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1. A genetic screen for increasing metabolic flux in the isoprenoid pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Isolation of SPT15 mutants using the screen

Author: M. Wadhwa and A.K. Bachhawat
Subjects: Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: A genetic screen to identify mutants that can increase flux in the isoprenoid pathway of yeast has been lacking. We describe a carotenoid-based visual screen built with the core carotenogenic enzymes from the red yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Enzymes from this yeast displayed the required, higher capacity in the carotenoid pathway. The development also included the identification of the metabolic bottlenecks, primarily phytoene dehydrogenase, that was subjected to a directed evolution strategy to yield more active mutants. To further limit phytoene pools, a less efficient version of GGPP synthase was employed. The screen was validated with a known flux increasing gene, tHMG1. New mutants in the TATA binding protein SPT15 were isolated using this screen that increased the yield of carotenoids, and an alternate isoprenoid, α-Farnesene confirming increase in overall flux. The findings indicate the presence of previously unknown links to the isoprenoid pathway that can be uncovered using this screen. Keywords: Metabolic engineering, Carotenoids, Isoprenoids, α-Farnesene, Rhodosporidium toruloides, SPT15
Published: 2016
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2. The Scientific Value of Collecting Samples From the Jezero Crater Rim

Author: L. E. Mayhew, C. Quantin-Nataf, E. Scheller, J. I. Simon, B. P. Weiss, B. Horgan, M. Deahn, S. Alwmark, C. C. Bedford, E. M. Hausrath, A. Klidaras, K. M. Stack, K. Farley, C. D. K. Herd, S. Siljeström, and M. Wadhwa
Subjects: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
Abstract: The Mars 2020 mission has been conducting ground-based investigation of the geology, habitability, and biosignature preservation potential and collecting samples for return to Earth in Jezero crater, Mars for nearly 3 years. Analysis of these samples will address outstanding questions in Mars science including potential habitability and how and why the climate the interior of the planet evolved through time. As of December 2023, samples of 4 igneous rocks of the Jezero crater floor and 9 sedimentary rocks of the Jezero fan and inner margin, remain on the rover. 15 tubes remain to be filled to enhance the diversity of the cache and broaden the scope of the science questions that can be addressed with returned sample studies. The next step in the mission is to explore the Jezero crater rim. It will be imperative to investigate and sample the diversity of crater rim rocks because they represent materials from Mars’ most ancient crust older than those sampled in Jezero crater, a diversity of geologic processes, and potential ancient habitable environments that have not yet been investigated or sampled. Ongoing mapping efforts are using orbiter data and long-distance images from Perseverance to identify and interpret the geologic context of the crater rim. Building on this effort and the broader geologic context for the crater rim put forward by previous studies, we identify diverse targets for in situ investigation and potential sampling by Mars 2020.
Published: 2024

3. In vitro evaluation of paddy straw based complete feed pellets as livestock feed

Author: M P S BAKSHI and M WADHWA
Subjects: Complete feed pellets, In vitro evaluation, Paddy straw, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: This study was taken up to find out if paddy straw (PS) based complete feed pellets (CFPs) could be prepared by using guar gum as a binder in place of molasses and to assess in vitro nutritional worth as livestock feed. The 8 mm CFPs contained roughage to concentrate ratio of 55:45. The roughage portion was made up of PS and alfalfa hay. With the increase in PS level from 15 to 30%, the level of alfalfa hay was reduced from 40 to 25%. The CFPs were prepared successfully and contained 14.35 to 17.4% CP and 2.99 to 3.31% EE. The bulk density varied between 580.28 to 603.57 kg/m3. With the increase in PS in the CFPs, the NDF and cellulose content increased and CP content decreased linearly. The NGP, true OM digestibility and partitioning factor were not affected by the level of PS in the CFPs. The NDF digestibility increased, while ammonia production and ME availability decreased with the increase in PS level in CFPs. The total and individual VFAs concentration decreased with the increase in PS in CFPs. The relative proportion of propionate and that of isovalerate were improved with the increase in PS in CFPs. The efficiency of rumen fermentation, efficiency of conversion of fermented hexose energy to VFA energy and efficiency of conversion of fermented hexose energy to methane energy declined with the increase in the level of PS in CFPs, resulting in depressed microbial biomass production. It was concluded that CFPs containing graded levels of PS can be developed successfully. However,the efficiency of nutrient utilization, VFA production and microbial biomass production declined at higher levels of PS in CFPs.
Published: 2023
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4. Utilization of biscuit waste in the ration of growing goat bucks

Author: M P S BAKSHI, J K SAINI, and M WADHWA
Subjects: Biscuit waste, Goat bucks, In vitro evaluation, Nutrient utilization, Performance, Rumen microbes, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: A feeding trial of 106 days was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating biscuit waste in the iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric TMRs on the in vitro nutrient utilization and on the performance of growing goat bucks. The biscuit waste is an excellent source of EE (13.70%), starch (44.23%) and moderate source of CP (7.99%). The in vitro gas production studies revealed that the NGP, total and individual VFAs concentration improved significantly in TMR in which concentrate mixture contained biscuit waste. The DM intake, digestibility of the nutrients and N-retention was improved significantly in growing bucks fed TMR containing biscuit waste. The rumen studies revealed that bacterial and total protozoal population decreased, while fungal population in the rumen increased significantly in the bucks fed diet containing biscuit waste. The bacterial, fungal and total protozoal population was higher in the strained rumen liquor before feeding as compared to after feeding. The total and individual VFAs concentration was comparable in both the TMRs. The results conclusivelyrevealed that biscuit waste a rich source of nutrients can be incorporated in the concentrate mixture at 30% on DM basis without affecting palatability, nutrient utilization and body weight gain in growing goat bucks.
Published: 2022
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5. In vitro evaluation of short duration cassava varieties as livestock feed

Author: M WADHWA, HIRA SINGH, BALWINDER KUMAR, and M P S BAKSHI
Subjects: Cassava varieties, In vitro evaluation, Methane emission, Protein fractions, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: This study was taken up to assess the nutritional value of short duration cassava varieties, Sree Jaya (V1), Sree Vijaya (V2) and Vellayani Hraswa (V3). The tuber, stem and leaves of above varieties were evaluated by in vitro gas production technique in a 3×3 factorial design. The tuber yield was the highest in V3 variety, followed by that in V1 and the lowest yield was observed in V2 variety. Irrespective of cassava variety, the total ash, CP, EE and ADL content was highest in leaves. The other cell wall contents were highest in stem portion. Irrespective of the part of plant, the CP and hemicellulose contents were highest in V3. The NDF and ADF content was highest in V1. The protein fractionation revealed that the albumin in V1 was higher than that in V2 but comparable with that of V3. The globulin in V1 was higher than V3. Reverse trend was observed in case of prolamins. Irrespective of cassava variety, the net gas production (NGP), NDF and true OM digestibility, ME content, methane emission, total and individual VFAs production, fermentation efficiency and efficiency of conversion of fermented hexose energy to VFA energy were highest in cassava tubers followed by stem and lowest was observed in leaves. These parameters were not affected by cassava variety, except that ME was the highest and methane emission was the lowest in V3. It was concluded that Vellayani Hraswa variety and amongst different parts of cassava plant, tubers irrespective of cassava variety were observed to be highly nutritious.
Published: 2021
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6. Preparation of paddy straw based complete feed pellets and their impact on the performance of buffalo calves

Author: M WADHWA, J S HUNDAL, and M P S BAKSHI
Subjects: Buffalo, Growth, Iso-caloric, Iso-nitrogenous, Nutrient utilization, Paddy straw, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: This study was planned to prepare paddy straw based complete feed pellets and to assess their impact on the performance of buffalo calves. Iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric complete feed pellets containing 25, 35 and 45% paddy straw, alfalfa hay and concentrate mixtures were prepared. The roughage to concentrate ratio in the pellets was maintained at 65:35. The CP, EE and cell wall contents in all pellets were comparable. The bulk density of complete feed pellets increased (p
Published: 2021
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7. Potential of waste flowers used as feed additive on the performance of goat kids

Author: M WADHWA and M P S BAKSHI
Subjects: Bio-active compounds, In vitro, Goat kids, Growth, Nutrient utilization, Waste flowers, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: The present study was conducted to assess the impact of temple waste flowers as feed additive on the growth of goat kids. Marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers constituted the bulk of WFs with negligible red roses (Rosa indica L). Marigold flowers as compared to rose flowers contained high (P
Published: 2021
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8. Sampling of Jezero Crater Máaz Formation By Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

