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Objective. To perform a pharmacological analysis of treatment received by patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and to elaborate the principles of combination therapy with antipsychotics and antidepressants based on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.Materials and methods. The study included 311 inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders admitted to the V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology for the management of treatment resistance. A comprehensive pharmacological analysis was performed including a retrospective evaluation of the quality of patients’ treatment (based on their medical records) and a comparison of the neurochemical activity of the drugs in order to determine the rationality of combined use of antipsychotics and antidepressants. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and frequency analysis.Results. An analysis of treatment data for 311 patients has demonstrated that given the significant frequency of combined administration of antipsychotics and antidepressants (29.3%), the choice of drugs was based on clinical judgment, without considering the pharmacological effects of the drugs being used. A comparison of pharmacodynamics has allowed to arrange antipsychotics and antidepressants according to their binding affinities to neurochemical targets. A methodological approach to evaluating the compatibility of combined drugs based on their neurochemical activity and affinity to specific receptors has been argued. The principles of combination therapy with antipsychotics antidepressants have been elaborated.Conclusion. Combined use of an antipsychotic and an antidepressant without considering their ‘neurochemical compatibility’ regarding postsynaptic targets may decrease efficacy and potentiate adverse effects. In combination therapy with an antipsychotic and an antidepressant, drugs should be started one at a time taking into account their pharmacokinetics in order to avoid the possibility of competitive neurochemical effects prior to establishing a specific drug homeostasis. The development of rational strategies for combination therapy should be based on the assessment of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the drugs.

The efficiency of vegetable production in closed ground structures is directly dependent on the costs associated with creating artificial, controlled conditions for growing plants during the period when cultivation of them in open ground due to climatic conditions is impossible. One of the indicators of the economic efficiency of vegetable production in protected soil structures is labor costs and funds per 1 hundredweight, per 100 rubles of gross production, as well as energy costs, including thermal energy. Usually, solar, biological, electric and other types of heating are used to supply thermal energy to cultivation facilities, each of which has its own disadvantages. The bio-vegetation complexes structurally distinguished by the fact that cultivation beds are located on various foundations make it possible to create an active underground heating system. The paper presents the development of a design for an active subsurface system for thermal energy supply to the bio-vegetation complex and calculations of the main parameters of the system for autonomous operation of the object at negative outside air temperatures. The design of the active subsurface system for thermal energy supply to the bio-vegetation complex is proposed in the form of a heat-accumulating sand-gravel mass, inside of which there are heat supply circuits with a heat carrier closed with a concrete screed on top. The calculation of energy consumed by the active sub-ground thermal system providing optimal parameters of the growing medium corresponding to biological rhythms of plant development at low outside air temperatures is also presented. The study determines the area of the photovoltaic unit and the number of photovoltaic modules for generating electric energy in order to cover the spent thermal energy and the effective functioning of the active subsurface system for thermal energy supply to the bio-vegetation complex.

The development of psychotic symptoms is traditionally linked to the increase of the functional activity of endogenous dopaminergic system. Antipsychotic effect of existing medications is associated with direct blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. However, direct antagonistic activity is «alien» to physiological mechanisms of neurotransmission modulation, and presynaptic autoreceptor blockade mау produce a reverse (agonistic) effect, enhancing neurotransmitter release. On the other hand, anti-dopamine effect can be achieved by indirect antagonistic activity—by presynaptic dopamine depletion, which is consistent with the natural, physiological mechanisms of reducing neurotransmission. It can be assumed that modulation of presynaptic regulation is one of the promising directions for the development of antipsychotic drugs of future generations.

The authors make a distinction between such concepts as ‘lower social class’ (‘lumpen-proletariat’), ‘criminal community’ and ‘cultural underground’, and identify significant differences between the lower social strata in traditional and modern societies. The single ‘lower social world’ of traditional societies had its own cults, culture and organization and was an opposite of the ‘upper social world’. The religious definition of its ritual impurity was the basis for discrimination and segregation of its members and social groups. In modern societies, the lower class disintegrates and cannot be considered a single social anti-system: its ‘fragments’ - the prison part of the criminal community, counter-cultural underground and forbidden sects - are not connected with each other; the upper privileged part of criminal communities (a system of patronages with horizontal and vertical social ties) became a part of the modern society elite. At the same time, the system of patron-client relations that invisibly permeates modern societies necessarily implies corruption, at least the ‘soft corruption’. The authors consider such a phenomenon as an ‘underground’ in modern societies defining it as countercultural groups consisting mainly of well-educated representatives of the middle-class. The article also describes the underground of the Soviet society before and after perestroika which cannot be defined as a lower class of the contemporary Russian society. In conclusion, the authors suggest that in the Russian culture there is a kind of refined image of the ‘social bottom’ that influenced scientific ideas about it and is based on the social representations of the lower social class in the traditional society.

