD. Four-week old mice received 5 subcutaneous MSG (2 g/kg) injections on alternate days, or saline. At age 10–12 weeks, they were given a battery of behavioural tests for species-typical behaviours and working memory. The mice were killed at 12 weeks and the brains excised. Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein was assessed in cortical and hippocampal neurons by immunohistochemistry, and in cerebral cortical homogenates. A 78% increase in cortical concentrations of phosphorylated tau protein was observed in the MSG mice. Intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau immunostaining was observed diffusely in the cortex and hippocampus, together with cortical atrophic neurons, extensive vacuolation and dysmorphic neuropil suggestive of spongiform neurodegeneration. Nest-building was significantly impaired, and spontaneous T-maze alternation was reduced, suggesting defective short-term working memory. Subcutaneous MSG treatment also induced a 56% reduction in exploratory head dips in a holeboard (P = 0.009), and a non-significant tendency for decreased burrowing behaviour (P = 0.085). These effects occurred in the absence of MSG-induced obesity or gross locomotor deficits. The findings point to subcutaneous MSG administration in early life as a cause of tau pathology and compromised species-typical behaviour in rodents. Determining whether MSG can be useful in modelling AD requires further studies of longer duration and full behavioural characterization.

Investigating effects of partial (50%) or total (100%) substitution of clover hay by tannins-rich plant (Acacia saligna) on productive and reproductive performance of ewe lambs was the main goal of this study. Two experiments were conducted: first focusing on digestibility and N balance using 9 Barky rams (live body weight, 43 ± 2.5 kg) where animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 3); control (C), 50% Acacia (AS50%) and 100% Acacia (AS100%); second focusing on productive and reproductive performance of ewe-lambs (n=18) where animals were divided into three groups (n=6); C, AS50% and AS100%. This experiment started 2 months before mating and continued till weaning. Dry matter intake decreased (P

Resume But Tenter d’etablir une relation « point par point » entre l’epaisseur locale du complexe cellulaire ganglionnaire retinien et sa sensibilite. Materiel et methode Cent quatre yeux glaucomateux de 89 patients qui comportaient un champ visuel 24-2 fiable ont eu une superposition par logiciel d’imagerie du champ visuel avec le releve du complexe cellulaire ganglionnaire Wide de 40° sur 30° obtenu sur un OCT Topcon© 3D 2000, apres rehaussement, inversion et mise a l’echelle. Les champs visuels ont ete classes en deux groupes selon la severite de l’atteinte : 58 debutants a moderes (MD jusqu’a −12 dB), et 46 severes (MD au-dela de −12 dB). La region centrale de 6 mm sur 6 mm, munie d’une base normative, a ete etudiee, correspondant a 16 points du champ visuel. Ces points ont ete confrontes un par un au complexe cellulaire ganglionnaire local qui a ete classe en 2 groupes selon qu’il est superieur ou inferieur a 70 microns. La base normative a verifie le caractere pathologique des zones amincies avec une significativite allant de 95 a 99 %. L’expansion des cellules ganglionnaires centrales a ete compensee. Sur 1664 points (16 points centraux pour 104 yeux), 283 points ont ete trouves « limite » et exclus. Sur les 1381 points analyses, 727 points ont ete classes « superieurs a 70 microns » et 654 points « inferieurs a 70 microns ». Resultats (1) Tous stades confondus, 85,8 % des 727 points superieurs a 70 microns ont une deviation comprise entre −3 et +3 dB : les zones superieures a 70 microns n’ont pas de perte notable de sensibilite lumineuse. (2) Au total, 92,5 % des 428 points ayant un deficit allant de −6 a −35 dB sont situes sur des zones de complexe ganglionnaire pathologiques inferieures a 70 microns : les pertes visuelles fonctionnelles se situent sur les zones amincies, inferieures a 70 microns. (3) Les zones inferieures a 70 microns soit 654 points ont une sensibilite tres variable repartie en trois groupes : le premier a sensibilite encore preservee, un autre a sensibilite abolie, et un groupe couloir reliant les deux precedents. Discussion Dans les zones pathologiquement amincies, la repartition de ces trois groupes de fonctionnalite semble correspondre a la cinetique de la degradation visuelle glaucomateuse, avec une periode de resistance, une periode de declin rapide conduisant enfin a l’abolition de la fonction. Conclusion Dans la region etudiee, l’analyse du complexe ganglionnaire est performante pour identifier les zones encore fonctionnelles lorsqu’elles depassent 70 microns. Les scotomes correspondent aux zones amincies inferieures a 70 microns. La fonctionnalite des zones pathologiquement amincies par la degenerescence glaucomateuse n’est pas resumee par leur epaisseur. La correspondance structure–fonction, actuellement de type « regionale », pourra dans l’avenir se faire « point par point » des que l’automatisation de la superposition du champ visuel sera possible sur le complexe cellulaire ganglionnaire.