Author: J.I. Simon, H.E.F. Amundsen, L.W. Beegle, J. Bell, K.C. Benison, E.L. Berger, T. Bosak, T.M. Casademont, A.D. Czaja, B.A. Cohen, V. Debaille, A. G. Fairen, K. A. Farley, A. C. Fox, Y. Goreva, K. Hand, S.-E. Hamran, E. M. Hausrath, C. D. K. Herd, B. Horgan, J. Hurowitz, C. H. Lee, L. Mandon, S. Maurice, J.M. Madariaga, L.E. Mayhew, S. McLennan, R.C. Moeller, E.L. Scheller, S. Sharma, S. Siljeström, V.Z. Sun, D.L. Shuster, K.M. Stack, A. Udry, S. VanBommel, M. Wadhwa, B.P. Weiss, R. Wiens, Amy Williams, P.A. Willis, and M.-P. Zorzano
Subjects: Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract: Collection of samples that could be returned to Earth from the floor of Jezero crater is a major goal of the Mars 2020 mission. Laboratory analyses of these will expand exploration of Jezero, a Noachian crater on Mars characterized by a delta–lake system with high potential for habitability. The samples will also be used to test current ideas about the early planetary evolution of Mars. The Perseverance rover has collected samples from two members of the Máaz formation, mapped in orbital images as the Crater floor fractured rough unit by [1]. Type localities of the Roubion and Rochette members have been targeted and abraded prior to sample collection. Here we summarize these sampling activities and the potential of sampling the Chal member of Máaz. A similar summary for samples collected from the Séítah formation is described in Hickman-Lewis et al. (this meeting).
Published: 2022

9. Baby corn production and utilization of remaining fodder in total mixed ration of buffalo calves

Author: M P S BAKSHI, M WADHWA, and BALWINDER KUMAR
Subjects: Baby corn production, Buffalo calves, In vitro, Leftover green fodder, Utilization, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: This study was taken up to find out suitable maize variety cultivated with or without fertilizer for baby corn ear production and evaluation of leftover fodder/green stalks as livestock feed. Experiment-1: Six varieties of hybrid maize [PMH-1 grain (V1), Bulland (V2), African Tall (V4), Dekalb 7074 Monsanto (V5), Proagro 4640 (V6), Egyptian variety G-5414 (V7)] and one composite maize variety J1006 (V3) were cultivated without fertilizer (F1), with either Azotobacter treated seed (F2), recommended dose of fertilizer (F3), or F2 + F3 (F4) at the University Farm. Experiment-2: The leftover fodder of the best baby corn hybrid variety and that from V3 were evaluated in total mixed ration (TMR) as feed for buffalo calves. In Experiment-1 the weight of edible cob without husk and fodder yield were the highest (P
Published: 2021
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10. Magnesium isotopes of the bulk solar wind from Genesis diamond‐like carbon films

Author: A. J. G. Jurewicz, K. D. Rieck, R. Hervig, D. S. Burnett, M. Wadhwa, C. T. Olinger, R. C. Wiens, J. M. Laming, Y. Guan, G. R. Huss, D. B. Reisenfeld, and P. Williams
Published: 2020
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11. Utilization of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) pomace with or without waste bread in the ration of growing and adult male buffaloes

Author: M.P.S. Bakshi, Jasmine Kaur, and M. Wadhwa
Subjects: Food Animals
Published: 2023

12. Impact of kinnow peel and nano-limonin on the performance and meat quality of commercial broilers

Author: A P S SETHI, M SINGH, M WADHWA, M BAWA, R WAGH, G KAUR, K S PANNU, and R S SETHI
Subjects: Broiler, Kinnow waste, Limonin, Nano-particles, Value-added meat, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: This study was taken up with the objective to assess the effect of limonin on the performance of commercial broilers and quality of meat. Day old chicks (200) were divided into 8 groups, each group contained 4 replicates of 6 chicks each in equal sex ratio. The iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were fed for 35 days, i.e. starter, grower and finisher phase. Kinnow peel powder (KPP) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of kinnow peel powder containing 7.47 mg limonin/g was added in the required quantity of feed to supply 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg limonin/bird/day. The data was analyzed using 2Ã—4 factorial design. The data revealed that the birds fed diet supplemented with SLN consumed more feed in comparison to those fed diet supplemented with KPP, resulting in higher gain in weight, but without affecting feed conversion ratio (FCR). The digestibility of CP was lower and that of CF was higher when diet was supplemented with SLN in comparison to the one supplemented with KPP. As compared to control diet, limonin up to 1% level did not have any adverse effect on the digestibility of nutrients, but it was depressed beyond 1% level of limonin supplementation. The limonin beyond 1% depressed the dressing percentage. It was concluded that nano-formulations @ 1.0 mg/bird/d is an effective carrier of limonins, leading to improved growth, health characteristics in broilers and meat enriched with limonin.
Published: 2020
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13. Effect of dietary supplementation of omega-3 rich oils on seminal characteristics, oxidative stress and plasma testosterone levels in Beetal bucks

Author: J S HUNDAL, G K MAVI, R S CHEEMA, A K AHUJA, A SHARMA, and M WADHWA
Subjects: Fertility, Omega-3 oils, SDS-PAGE, Semen, Ultrasonography, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of dietary supplementation of omega-3 rich oils, chia seed oil (CSO; Salvia hispanica) and linseed oil (LSO; Linum usitatissimum), on seminal characteristics, and plasma testosterone levels in Beetal bucks. The bucks were fed diet supplemented with either LSO or CSO @1% on dry matter basis or un- supplemented diet for 100 days. Daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids was 0.60 (control diet), 4.04 (diet supplemented with LSO) and 4.57 g (diet supplemented with CSO). Ultrasonography revealed no significant improvement in the testicular size yet the growth rate was much high in animals fed omega-3 supplemented diet. Ejaculate volume, individual motility, viability, sperm concentration, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity were significantly higher in bucks fed CSO supplemented diet as compared to LSO and control diet. The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa was significantly less in bucks fed CSO and LSO diet than control. Melanoaldehyde (MDA, μmole/109 sperm) concentration was lowest in bucks fed CSO diet followed by LSO and control diet. Activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and catalase was significantly higher in spermatozoa of bucks fed CSO and LSO diet as compared to control. Bucks fed CSO and LSO supplemented diet had nonsignificantly higher plasma testosterone concentrations than control. These findings indicated that CSO supplementation in the diets may be helpful in improving the process of spermatogenesis, sperm output, quality and fertility of bucks.
Published: 2020
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14. In vitro evaluation of kinnow waste as substitute of cereal grains in the concentrate mixture and empty pea pods as that of berseem hay in total mixed ration for livestock

Author: M P S BAKSHI, J S HUNDAL, and M WADHWA
Subjects: Barley grains, Berseem hay, Empty pea pods, In vitro, Kinnow waste, Livestock, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: This study was taken up to assess the extent to which kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) waste (KW) could substitute cereal grains in the concentrate mixture and empty pea (Pisum sativum) pods (EPPs) as that of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) hay in total mixed ration (TMR) for livestock. In the first experiment, sundried finely ground kinnow waste replaced barley grains on N basis at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels in concentrate mixtures. The comparable N-content indicated that the concentrate mixtures were iso-nitrogenous. The EE and cell wall constituents (CWC) increased linearly with the increase in level of KW. The replacement of barley with KW did not affect net gas production (NGP), true OM digestibility and ME availability up to 50% level of replacement. Total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial biomass production improved up to 50% level of replacement but declined thereafter. In the second experiment, sundried finely ground EPPs replaced berseem hay on N basis at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels in TMR. The EE and CWCs content was not affected up to 50% level but thereafter EE content decreased, whereas CWCs content increased. The NGP, digestibility of true DM and OM, VFAs production, ME availability and microbial biomass synthesis improved up to 50% level of replacement of berseem hay with EPPs, thereafter it declined. The hydrogen recovery, hydrogen consumption and fermentation efficiency were not affected upto 50% level of EPPs but at higher levels these parameters were depressed. Therefore, KW could replace barley grains in concentrate mixture while EPPs could replace berseem hay in TMR up to 50% level without affecting nutrient utilization, VFA production, ME availability and microbial biomass production under in vitro conditions.
Published: 2020
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15. Effect of herbal feed additives containing saponins on rumen fermentation pattern

Author: J S HUNDAL, M WADHWA, and M P S BAKSHI
Subjects: Bio-active components, Fermentation pattern, Herbal feed additives, In vitro, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: Macrotyloma uniflorum (kulthi) seeds, Asparagus racemosus (shatavari) roots or Acacia concina (shikakai) pods were supplemented to total mixed rations (TMR) @ 0-3% (on DM basis) to assess the impact of herbal feed additives (HFAs) on the in vitro rumen fermentation pattern. The saponin content and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl- hydrate (DPHH) antioxidant activity was highest in A. racemosus than other HFAs. But total phenols, non tannin phenols, true tannins, condensed tannins, vitamin C and flavanoid contents were highest inM. uniflorum and lowest in A. concina. The dose/level of supplementation of HFAs, irrespective of their nature did not affect net gas production (NGP) and availability of metabolizable energy (ME) from TMR, but digestibility of nutrients and partitioning factor (PF) decreased in comparison to the unsupplemented group. The total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production; and acetate to propionate ratio was improved when the TMR was supplemented with HFAs at 1% level. The methane and ammonia-N production was depressed at 2% level as compared to control group. Irrespective of the dose, the total VFAs, acetate, and propionate production was higher while ammonia-N decreased in M. uniflorum supplemented TMR than other HFAs supplemented groups. Methane production from the TMR was comparable in the diet supplemented with different HFAs, however, diet supplemented with M. uniflorum resulted in lower methane production. Amongst the tested HFAs, M. uniflorum was a richer source of most of the bio-active compounds. Based on in vitro fermentation parameters, M. uniflorum supplemented to TMR @ 2% gave the best results.
Published: 2020
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16. Effect of herbal feed additive containing saponins on the performance of goat kids