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study the structural features of boron carbide treated in a high-pressure shear chamber with diamond anvils in the pressure range 25–55 GPa. Such a treatment has been shown to lead to the predominant crack formation along planes {10 11 } and {10 12} and also the formation of polytypes in the {10 11} planes and strain bands in the {10 12} planes.

A new type of ceramics based on the phases of fullerite derivatives and boron carbide B4C is obtained. The material is synthesized at a temperature of 1500 K and a relatively low pressure of 4 GPa; it has a high hardness of 45 GPa and fracture toughness of 15 MPa m1/2.

В статье рассматривается особенности правовой социализации молодежи в современном российском обществе, специфические функции основных институтов правовой социализации, и среди них, в первую очередь, семья, образование (среднее и высшее) и средства массовой информации. Авторы определяют правовую социализацию как аспект общего процесса социализации; поэтому он находится под сильным влиянием социальных (трансформации) процессов, в частности кризиса отрицательным характером. Молодежь является наиболее чувствительной к социальным изменениям демографической группы, поэтому его основные черты сегодня являются социальная дезориентация и психологическая путаница при нестабильной и противоречивой социальной ситуации. В статье рассмотрены различные аспекты правовой социализации - его типы (социально контролируемых / регулируемых и спонтанное), определяющие факторы (например, состояние общества - стабильной или, наоборот, кризис), возможных исходов (положительных, таких как компетентный юридический сознание, а отрицательные - устойчивые провинившиеся практики) и т.д. авторы считают, что эффективная правовая социализация в условиях кризиса современного российского общества может быть достигнута путем координации усилий всех основных институтов правовой социализации в системе образования, так как молодое поколение позитивно воспринимают закон и другие элементы правовой системы.

A new fully carbon nanocomposite material is synthesized by the immersion of carbon nanotubes in a fullerene solution in carbon disulfide. The presence of a dense layer of fullerene molecules on the outer nanotube surface is demonstrated by TEM and XPS. Fullerenes are redistributed on the nanotube surface during a long-term action of an electron beam, which points to the existence of a molecular bond between a nanotube and fullerenes. Theoretical calculations show that the formation of a fullerene shell begins with the attachment of one C60 molecule to a defect on the nanotube surface.

The article describes various processes of the manufacture of titanium dioxide, or titania, with two methods, viz. chlorination and sulphatization, presented. The detailed description of the features, advantages and existing submethods of the chlorination method and its comparison with the sulphatization method are given. High-frequency induction oxygen plasma submethod has been considered the most prospective in the manufacture of titanium dioxide.

Prussian blue, a blue-coloured pigment, has found a wide application in various branches of production, including such industries as construction and transport, where Prussian blue is applied as a coloured coating, and also in agriculture and medicine. A typical technological process for production of Prussian blue includes nucleation, enlargement of formed crystals, aggregation of formed crystals, and, finally, recrystallization followed by further oxidation, rinsing of impurities and drying. A typical technological process for production of Prussian blue is observed, its features are studied, and the influence of chemical components on the properties of the obtained pigment are examined. Recommendations on the mole ratio and concentrating of chemical components are given. The pigment produced by the given recommendations is superior in quality to foreign counterparts.

Besides traditional cutting tools, rotary tools are now being used. In view of their benefits, further research is advisable, with a view to their widespread use — in particular, in the machining of complex surfaces. The possibility of producing a helical profile by means of rotary tools in a traditional cutting configuration is mathematically established, with slip of the chip over the face (beginning at the larger diameter of a tapered tool).

Results of examination of the effect of modifying the grain boundaries of nanostructured corundum with carbon nanoclusters on the nanocomposite hardness are reported. The nanocomposite hardness was found to be increased to 28 GPa. This value is substantially higher than the hardness of single-crystal corundum at any crystallographic plane (23 GPa). Carbon was present at grain boundaries in the obtained nanocomposite owing to the fact that this nanocomposite was sintered from clusters containing corundum nanograins coated with several C60 layers. The structure of samples was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and their hardness was measured by indenting and scratch testing.