Author: J S HUNDAL, M WADHWA, M P S BAKSHI, and M K CHATLI
Subjects: Beetal goat kids, Blood profile, Carcass quality, Herbal feed additive, Nutrient utilization, Purine derivatives, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: This study was taken up to assess the effect of supplementing Macrotyloma uniflorum (an herbal feed additive; HFA) on nutrient utilization, productive performance and meat quality of goat kids. Eight male Beetal goat kids (5 months old; body weight 14.05±0.41 kg) divided in to 2 equal groups were either fed a control total mixed ration (TMR) containing concentrate and green fodder in 50: 50 ratio on DM basis or control TMR supplemented with M. uniflorum @ 2.0% of DM intake for 90 days. Simultaneously, rumen studies were conducted on three rumen fistulated male bucks. Higher total-N, trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen (TCA-N) and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) concentration was observed in strained rumen contents (SRC) of animals fed M. uniflorum supplemented TMR as compared to control. Supplementation of TMR with M. uniflorum increased the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and fermentation efficiency while efficiency of conversion of hexose to methane decreased in M. uniflorum supplemented TMR in comparison to control TMR. Nutrients digestibility, N-retention, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, blood profile and average daily gain were comparable in both the groups. The higher ready to cook (RTC) carcass percentage resulted in higher RTC carcass yield in M. uniflorum supplemented group. Overall, the weight of most of the primal cuts expressed as per cent of dressed weight improved in goat kids fed TMR supplemented with M. uniflorum as compared to those fed control diet. Hence, the higher weight of most of the primal cuts can be achieved in Beetal goat kids by supplementing the TMR with M. uniflorum (kulthi) at 2% of DM intake.
Published: 2020
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17. Uniform initial 10Be/9Be inferred from refractory inclusions in CV3, CO3, CR2, and CH/CB chondrites

Author: E.T. Dunham, M. Wadhwa, S.J. Desch, M.C. Liu, K. Fukuda, N. Kita, A.T. Hertwig, R.L. Hervig, C. Defouilloy, S.B. Simon, J. Davidson, D.L. Schrader, and Y. Fujimoto
Subjects: Geochemistry and Petrology
Published: 2022

18. Effect of supplementing total mixed ration with ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) oil on the performance of buffalo calves

Author: M WADHWA and M P S BAKSHI
Subjects: Ajwain oil, Blood profile, Buffalo calves, Growth, In vitro, Nutrient utilization, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: This study was taken up to assess the impact of different levels of ajwain oil (rich in essential oils) on the nutrient utilization by in vitro gas production technique. The best level of ajwain oil obtained was tested on the performance of buffalo calves. Ajwain oil was supplemented at 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% of total mixed ration (TMR; concentrate:green fodder:wheat straw in 40:48:12 ratio on DM basis). The results revealed that supplementation of incremental levels of ajwain oil to the TMR resulted in linear decrease in net gas production (NGP), digestibility of true OM and NDF; ME availability and methane production. Supplementing the TMR with ajwain oil beyond 0.05% resulted in significant depression in total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and acetate to propionate ratio. The protozoa numbers declined linearly with increase in level of ajwain oil supplementation. Hence 0.05% level of ajwain oil was selected for assessing its impact on performance of growing buffalo calves. In the first experiment, a 146-day feeding trial was conducted on 20 male buffalo calves divided into 2 groups, offered a TMR-1 (concentrate: green fodder: wheat straw ratio of 40:48:12 on DM basis) or TMR-1 supplemented with 0.05% ajwain oil. After completion of this trial, another 138-day feeding trial was conducted on 18 male buffalo calves divided into 2 groups and were offered a TMR-2 (concentrate: wheat straw ratio of 50:50 on DM basis) or TMR-2 supplemented with 0.05% ajwain oil. In the first growth trial, supplementing the control diet with ajwain oil did not show any impact on daily DM intake, digestibility of nutrients and N-retention, but in the second experiment the digestibility of all the nutrients, except that of crude protein was improved significantly in the ajwain oil supplemented group. The daily DM intake and N-retention was comparable in both the groups. The blood profile, urinary purine derivatives excretion and microbial biomass synthesis was not affected by ajwain oil supplementation during both the experiments. The average daily gain was comparable between control and ajwain oil supplemented group in both the feeding trials. It was concluded that supplementing ajwain oil to the TMR suppressed the in vitro methane production; improved the digestibility of nutrients in wheat straw based TMR supplemented with 0.05% ajwain oil, but did not show any significant beneficial effect on the performance of buffalo calves.
Published: 2019
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19. Potential of chia oil to enrich goats' milk with omega-3 fatty acids in comparison to linseed oil under tropical climate

Author: NEETIKA NEETIKA, J S HUNDAL, M WADHWA, S KASWAN, and A SHARMA
Subjects: Chia oil, Goat milk, Linseed oil, Omega 3 fatty acids, Tropical climate, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: To study the potential of Chia oil to enrich goats' milk with omega-3 fatty acids in comparison to Linseed oil (LSO) under tropical climate, twelve lactating goats (Beetal) divided into 3 groups (on the basis of milk yield and parity) and were randomly assigned control diet or supplemented with Linseed oil (LSO) or Chia oil as additive at 1% of dry matter intake for 60 days. Dietary inclusion of Linseed or Chia oil didn't affect DM intake, apparent dry matter digestibility, pH or total volatile fatty acid production in dairy goats, however, acetate and butyrate in LSO group and ammonical-N in Chia group were higher than control. Similarly, no significant changes were detected for milk yield and milk composition, but values were numerically higher in LSO and Chia supplemented groups in comparison to control group. Inclusion of Linseed oil improved proportion of Î±-linolenic acid in milk fat. Moreover, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were significantly improved in LSO group only. Poly unsaturated fatty acid content in milk varied from 3.09 g/100 g fat (control) to 3.86 g/100 g fat in LSO supplemented group but the differences were statistically non-significant. The proportions of omega 3 fatty acids was enhanced by 75.0 and 31.9% in LSO and Chia groups over control group that led to decrease in ratio of n-6/n-3 FA and desaturase index. It can be concluded that dietary inclusion of both oils improved the fatty acid profile of goat's milk, but Chia oil is not as effective as Linseed oil under tropical climate.
Published: 2019
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20. Effect of supplementation of saponin containing herbs on in vitro methane production under different feeding systems

Author: A S SIDHU and M WADHWA
Subjects: Herbs containing saponins, In vitro methane production, Roughage to concentrate ratio, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: This study was taken up to assess the effect of herbal feed additives [HFAs; kulthi (Dohichos biflorus), patha (Cissampelos pareria), aritha (Sapindus trifoliatus)] supplemented at 0â€“3% on DM basis of total mixed rations (TMR) on the in vitro methane production and nutrient fermentation in a 3 Ã— 4 factorial design. TMR with different roughage to concentrate ratio (R:C) of 80:20, 75:25, 70:30 and 65:35 on DM basis were formulated. The roughage portion was made up of wheat straw and maize green fodder in 70:30 ratio. The chemical analysis of HFAs revealed that aritha had the highest concentration of both water and methanol soluble saponins; and condensed tannins (Leucocyanidin). Patha followed by kulthi had the highest concentration of vitamin C, flavonoids, total phenols and true tannins. The digestion kinetic parameters revealed that with the increase in level of concentrate in the diet, irrespective of type and level of supplementation of HFAs, the lag phase for fermentation of diet decreased linearly. The data conclusively revealed that the best response with respect to net gas production (NGP), digestibility of nutrients, methane production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, ME availability and other fermentation parameters from TMRs with different R:C ratios was observed in kulthi and patha supplemented at the rate of 2% of TMR with R:C ratio of 65:35 on DM basis.
Published: 2019
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21. Samples Collected from the Floor of Jezero Crater with the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

Author: J. I. Simon, K. Hickman‐Lewis, B. A. Cohen, L.E. Mayhew, D.L. Shuster, V. Debaille, E. M. Hausrath, B.P. Weiss, T. Bosak, M.‐P. Zorzano, H. E. F. Amundsen, L.W. Beegle, J.F. Bell, K. C. Benison, E. L. Berger, O. Beyssac, A.J. Brown, F. Calef, T. M. Casademont, B. Clark, E. Clavé, L. Crumpler, A. D. Czaja, A. G. Fairén, K. A. Farley, D. T. Flannery, T. Fornaro, O. Forni, F. Gómez, Y. Goreva, A. Gorin, K. P. Hand, S.‐E. Hamran, J. Henneke, C. D. K. Herd, B. H. N. Horgan, J. R. Johnson, J. Joseph, R. E. Kronyak, J. M. Madariaga, J. N. Maki, L. Mandon, F. M. McCubbin, S. M. McLennan, R. C. Moeller, C. E. Newman, J. I. Núñez, A. C. Pascuzzo, D. A. Pedersen, G. Poggiali, P. Pinet, C. Quantin‐Nataf, M. Rice, J. W. Rice, C. Royer, M. Schmidt, M. Sephton, S. Sharma, S. Siljeström, K. M. Stack, A. Steele, V. Z. Sun, A. Udry, S. VanBommel, M. Wadhwa, R. C. Wiens, A. J. Williams, and K. H. Williford
Subjects: Mars Sample Return, rock core, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Jezero Crater, Mars 2020, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract: The first samples collected by the Mars 2020 mission represent units exposed on the Jezero Crater floor, from the potentially oldest Séítah formation outcrops to the potentially youngest rocks of the heavily cratered Máaz formation. Surface investigations reveal landscape-to-microscopic textural, mineralogical, and geochemical evidence for igneous lithologies, some possibly emplaced as lava flows. The samples contain major rock-forming minerals such as pyroxene, olivine, and feldspar, accessory minerals including oxides and phosphates, and evidence for various degrees of aqueous activity in the form of water-soluble salt, carbonate, sulfate, iron oxide, and iron silicate minerals. Following sample return, the compositions and ages of these variably altered igneous rocks are expected to reveal the geophysical and geochemical nature of the planet’s interior at the time of emplacement, characterize martian magmatism, and place timing constraints on geologic processes, both in Jezero Crater and more widely on Mars. Petrographic observations and geochemical analyses, coupled with geochronology of secondary minerals, can also reveal the timing of aqueous activity as well as constrain the chemical and physical conditions of the environments in which these minerals precipitated, and the nature and composition of organic compounds preserved in association with these phases. Returned samples from these units will help constrain the crater chronology of Mars and the global evolution of the planet’s interior, for understanding the processes that formed Jezero Crater floor units, and for constraining the style and duration of aqueous activity in Jezero Crater, past habitability, and cycling of organic elements in Jezero Crater.
Published: 2023

22. Impact of type and level of herbs supplemented to total mixed ration on the fermentation pattern and In Vitro methane emission

Author: M P S. Bakshi, A.S. Singh, and M. Wadhwa
Subjects: General Medicine, General Chemistry
Published: 2022

23. Impact of waste bread on the nutrient utilization and performance of buffalo calves

Author: A. Bhargava, M. Wadhwa, and M.P.S. Bakshi
Subjects: General Medicine, General Chemistry
Published: 2022

24. Relative appraisal among different sugarcane varieties for quality of sugarcane tops silage as non-conventional feed resource

Author: R. Pal, A. Gupta, M. Wadhwa, P. Singh, and A. Singla
Subjects: General Medicine, General Chemistry
Published: 2022

25. Effect of dietary supplementation of Acacia arabica bark dry extract on the enteric methane emission and performance of lactating buffaloes

Author: Haneet Kaur, M. Wadhwa, J.S. Hundal, M.P.S. Bakshi, Amit Sharma, Puneet Malhotra, and B.K. Bansal
Subjects: Food Animals
Published: 2022

26. Uses And Challenges of Deep Learning Models for Covid-19 Diagnosis and Prediction

Author: Vaishali M. Wadhwa, Monika Mangla, Rattandeep Aneja, Mukesh Chawla, and Achyuth Sarkar
Abstract: Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, specifically in the domain of natural language and computer vision, involve deep neural networks. Deep learning technology is evolving rapidly to enhance the advanced computing power across the globe in every industry. The uses of deep learning technology are becoming more apparent as the amount of available data is increasing enormously. It is being used to solve numerous complicated applications in real life with surprising levels of accuracy. Besides all the benefits, the large-scale deployment of artificial intelligence and deep learning-based models has several associated challenges due to the huge and rapidly changing data and its accessibility to common people. In this study, the authors provide a review of existing deep learning models to study the impact of artificial intelligence on the development of intelligent models in the healthcare sector, specifically in dealing with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. In addition to reviewing the significant developments, the authors also highlight major challenges and open issues.
Published: 2022

27. Hydrogen isotopic composition of the Martian mantle inferred from the newest Martian meteorite fall, Tissint

Author: P. Mane, R. Hervig, M. Wadhwa, L. A. J. Garvie, J. B. Balta, and H. Y. McSween
Published: 2016
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28. Effect of Sowing Time on Production Potential of Maize Fodder and its Nutritive Value Before and After Ensiling

Author: M. Wadhwa, J.S. Hundal, Haneet Kaur, A.S. Singh, M.P.S. Bakshi, Pardeep Kumar, Mukesh Choudhary, and Sujay Rakshit
Subjects: General Veterinary, Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract: Background: This study was taken up to assess the effect of time of sowing and number of irrigations on the yield of maize cultivar J-1006 and to see their impact on the nutritive value of fresh and ensiled fodder. Methods: Maize cultivar J-1006 was sown at 50 cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant spacing at 10 days interval in quintuplicate. The crop was harvested after 80-85 days of sowing. The J-1006 on the first date of sowing (B1) was given one irrigation and rest of the sowings (B2-B5) received two irrigations till harvest. The nutritive value (NV) of fresh and ensiled maize fodder was assessed by in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. Result: Highest biological, DM and protein yield was recorded in B2 maize fodder while the lowest was recorded in B5. The cell wall constituents were the highest (P less than 0.01) in B1 and the lowest in B5 fodder resulting in highest (P less than 0.01) microbial biomass production (MBP) and the NV in B5 maize fodder. Irrespective of time of sowing, OM, NDF and hemicellulose contents were reduced (P less than 0.01) in ensiled maize fodder. The net gas production (NGP; P less than 0.01) and ME (P less than 0.05) were depressed and the total and individual VFAs and MBP were improved (P less than 0.01) in the ensiled maize. Irrespective of processing, the maize given two irrigations resulted in higher (P less than 0.01) MBP and NV as comparison to that given single irrigation. It was concluded that B5 maize fodder with the lowest yield given two irrigations had the best nutritive value.
Published: 2022

29. Factors affecting the milk yield, milk composition and physico-chemical parameters of ghee in lactating crossbred cows

Author: N Veena, JS Hundal, M Wadhwa, and AK Puniya
Published: 2021

30. Paddy Straw Pelletization with other Feedstuffs and its In Vitro Evaluation as Livestock Feed

Author: M.P.S. Bakshi and M. Wadhwa
Subjects: Food Animals
Published: 2021

31. Ensiling and Utilization of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) Waste and Empty Pea (Pisum sativum) Pods as Feed for Buffalo Calves

Author: M. Wadhwa, J.S. Hundal, and M.P.S. Bakshi
Subjects: Food Animals
Published: 2021

32. WHO informal consultation on revision of guidelines on evaluation of similar biotherapeutic products, virtual meeting, 30 June – 2 July 2021

Author: Meenu Wadhwa, Hye-Na Kang, Robin Thorpe, Ivana Knezevic, P. Aprea, M.-C. Bielsky, N. Ekman, H.-K. Heim, J. Joung, P. Kurki, E. Lacana, C. Njue, E. Nkansah, M. Savkina, R. Thorpe, T. Yamaguchi, M. Wadhwa, J. Wang, M. Weise, E. Wolff-Holz, M. Allam, H. Bahaa, M. Sayed, A. Al-Oballi, A. Alshahrani, D. Baek, J. Kim, H.M. Chua, J. Gangakhedkar, Mr P. Jagtap, T. Lyaskovsky, S. Okudaira, W. Ondee, P.S. Sotomayor, J.I. Solis Ricra, J. Uviase, F. Ahmed, Y. Rajendran, H.G. Tonioli Defendi, S.Yi O. Cho, A. Qu, V. Acha, M. Gencoglu, K. Ho, M. Baldrighi, M. Schiestl, K. Watson, E. Spitzer, S. Chong, A. Fukushima, H.-N. Kang, I. Knezevic, G. Pante, Mariangela Simao, and Department of Medicine
Subjects: Pharmacology, General Immunology and Microbiology, Revision, Biosimilar, Bioengineering, General Medicine, World Health Organization, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, WHO, 317 Pharmacy, Humans, 3111 Biomedicine, Similar biotherapeutic product, Regulatory guidelines, Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals, Referral and Consultation, Biotechnology
Abstract: Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The WHO informal consultation was held to promote the revision of WHO guidelines on evaluation of similar biotherapeutic products (SBPs) adopted by the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS) in 2009. It was agreed in the past consultations that the evaluation principles in the guidelines are still valid, but a review was recommended to provide more clarity and case-by-case flexibility. The opportunity was therefore taken to review the experience and identify areas where the current guidance could be more permissive without compromising its basic principles, and where additional explanation could be provided regarding the possibility of reducing the amount of data needed for regulatory approval. The meeting participants applauded the leading role taken by the WHO in providing a much-needed streamlined approach for development and evaluation of SBPs which will provide efficient and cost-effective product development and increase patient access to treatments. It was recognized that the principles as currently described in the draft WHO guidelines are based on sound science and experience gained over the last fifteen years of biosimilar approvals. However, since these guidelines when finalised will constitute the global standard for biosimilar evaluation and assist national regulatory authorities in establishing revised guidance and regulatory practice in this complex area, it was felt that further revision and clarity on certain perspectives in specific areas was necessary to dispel uncertainties arising in the current revised version. This report describes the principles in the draft guidelines, including topics discussed and consensus reached.
Published: 2022