The method and results of synthesizing carbon nanotubes and onion-like structures by the sublimation of a mixture of a carbon powder with a catalyst (Y2(CO3)3) in the plasma flow of an inert gas (argon) generated in an rf plasmatron are described. Carbon vapors are condensed into fullerene-containing soot onto various materials (Al, Cu, Ti, stainless steel) placed in the working chamber of an experimental setup. The composition of the synthesized soot is analyzed by modern highly informative methods (Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction). Single-wall carbon nanotubes of a small diameter (1.2 nm) and onion-like structures 10–20 nm in size are formed in experiments. In a reference experiment on a mixture of argon and methane, a material, which consists of a mixture of amorphous carbon, nanosized graphite, and graphite with a crystallite size of several microns, is synthesized. The effect of the substrate material, the gas pressure, and the plasma flow velocity on the formation of carbon nanotubes is studied.

The modification of transport properties (thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and See-beck coefficient) of nanostructured thermoelectrics based on Ge and Si-Ge with inclusions of the second phase has been investigated experimentally. In the Ge-C60 nanocomposite, modifying inclusions are the fullerene C60 located along the germanium grain boundaries and 1- to 5-nm SiC nanocrystals in the Si-Ge-SiC nanocomposite. In particular, the presence of these inclusions in the nanocomposite leads to an increase of the Seebeck coefficient in the temperature range above 600 K and, in general, to an increase in the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT by a factor of 1.5–2 as compared to the corresponding characteristics of nanostructured thermoelectrics based on Si-Ge without modifying inclusions of the second phase.

The results of synthesis of carbon onionlike nanostructures from methane in plasma flow of inert gas (argon) generated in induction high-frequency plasmatron are considered and discussed. Carbon vapor obtained via dissociation of methane in plasma flow was condensed on copper substrates placed in a working chamber of the setup. The content of the synthesized soot was analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. As a result of the performed experiments, carbon onionlike structures with 20- to 100-nm sizes were obtained.

The Hugoniot elastic limit and the spall strength of aluminum and copper samples pressed from a mixture of a metallic powder and 2–5 wt % C60 fullerene powder are measured under a shock loading pressure up to 6 GPa and a strain rate of 105 s−1 by recording and analyzing full wave profiles using a VISAR laser interferometer. It is shown that a 5% C60 fullerene addition to an initial aluminum sample leads to an increase in its Hugoniot elastic limit by an order of magnitude. Mixture copper samples with 2% fullerene also exhibit a multiple increase in the elastic limit as compared to commercial-grade copper. The elastic limits calculated from the wave profiles are 0.82–1.56 GPa for aluminum samples and 1.35–3.46 GPa for copper samples depending on the sample porosity. The spall strength of both aluminum and copper samples with fullerene additions decreases approximately threefold because of the effect of high-hardness fullerene particles, which serve as tensile stress concentrators in a material under dynamic fracture.

The national security of Russia is a priority sphere of social studies, with the problem of studying the mechanisms of counteracting the outside threats as the most urgent one. On the basis of the analysis of the existing ideas of outside threats to Russia, as described by different authors, the article classifies the notions, formed in sociology, social philosophy and political science, of the structure of the outside threats to Russia's national security and the ways to eliminate them.

Parameters affecting the dimensional precision of machined surfaces include the tool deformation in machining. The cutter is one the principal elements of a rotary tool that affects the dimensional precision, and correspondingly its deformation is very significant. By calculation, the cutter deformation in rotary tools may be established during finishing and roughing and also in primary and secondary cutting configurations.