33. Effect of vegetable seed oils on methane emission and fermentation of feed in vitro

Author: CHETNA MAHAJAN, KAJAL MANGAL, and M WADHWA
Subjects: Alternate hydrogen sink, Methane mitigation in-vitro, Vegetable seed oils, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: A study was conducted to assess the effect of carrot seed oil, canola seed oil and rape seed oil on rumen fermentation and methanogenesis in-vitro. The oils were supplemented to the complete feed (oat fodder and concentrate mixture in 60: 40 ratio) @ 1, 2 and 3% on DM basis, incubated for 24 h in 100 ml glass syringes. The digestibility of NDF varied significantly with highest in rapeseed and lowest in carrot seed, while OM digestibility and ME availability did not show any significant differences amongst the supplemented oils. The in-vitro methane production from complete feed supplemented with rape seed oil was observed to be the lowest. The TVFAs, acetate and propionate levels were highest in canola oil while A: P ratio was lowest. TVFA and acetate levels were highest at 1% level of supplementation, whereas propionate level was highest in control followed by at 1% supplementation. The methane production was significantly higher in oil supplemented groups as compared to control group, but amongst the oil supplemented groups it was significantly lowest when oil was supplemented at 3% level. Amongst the various oils evaluated for in vitro methane mitigation, the study conclusively revealed that the supplementation of diet with rape seed oil @ 2–3% on dry matter basis had an edge over other oils and levels.
Published: 2016
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34. Evidence against a Late Heavy Bombardment event on Vesta

Author: J.A. Cartwright, K.V. Hodges, and M. Wadhwa
Subjects: Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
Published: 2022

35. Effect of Punica granatum and Tecomella undulata supplementation on nutrient utilization, enteric methane emission and growth performance of Murrah male buffaloes

Author: J. S. Hundal, I. Singh, G. Kaur, M. Wadhwa, C. Singh, and C. Uppal
Subjects: Nutrient, Animal science, biology, Chemistry, Tecomella undulata, Punica, Animal Science and Zoology, biology.organism_classification, Food Science, Enteric methane
Published: 2019

36. Screening of tree leaves for bioactive components and their impact on in vitro fermentability and methane production from total mixed ration

Author: N. Sood, Pompi Deuri, M. Wadhwa, Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem, and M. P. S. Bakshi
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Psidium, Bauhinia variegata, Bauhinia, Saraca asoca, Ficus, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Total mixed ration, Biology, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Horticulture, Cassia, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Mangifera, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: This study was taken up to assess the effect of supplementing tree leaves [Eucalyptus globules (Safeda), Populus tremula (Poplar), Ficus bengalensis (Banyan), Saraca asoca (Ashoka), Acacia nilotica (Kikar), Phoenix dactylifera (Khajoor), Aegle marmelos (Bael), Murraya koenigii (Curry), Cassia fistula (Amaltas), Bauhinia variegata (Kachnar), Mangifera indica (Mango) and Psidium guajava (Guava)] at 1–3% on fermentability and in vitro methane production from total mixed ration (TMR). The globulins content was highest in Aegle, while albumin was highest in Psidium leaves. Prolamin was highest in Ficus (17.3%), while glutelin was the highest in Phoenix (6.50%). Ficus (15.2%) and Psidium (10.7%) leaves contained highest level of condensed tannins. Eucalyptus and Mangifera leaves showed the highest antioxidant activity and flavonoid content respectively. Supplementation of TMR with leaves of Acacia, Psidium and Cassia resulted in higher (P
Published: 2019

37. BJS commission on surgery and perioperative care post-COVID-19

Author: E. Abahuje, A. Abbas, M. Abd El Aziz Abd El Maksoud, A. Abdelhady, S. Abdelhamid, H. Abdelkarem Ahmed Faraj, B. Abdelqader, T. Abdelrahman, H. Abdou, A. Abdullah, M. Abedua Harrison, E. Abem Owusu, A. Aboalazayem, R. Aboulhosn, S. Abu Oda, A. Abubakar, A. Abutaka, D. Acevedo Fontalvo, S. Acuna, A. Adefemi, S. Adegbola, T. Adenuga, A. Adeyeye, A. Adil Hilmi, A. Adisa, K. Aditya, T. Adjeso, R. Aftab, A. Afzal, V. Aggarwal, A. Aggarwal, R. Aguilera, M. -L. Aguilera-Are´valo, E. J. Aguirre Salamanca, I. Aguirre-Allende, D. Ahari, H. Ahmad, F. Ahmad Rauf, A. Ahmad Zartasht Khan, S. Ahmed, N. Ahmed Fieturi, S. Ahmed Mohamed, Z. Ahmed-Bakhsh, M. Ahsan Javed, L. Akano, A. Akbar, M. Akhbari, P. Akhmedov, G. Aksit, Y. Akula, A. S. Alagaratnam, S. Al Majid, O. Al Mukhtar, H. Al Omran, N. AlAsali, M. Al-Azzawi, R. Al-Habsi, H. Al-Iraqi, H. Al-Naggar, E. Alameer, H. Albirnawi, D. Alderson, F. Aldulaijan, R. Alejandro Miranda Ojeda, A. AlHasan, S. Ali, A. Ali, M. Ali Khan, Y. Alimova, F. Aljanadi, R. Aljubure, N. Allopi, H. Almedbal, M. Almubarak, Z. Alqaidoom, N. Alselaim, M. Alshaar, R. Alshammari, K. Altaf, S. Altıner, B. Altunpak, L. A. Alvarez Lozada, E. Amal Nahal, A. Amer, K. Amin, U. Aminu, N. Amisi Numbi, T. Amjad, R. Amoah, Y. An, N. -A. Anastasopoulos, J. Andre´s Urrutia, F. Angarita, K. -L. Angarita, M. A´ ngel FreirI´a Eiras, A. Antypas, M. A. Anwar, H. Anwar, T. O. Apampa, K. Apostolou, C. Aquina, R. Arachchige Adithi Himika Randeni, M. I. Archila Godı´nez, O. Arez, A. A. Arezzo, P. Armonis, S. Arshad, M. Arshad Salman, A. Arshid, P. C. Arteaga Asensio, T. Arthur, A. Arumuga Jothi, F. Aryo Damara, L. Asensio Gomez, J. Ashcroft, S. Ashraf, A. Asif, M. Atif, M. Attaullah Khan, N. Avellaneda, S. Awad, M. Awadh, A. Axiaq, A. Ayad Mohammed Shuwayyah, D. Ayalew, E. Aytac, F. Azam, J. Azevedo, B. Azhar, J. Aziz, A. Aziz, A. Azzam, A. Baba Ndajiwo, M. Baig, D. Baker, F. Bakko, R. Balachandran, G. Balachandran, J. Balagizi Mudekereza, E. Balai, B. Balci, A. Balduzzi, A. Balhareth, S. Bandyopadhyay, D. Banerjee, D. Bangalore Mahalinga, B. Bankhead-Kendall, N. D. A. Bankole, V. Banwell, F. Baris Bengur, B. Baris Ozmen, M. Barnard, R. Barnett, J. A. Barreras Espinoza, A. Barrios, G. Bass, M. Bass, A. Bausys, A. Bavikatte, J. Bayram, M. Belousov, A. G. Berardi, A. Beamish, C. Beattie, F. Belia, V. Bellato, S. Bellikatti, S. Benjamens, C. Benlice, S. Bennedsgaard, S. Bennett, Z. Bentounsi, H. Bergenfeldt, A. Bergenfelz, M. Besselink, G. Bhandoria, E. Bhangu, M. Bhatia, M. T. Bhatti, Z. Bilgili, G. Bislenghi, C. Bisset, S. Biswas, J. Blake, R. Blanco, L. Boccalatte, R. Boden, C. Bojanic, M. Boland, P. Boland, E. Bollen, E. -A. Bonci, L. Boni, A. Booth, R. Booth, A. Borakati, G. E. Borunda Escudero, S. J. Bosco, P. Bostro¨ m, P. Botelho de Alencar Ferreira Cruz, K. Bouchagier, A. Bouhuwaish, M. Boutros, K. Boyce, C. Boyle, L. Bradshaw, A. Brandl, A. Brar, G. Brat, H. Brenkman, C. Brennan, C. Brines, A. Brookmyre, C. Brosnan, L. Brouwers, A. Brown, L. Brown, C. Brown, J. Brown, V. BS, M. Buksh, M. Bunani Emmanuel, D. Burbano, A. Burelli, A. Burke, J. Burke, N. Burlov, A. Burns, O. Burton, A. Butt, B. Buzra Ozkan, L. Cabrera Silva, E. Y. Caicedo, T. Calderbank, W. Cambridge, G. Campelo, O. Can Tatar, F. Carbone, F. Carrano, D. Casallas, D. Casanova Portoles, F. Casciani, I. Cassimjee, O. A. Castaneda Ramı´rez, V. Catala´ n, J. Caviedes, L. Cayetano, M. ~ Ceresoli, M. Chan, V. Chan, P. Chandrasinghe, S. Chapman, A. Chaturvedi, D. Chaudhry, H. Chaudry, H. W. Chen, A. Cheng, M. Chernykh, A. M. Cherrie, I. Cheruiyot, J. Cheung, C. Chia, J. Chica, N. Chinai, A. Chirwa, J. Chiwaligo, A. Choi, J. Choi, M. R. Chowdhury, E. Christopher, N. Christou, T. Chu, D. Chua, H. W. Chua, C. Chung, A. Cihat Yildirim, M. Cillo, S. Cioffi, H. Claireaux, S. Clermonts, R. Clifford, M. Climent, A. Clynch, R. -J. Coelen, E. Cola´ s-Ruiz, A. Collar, M. Collard, K. C. Conlon, T. Connelly, K. Connor, J. A. Cook, T. Correia de Sa´, N. Cos¸gun Acar, T. Costa, D. Couch, S. Cowper, B. Creavin, B. Crook, A. Curell, R. D’alessio, J. Dale, J. Damgaard Eriksen, I. Dario Martin Gonzalez, A. Darwish, M. Das, R. Das, K. Das, R. Dave, S. O. David, T. Davies, C. Davis, S. Davison, V. Davletshina, A. Dawidziuk, A. Dawson, M. de Andres Crespo, H. de Berker, P. de Dieu Ngo, E. Dekker, R. de la Caridad Espinosa Luis, B. de Lacy, N. Demartines, A. de Montserrat Medina Sifuentes, S. De Silva, C. del Rio, V. Delaune, A. Dell, I. Demirbas¸, S. Demirli Atici, M. Deniz Tepe, M. Derebey, G. Desai, M. Desai, S. Devarakonda, N. Deveras, G. Di Franco, M. Di Martino, F. Di Marzo, A´ . Dı´az, G. Diaz del Gobbo, C. DiazCastrillon, L. Dick, K. Dickinson, E. Diego, I. Dimasi, A. Ding, S. Dingemans, L. Dixon, B. Dixon, W. Doherty, D. Dooreemeah, C. Donohue, M. Dornseifer, F. Dossa, W. Dossou, T. Drake, I. Drami, G. Drevin, M. C. du Plessis, N. Dudi-Venkata, R. Dudley, S. Duffy, D. Duklas, B. -D. Dumbrava, F. Duygu Avlar, A. Dworzynska, W. Ebrahim, A. Ebrahim, E. Efre´n Lozada Herna´ ndez, N. Ehigie, M. El Boghdady, C. El Hasnaoui, M. El Sheikh, A. El-Hussuna, O. Eldurssi, H. Elfeki, M. Elhadi, M. Elhassan, A. Elhissi, B. Elliot, C. Elsenbroek, B. Elsolh, N. Elson, H. Eltyeb, H. Emerson, S. H. Emile, G. Endalle, W. English, C. Ercisli, G. Espinosa, M. Essam Abdelraheem, H. Essangri, P. Etienne, M. D. Evans, T. Evans, C. Ezeme, F. Ezzahraa, T. Fadalla, J. Fagan, M. Fahmy, C. Fairfield, O. Falade, S. Famularo, F. Faqar-Uz-Zaman, Y. Farid, A. Farooq, H. Farooq, F. Farooqui, B. Farquharson, A. Faruqi, R. Faulder, M. Faut, K. Fechner, T. Feenstra, M. Fehervari, L. Fernandez, J. Ferna´ ndez Alberti, L. Ferrario, D. Field, L. Fiore, S. Fingerhut, S. Finlayson, N. Fleming, C. Fleming, E. Florial, M. Fok, D. Fokin, M. Foley, M. P. Forero, T. Forgan, M. Fornasiero, H. Fowler, G. Fowler, E. Franchi, L. Franklin, A˚ . Fredriksson, P. Fruhling, G. Fuentes Navarrette, A. Fu¨ lo¨ p, M. Furtado, T. Gaarder, N. Galbraith, I. T. K. Gallagher, G. Gallo, T. Gana, E. Gaskin, M. Gasparini, R. G. Gatan, E. Geary, K. Gelaye Wudineh, G. Gemenetzis, M. Georgi, H. Ghalige, W. Ghareeb, T. Ghatwary Tantawy, C. Ghomsi, A. Ghuman, P. Giannakis, F. Giron, K. Gjengedal, E. Gkotsis, J. Glasbey, S. Godahewa, D. Godula, P. Goffredo, S. Goh, M. Golriz, L. Gomez, D. Gomez Gomez, R. Gonzalez, D. Gonzalez, E. Gonzalez Gutierrez, D. Gopar, L. Gordini, A. Gori, S. Gorta´ zar, N. Gousy, R. Gowda, M. Gowda, J. Gqada, M. Grechenig, J. Greer, L. Grego´ rio, A. Grigorova, H. Grimes, V. Groot, R. C. Grossman, R. Gruber, A. Gru¨ ter, R. Guest, R. Gujjuri, E. Gu¨ lc¸ek, B. Gulcu, K. Gull, M. Gulmez, V. Gupta, A. Gutlic, T. Guven, T. Gwatirisa, G. Gwini, P. Gwodog, S. Gysling, M. Habib, A. B. Hafeez Bhatti, J. Hallesmith, S. Halloran, M. Hamza Sadiq, C. Haney, N. Hanna, L. Hanna, M. Hannington, J. Harbjerg, D. Haribaskaran, N. Harran, B. Harrington, E. Harrison, R. Hasan, S. Hashmi, M. Hassan, A. Hassan, L. Haverkamp, S. Hazen, B. Heer, J. Heil, J. Helliwell, N. Henriksen, D. Henshall, M. Hermanson, S. Hermena, D. Hettiarachchi, C. Hextall, M. Hidalgo, H. Hidayat, A. Hider, P. Higgins, R. Hinchliffe, D. Hirani, D. Hirpara, I. Hisham, M. Hite, S. M. Hoh, C. Holmberg, E. Ho¨ lmich, F. Holst, A. Hossam, A. Hossam Elfallal, P. Howard, E. Huaman, Y. Huang, L. Huang, D. Huang, T. Huber, J. Hugh, J. Hughes, F. Hu¨ ttner, R. Huynh, A. Hylands, J. Iannuzzi, B. Ielpo, A. Iftikhar Talib, J. Ignacio, P. Ignatavicius, S. Ike, C. Ikwu, M. Inama, A. Ing, A. Ingels, A. Isik, N. Islam, I. J. Ives, A. J. M. S. AlHasan, C. J. Perez Rivera, F. Ja´ come, T. Jaffer, O. Jagiella-Lodise, M. Jain, K. Jain, M. Jakubauskas, M. Jalal, H. James, Y. Jang, B. Janssen, H. Jansson, U´ . Jariod-Ferrer, H. Javanmard, S. Javed, U. Jayarajah, I. Jayasuriya, J. Je, Z. Jessop, E. Jia Lin Tang, H. Jiang, Y. Jiayan, T. Jih Huei, R. Jimenez-Rodriguez, D. Joh, A. Johnson, N. Jones, C. Jones, C. Jordan, J. Jose´ Nu´ nez Ju, ~ M. Jose´ Pizarro, C. Jose Salazar J. Joseph, C. Justiniano, T. Kabir, M. Kadhum, C. Kalfountzos, E. Kalogiannaki, K. Kalyanasundaram, S. Kamarajah, M. Kamil Quraishi, Y. Kanemitsu, A. Kapila, V. Kapila, G. Karagiannidis, M. Kashif, S. Kathiravelupillai, A. Kathiravelupillai, E. Katsogridakis, K. Kaur, H. Kaur Sekhon Inderjit Singh, N. Kausur, M. Kawka, G. Keehan, S. Kehlet Watt, M. Kelly, M. E. Kelly, I. Kelvin Egbuchulem, G. Kembuan, E. Khajeh, A. Khaled Elfaitur, M. F. Khan, S. Khan, M. Khan, D. Khan, H. Khan, H. Khatkar, E. Khatkov, R. Khaw, B. Kim, K. Kishore Siddiraju, D. Kitua, B. Kırımtay, S. Kmezic, S. Knight, T. Koe¨ter, A. Koh, F. Koh Hong Xiang, T. Kojo Anyomih, A. I. N. Kok, R. Kokelaar, I. Koliarakis, S. Kolli, J. Kong, D. Ko¨ nig, M. otze, A. Kourdouli, M. Kowal, A. Kraima, F. Kramer, M. Kryzauskas, I. Kuchynskyi, C. Kuemmerli, S. Kuiper, S. Kumar, A. Kumar, L. Kumar, H. Kumar, N. Kumar, S. Kumar Bandyopadhyay, P. Kumar Garg, S. Kumar Venkatappa, J. Kung, S. Kural, A. Kushairi, E. Kuuzie, M. Kvietkauskas, I. Kwek, J. 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Zhukova, L, Zivanovic, M, Zmuc, J, Zope, M, Zubayraeva, A, Zucker, B, Aguilera-Arévalo, M -L, Aguirre Salamanca, E J, Al-Asali, N, Altıner, S, Alvarez Lozada, L A, Anastasopoulos, N -A, Andrés Urrutia, J, Angarita, K -L, Ángel FreirÍa Eiras, M, Anwar, M A, Apampa, T O, Archila Godínez, M I, Arteaga Asensio, P C, Bankole, N D A, Barreras Espinoza, J A, Bhatti, M T, Bonci, E -A, Borunda Escudero, G E, Bosco, S J, Boström, P, Botelho de Alencar Ferreira Cruz, P, Caicedo, E Y, Castañeda Ramírez, O A, Catalán, V, Chen, H W, Chowdhury, M R, Chua, H W, Coelen, R -J, Colás-Ruiz, E, Correia de Sá, T, Coşgun Acar, N, D’Alessio, R, David, S O, de Andres Crespo, M, de Berker, H, de Dieu Ngo, P, de la Caridad Espinosa Luis, R, de Lacy, B, de Montserrat Medina Sifuentes, A, del Rio, C, Demirbaş, I, Díaz, Á, Diaz del Gobbo, G, Diaz-Castrillon, C, du Plessis, M C, Dumbrava, B -D, Efrén Lozada Hernández, E, Fernández Alberti, J, Forero, M P, Fredriksson, Å, Fülöp, A, Gatan, R G, Gortázar, S, Gregório, L, Grüter, A, Gülçek, E, Hafeez Bhatti, A B, Hoh, S M, Hölmich, E, Hüttner, F, Alhasan, A J M S, Perez Rivera, C J, Jácome, F, Jariod-Ferrer, Ú, José, J, José Núñez Ju, J, José Pizarro, M, Khan, M F, Kırımtay, B, Kmezić, S, Koëter, T, König, D, Leyva Moraga, F A, Li, H L, Londoño, M A, Lopes de Freitas, R, López, A I, Mafla Herrería, C A, Manzano Nuñez, R, Marín, D, Martín Martín, G, Masior, Ł, Möckli, B, Mohamed, H M, Mohammad, S A, Mohammed, T O, Montcusí Ventura, B, Mora-Guzmán, I, Morán, R A R, Morera, Á, Moss, J -L, Moyón, M, Müller, P, Muñoz, F, Muñoz, E, Muñoz, A, Muñoz Balderas, D C, Ng, C E, Fhearaigh, R N, Nikolousakis, T -K, Kristensen, H Ø, O’Brien, L, O’Brien, S, O’Reilly, J, O’Rourke, S, O’Sullivan, M, O’Dwyer, M, Oh, K E, Öhlberger, L, Ölçüm, M, Oscullo Yepez, J J, Osei-kuffour, N, Ottlakán, A, Pavan Kumar, O M, Peña Gallardo, M T, Peña Velazquez, A, Pérez-Sánchez, L E, Pompeu Sá, M, Ponniah, H S, Ponte de Sousa, X, Portilla, A L, Pulido Segura, J A, Quimbaya Rodríguez, A S, Racoviţă, A, Rahiri, J -L, Rey Chaves, C E, Roalsø, M, Rodríguez, F, Rodriguez, M C, Ruiz-Úcar, E, Rutegård, M, Sá-Marta, E, Sam, Z H, Emile, Sameh H, Sánchez Fonseca, S, Sgrò, A, Sia, T C, Smart, Y W, Sneep-van Kessel, C, Solórzano Pineda, O, Stephen, B -J, Takoutsing Dongmo, A B, Tamás, T, Tan, J L, Thyø, A, Tölgyes, T, Torrent Jansà, L, Tovani Palone, M R, Valdez Gonzalez, R A, van Beek, D -J, van Dalen, A S, van den Hondel, D, van der stok, E, van Dorp, M, van Oostendorp, S, van Praag, E, van Rees, J, van Silfhout, L, Vasilica, A -M, Vásquez Ojeda, X, Vilar Alvarez, M E, Viscasillas Pallàs, G, Vizcaya Rodríguez, V, Wang, Y Y, Wellington, M J, Wirsik, M M, Wong, W J, Wong, K -Y, Wright, O Wroe, Yang, P -C, Yanzon de la Torre, A, Younis, M U, Zamora, A T, and Surgery
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Biomedical Research, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), International Cooperation, Practice Patterns, Commission, Global Health, Health Services Accessibility, Perioperative Care, Education, Surgeon, COVID-19, surgery, perioperative care, Medical, Pandemic, Humans, Medicine, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Graduate, Pandemics, Surgeons, Health Resource, Infection Control, Physicians', Surgical Procedures, business.industry, General surgery, Middle Aged, Operative, Education, Medical, Graduate, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Perioperative care, Health Resources, Surgery, Female, business, Human
Abstract: Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 11 March 2020 and global surgical practice was compromised. This Commission aimed to document and reflect on the changes seen in the surgical environment during the pandemic, by reviewing colleagues’ experiences and published evidence. Methods In late 2020, BJS contacted colleagues across the global surgical community and asked them to describe how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had affected their practice. In addition to this, the Commission undertook a literature review on the impact of COVID-19 on surgery and perioperative care. A thematic analysis was performed to identify the issues most frequently encountered by the correspondents, as well as the solutions and ideas suggested to address them. Results BJS received communications for this Commission from leading clinicians and academics across a variety of surgical specialties in every inhabited continent. The responses from all over the world provided insights into multiple facets of surgical practice from a governmental level to individual clinical practice and training. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered a variety of problems in healthcare systems, including negative impacts on surgical practice. Global surgical multidisciplinary teams are working collaboratively to address research questions about the future of surgery in the post-COVID-19 era. The COVID-19 pandemic is severely damaging surgical training. The establishment of a multidisciplinary ethics committee should be encouraged at all surgical oncology centres. Innovative leadership and collaboration is vital in the post-COVID-19 era.
Published: 2021