New nanocomposite thermoelectric material composed from nanocrystallites of Bi-Sb-Te alloys covered by C{sub 60} molecules has been synthesized and studied. An increase of fullerene content leads to the growth of hole concentration in p-type materials and reduction of electron concentration in n-type materials. The fullerene molecules provide additional scattering of phonons reducing lattice heat conductivity. Reduction of heat conductivity exceeds the reduction of electrical conductivity for fullerene content less than 0.5 volume % and essential enhances the thermoelectric figure of merit. The maximum value of thermoelectric figure of merit equals to 1.17 at 450 K was observed in Bi{sub 0.5}Sb{sub 1.5}Te{sub 3} composite containing 0.5 volume % C{sub 60} molecules. The experimental results were analyzed in a frame of the model based on the Boltzmann equation. The analysis considers light and heavy electrons and holes and accounts the intervalley scattering of charge carriers. The calculations of the kinetic coefficients shows that the improvement of the thermoelectric figure of merit originates from the reduction of the lattice heat conductivity caused by fullerene molecules. The dependencies of the thermoelectric figure of merit on the acceptor concentration were calculated. - Graphical abstract: New nanocomposite thermoelectric material composed from nanocrystallites of Bi-Sb-Te alloys coveredmore » by C{sub 60} molecules has been synthesized and studied. An increase of fullerene content leads to the growth of hole concentration in p-type materials and reduction of electron concentration in n-type materials. The fullerene molecules provide additional scattering of phonons reducing lattice heat conductivity and enhances the thermoelectric figure of merit. The maximum value of thermoelectric figure of merit equal to 1.17 at 450 K was observed in Bi{sub 0.5}Sb{sub 1.5}Te{sub 3} composite containing 0.5 volume % fullerene molecules. Simulations of thermoelectric properties were made in frame of four bands, 12 valleys Boltzmann equation approach. Simulated and measured temperature dependencies of thermoelectric properties were compared to get unknown model parameters. These parameters were used to calculate dependencies of thermoelectric properties on acceptor concentration. Calculated dependencies of thermoelectric figure of merit on acceptor concentration are presented in the figure for p-type composites with 0 vol.% C{sub 60} (solid lines) and 0.5 vol.% C{sub 60} (dashed lines). Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer C{sub 60} doping of Bi-Sb-Te has acceptor effect. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Fullerene molecules prevent recrystallization in Bi-Sb-Te nanocomposites. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer C{sub 60} in Bi-Sb-Te nanocomposites essentially reduces lattice thermal conductivity. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Thermoelectric figure of merit in nanocomposite C{sub 60}-Bi-Sb-Te enhanced.« less

A nanocomposite material consisting of Bi2Te3 nanocrystals 30 nm in size coated with a C60 molecule layer is obtained. The Hall effect and thermoelectric properties of the composite are studied. The acceptor effect of fullerene in both p- and n-type Bi2Te3 is detected. Nanocomposite material properties are modified due to the formation of layers of fullerene charged molecules: the nanocomposite thermopower increases, while the thermal conductivity decreases.

The common opinion that diamond is the stiffest material is disproved by a number of experimental studies where the fabrication of carbon materials based on polymerized fullerenes with outstanding mechanical stiffness was reported. Here we investigated the nature of this unusual effect. We present a model constituted of compressed polymerized fullerite clusters implemented in a diamond matrix with bulk modulus B0 much higher than that of diamond. The calculated B0 value depends on the sizes of both fullerite grain and diamond environment and shows close correspondence with measured data. Additionally, we provide results of experimental study of atomic structure and mechanical properties of ultrahard carbon material supported the presented model.

The high-pressure behavior of nitrogen in NaN(3) was studied to 160 GPa at 120-3300 K using Raman spectroscopy, electrical conductivity, laser heating, and shear deformation methods. Nitrogen in sodium azide is in a molecularlike form; azide ions N(3-) are straight chains of three atoms linked with covalent bonds and weakly interact with each other. By application of high pressures we strongly increased interaction between ions. We found that at pressures above 19 GPa a new phase appeared, indicating a strong coupling between the azide ions. Another transformation occurs at about 50 GPa, accompanied by the appearance of new Raman peaks and a darkening of the sample. With increasing pressure, the sample becomes completely opaque above 120 GPa, and the azide molecular vibron disappears, evidencing completion of the transformation to a nonmolecular nitrogen state with amorphouslike structure which crystallizes after laser heating up to 3300 K. Laser heating and the application of shear stress accelerates the transformation and causes the transformations to occur at lower pressures. These changes can be interpreted in terms of a transformation of the azide ions to larger nitrogen clusters and then polymeric nitrogen net. The polymeric forms can be preserved on decompression in the diamond anvil cell but transform back to the starting azide and other new phases under ambient conditions.

A pressure-induced phase transition of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) to a new structure at room temperature is studied using a shear diamond anvil cell, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman procedures. We observe a cardinal pressure-induced change in the nanoparticles shape from multi-shell tubes to multi-shell spheres. MWNT transforms to onions with layers cross-linked by sp3 bonds under the 45-65 GPa compressive stress combined with shear deformation at room temperature. TEM and XPS results show that about 40% of the carbon atoms in the new phase are sp3-bounded.

X-ray, TEM, Raman and IR studies of diamond irradiated with fast neutrons in definitive temperature conditions and annealed at temperatures up to 1150°C were performed. New carbon crystalline structure which is an intermediate structure between graphite and diamond has been revealed. It consists of corrugated graphite-like layers connected by strong diamond-like sp3 bonds.

X-ray diffraction, hardness, conductivity, Raman and infrared studies of solid C 60 subjected simultaneously to high pressure at 8 GPa and temperatures up to 1820 K have been carried out. A hard disordered state is formed at temperatures higher than 920 K and a cross-linked layered structure is proposed for this state. Crystalline phases obtained at T 60 cages and formation of an amorphous structure. The 3-D polymerization of solid C 60 at high-pressure–high-temperature treatment is discussed.

Data from recent experimental studies of C60 under high pressures are collected and analyzed, concentrating on the polymerized states where covalent intermolecular bonds have been formed through treatment of molecular C60 at high pressures and temperatures at or above room temperature. We give an overview of the observed phase transformations and the structures of metastable polymeric phases, both crystalline and disordered, as analyzed under ambient conditions, and we present and discuss a pressure-temperature diagram showing which synthesis conditions result in which final phases in the pressure range up to 20 GPa (200 kbar) and at temperatures up to 2300 K. The physical properties of the various phases are discussed whenever enough data are available. The pressure-temperature stability limits for C60 and the conditions for the transformation of C60 into graphite, diamond and chaoite-type carbon are derived.

Superhard and ultrahard phases of C60 were synthesized by quenching at high pressures up to 13 GPa and high temperatures in the 300–2100 K range. The structures of the samples are discussed on the basis of X-ray and Raman spectra and electron microscopy data. The following physical properties of hard samples were studied: specific gravity; specific heat in the range 400–600 K; sound velocities; elastic moduli; electrical properties; resistance to uniaxial stress; stability against oxidation. These properties are different from those of diamond and other carbon forms. The hardness of ultrahard fullerites exceeds the hardness of diamond.

New data concerning the solid C60 phase transformations in the pressure-temperature range P = 6.5–13 GPa, T = 300–2100 K and nonhydrostatic conditions are presented and plotted in the P-T coordinates. The structure of superhard and ultrahard carbon phases obtained with these conditions is investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry and Raman scattering. New crystal structures of distorted bcc type and transient to diamond states are revealed in the synthesized samples. Fragments of different lengths of polymerized fullerene cages are found from resonance Raman spectra of the samples obtained at P = 13 GPa and T < 1200 K.

Investigations of X-ray diffraction patterns, Raman spectra, hardness and other physical properties were carried out for fullerite after a heat treatment up to 1830 K at 9.5 and 13 GPa nonhydrostatic pressure of bulk samples. Both superhard and ultrahard forms of carbon have been obtained from C60 at 620–1830 K. The hardness of the materials exceeded that of diamond. The X-ray and Raman measurements have shown that both crystal structures and fullerene molecules were retained in superhard and ultrahard states, but a gradual increase of disorder occurred and a random network of linked molecules at high temperatures was formed.

The C60 fullerene has been investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy in a shear diamond anvil cell after applying pressure and shear deformation treatment of fcc phase. Shear transformation-deformation bands are revealed consisting of shear-strain-induced nanocrystals of linearly polymerized fullerene and polytypes, the triclinic, monoclinic, and hcp C60, fragments of amorphous structures, and voids. Consequently, after pressure release, the plastic strain retains five high pressure phases, which is potentially important for their engineering applications. Localized shear deformation initially seems contradictory because high pressure phases of C60 are stronger than the initial low pressure phase. However, this was explained by transformation-induced plasticity during localized phase transformations. It occurs due to a combination of applied stresses and internal stresses from a volume reduction during phase transformations. Localized phase transformations and plastic shear deformation promote each other, which produce positive mechanochemical feedback and cascading transformation-deformation processes. Since the plastic shear in a band is much larger than is expected based on the torsion angle, five phase transformations occur in the same region with no transformation outside the band. The results demonstrate that transformation kinetics cannot be analyzed in terms of prescribed shear, and methods to measure local shear should be developed.

New data on the synthesis conditions, structure and physical properties of the superhard and ultrahard samples created from solid C60 by static high-pressure high-temperature treatment in the range of 9. 5-13 GPa ; 600 -2100 K are represented. Measured velocities of the compressional sound waves in the ultrahard fullerites exceed the highest values for diamond. Bulk elastic modulus for the hardest fullerite samples more than twice exceeds that of diamond. Ultrahard fullerite tip is applied for measurements of hardness of diamond and fullerites. Maximum hardness of fullerite is measured to be 310±40 GPa.

A method has been developed to measure the hardness of superhard materials with an atomic force microscope. By using an indenter made of ultrahard fullerite C60, of hardness superior to that of diamond, plastic deformation of diamond is achieved at room temperature without any crack formation and its hardness is measured.