38. SCROFULA: ANALYZING THE ASPIRATE TO AID IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS

Author: S Rehani, Neeti Swarup, M Wadhwa, and S Khatana
Subjects: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, business.industry, medicine.disease, Tuberculous lymphadenitis, Giemsa stain, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Staining, medicine.anatomical_structure, Giant cell, Cervical lymphadenopathy, medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Dentistry (miscellaneous), Surgery, Oral Surgery, medicine.symptom, business, Lymph node, Epithelioid cell
Abstract: Background Tuberculosis is a commonly occurring mycobacterial pulmonary infection that can lead to chronic lymph node enlargement. Scrofula is cervical lymphadenopathy due to tuberculosis. Conventional methods are used to detect the active pulmonary component of the disease. However, tuberculous lymphadenopathy is often difficult to establish routinely; hence, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can prove to be a useful aid in diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Objective To analyze cytomorphological patterns of tuberculous lymphadenopathy by using FNAC and to analyze the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in different patterns of tuberculous lymphadenopathy by using Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Methods One hundred cases of cytologically proven cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis were analyzed, first using Giemsa staining to evaluate and categorize the cytomorphological patterns, then using Ziehl-Neelsen staining to screen of AFB in lymph node aspirate. Results Four cytomorphological patterns were seen, which were described as type 1 (primary), presence of neutrophils and suppuration (15%); type 2 (secondary), presence of necrosis, scattered lymphocytes, and degenerated cells (46%); type 3 (tertiary), presence of necrosis, epithelioid cells, and lymphocytes (30%); and type 4 (quaternary), presence of epithelioid granuloma, necrosis, with or without giant cells. AFB positivity was seen in 76% of cases: type 1 (10%), type 2 (39%), type 3 (25%), and type 4 (2%). Conclusions FNAC is a quick and economical aid in clinical diagnosis for lymphadenopathies. The cytomorphological pattern for tuberculous lymphadenopathy in the initial phases of the disease shows a reactive response; hence, in cases of suspicion, it is highly advisable for detecting AFB in order to diagnose the cervical lymphadenopathy as scrofula.
Published: 2021

39. Collaborative study for the establishment of Etanercept Biological Reference Preparation Batch 1

Author: M, Wadhwa, P, Rigsby, and M-E, Behr-Gross
Subjects: International Cooperation, Humans, Reference Standards, Laboratories, World Health Organization, Immunosuppressive Agents, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Etanercept
Abstract: Three preparations of the human tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor II Fc fusion protein (TNFR II-Fc) Etanercept were formulated and lyophilised at the National Institute for Biological StandardsControl (NIBSC) prior to evaluation in a collaborative study for their suitability to serve as a World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS)/European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) Biological Reference Preparation (BRP) for the potency assay of Etanercept. Seven laboratories tested the preparations using an
Published: 2020

40. Collaborative study for the establishment of Infliximab Biological Reference Preparation Batch 1

Author: M, Wadhwa, P, Rigsby, and M-E, Behr-Gross
Subjects: Europe, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Antirheumatic Agents, International Cooperation, Humans, Congresses as Topic, Reference Standards, Laboratories, World Health Organization, Infliximab
Abstract: Two preparations of the chimeric anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) monoclonal antibody Infliximab were formulated and lyophilised at the National Institute for Biological StandardsControl (NIBSC) prior to evaluation in a collaborative study for their suitability to serve as a World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS)/European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) Biological Reference Preparation (BRP) for the potency assay of Infliximab. Twenty-six laboratories tested the preparations using different in vitro cell-based bioassays (TNF-α neutralisation, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity) and binding assays. Amongst them, 19 laboratories performed cell-based bioassays. The results of this study indicated that the candidate preparation coded 16/170 was suitable to serve as an International Standard for Infliximab based on the data obtained for biological activity. This candidate standard was established in 2017 as the first International Standard for Infliximab with an assigned potency for TNF neutralisation activity of 500 IU per ampoule. In the same study, the suitability of preparation 16/170 of Infliximab to serve as the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) Biological Reference Preparation (BRP) for the Infliximab potency assay as described in the Ph. Eur. monograph on Infliximab concentrated solution (2928) was also evaluated. The corresponding analysis, based on the measurement of the inhibitory action of anti-human TNF (Infliximab) on the cytotoxic activity of TNF-alpha, was performed using data from a subset of 9 laboratories using the TNF-alpha-sensitive fibrosarcoma cell line WEHI-164. The results obtained were compared to those obtained from different cell-based neutralisation assays that were used by other laboratories in the context of establishing the 1st World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS) for Infliximab. Based on the analyses, preparation 16/170 was adopted by the Ph. Eur. Commission in June 2018 as Infliximab BRP batch 1 with an assigned potency of 500 IU per ampoule.
Published: 2020

41. Assessment of potential of some tannins and saponins containing herbs on digestibility of nutrients, fermentation kinetics and enteric methane production under different feeding systems: An in vitro study

Author: IQBAL SINGH, J S HUNDAL, M WADHWA, and J S LAMBA
Subjects: General Veterinary, Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract: The study was undertaken to assess the effect of some tannin and saponin containing herbs, viz. Anarchal, Amla, Baheda and Rohitaka at four levels (0–3% of substrate) on digestibility of nutrients and enteric methane (CH4) production under different feeding systems (roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratios; 80:20, 75:25, 70:30 and 65:35 on DM basis) in vitro in 4×4×4 factorial design. Irrespective of level of herbs and R:C ratios, the fermentation parameters and CH4 mitigation potential varied significantly among different herbs. Digestibility of OM, TVFA and A:P ratio for Anarchal whereas NGP, ME availability, VFA efficiency and depression in CH4 production as % of DM at t1/2 for Rohitaka were observed to be highest. Irrespective of type of herbs and R:C ratios, the net gas production (NGP), digestibility of NDF, ME availability and TVFA increased linearly with increase in the level of supplementation of herbs and was significantly higher at 2 and 3% level; however, 2%, level had an edge over 3% level w.r.t. partitioning factor, VFA efficiency and A:P ratio. At t1/2, CH4 production as percent of NGP was observed to be lowest at 2 and 3% level. Irrespective of type of herb and their level, NGP, digestibility, ME availability, and TVFAs increased linearly with increase in concentrate in TMRs. At t1/2, CH4 production as percent of NGP was lowest at 65:35 in comparison to others. It was concluded that best results on digestibility of nutrients, VFA production, ME availability and in reducing CH4 production was given by Anarchal and Rohitaka supplemented @ 2% of TMR with R:C ratio of 65:35 on DM basis.
Published: 2018

42. Feeding of high-yielding bovines during transition phase

Author: M. P. S. Bakshi, M. Wadhwa, and H. P. S. Makkar
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, Materials science, General Veterinary, Chemical physics, Phase (matter), 030106 microbiology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, High yielding, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Appropriate feeding during the pregnancy and post-pregnancy period determines both the milk production in the ensuing lactation as well as the reproductive efficiency of the animal. During this period, 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition are very important because dramatic physiological and metabolic adaptations take place during this phase - called as the transition phase. Nutritional imbalances, caused by the low quality of desired nutritious rations, reduced appetite and low ingestion are responsible for depressed performance specifically during the transition period. The lack of knowledge and skill of farmers in feeding-management during this phase exacerbate the situation. The metabolic changes, metabolic adaptations and the nutritional-management strategies to ease out this phase are discussed in this review paper. With the advancement of gestation, the dry matter intake (DMI) of dairy cows declines and is at its lowest (1.7-2.0% of body weight) at parturition. The body condition score (BCS) parallels the DMI, but the aim should be not to lose more than one BCS (in the scale of 1-5) after calving. Simultaneously, with the growth of foetus the nutrient requirements increase and are at their peak before parturition as well as immediately after parturition. The milk production reaches its peak in about 5-8 weeks postpartum, while the diet consumption peaks at 10-14 weeks postpartum. Thus, dairy cows will typically suffer a 6-8-week period of negative energy balance during the postpartum period. The mammary energy requirements at 4-day postpartum are more than three times than that of uterus, with simultaneous increase in requirement of metabolizable protein, especially of methionine and lysine. The high incidence of metabolic and infectious diseases is responsible for the high incidence of inflammatory conditions, mostly immediately after calving. To prevent these diseases pro-inflammatory cytokine release should be avoided in postpartum. The mobilization of body reserves especially fat and protein; and hepatic gluconeogenesis takes place immediately after parturition leading to increased levels of ÃÂ²-hydroxy butyric acid and non-esterified fatty acids, which act as a gateway for a number of metabolic diseases. The transition phase can be eased by increasing DMI, feed conversion efficiency, density of ration, and protein supplements rich in rumen undegradable protein; by using anionic mineral mixture, optimizing roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratio, optimum physically effective fibre length of forages/silage/hay, dietary buffers, feed additives such as inflammation modulators, protected nutrients, glucogenic precursors and direct fed microbials/probiotics; and by following phased feeding programme.
Published: 2017

43. The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return: International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST)

Author: D. W. Beaty, M. M. Grady, H. Y. McSween, E. Sefton-Nash, B. L. Carrier, F. Altieri, Y. Amelin, E. Ammannito, M. Anand, L. G. Benning, J. L. Bishop, L. E. Borg, D. Boucher, J. R. Brucato, H. Busemann, K. A. Campbell, A. D. Czaja, V. Debaille, D. J. Des Marais, M. Dixon, B. L. Ehlmann, J. D. Farmer, D. C. Fernandez-Remolar, J. Filiberto, J. Fogarty, D. P. Glavin, Y. S. Goreva, L. J. Hallis, A. D. Harrington, E. M. Hausrath, C. D. K. Herd, B. Horgan, M. Humayun, T. Kleine, J. Kleinhenz, R. Mackelprang, N. Mangold, L. E. Mayhew, J. T. McCoy, F. M. McCubbin, S. M. McLennan, D. E. Moser, F. Moynier, J. F. Mustard, P. B. Niles, G. G. Ori, F. Raulin, P. Rettberg, M. A. Rucker, N. Schmitz, S. P. Schwenzer, M. A. Sephton, R. Shaheen, Z. D. Sharp, D. L. Shuster, S. Siljeström, C. L. Smith, J. A. Spry, A. Steele, T. D. Swindle, I. L. ten Kate, N. J. Tosca, T. Usui, M. J. Van Kranendonk, M. Wadhwa, B. P. Weiss, S. C. Werner, F. Westall, R. M. Wheeler, J. Zipfel, and M. P. Zorzano
Subjects: Martian, Planetary protection, Earth science, Sample (statistics), Mars Exploration Program, 15. Life on land, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Geologic record, Exploration of Mars, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, Sample collection, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars exploration led the agencies to establish the international MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). The purpose of the team is to re-evaluate and update the sample-related science and engineering objectives of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The iMOST team has also undertaken to define the measurements and the types of samples that can best address the objectives. Seven objectives have been defined for MSR, traceable through two decades of previously published international priorities. The first two objectives are further divided into sub-objectives. Within the main part of the report, the importance to science and/or engineering of each objective is described, critical measurements that would address the objectives are specified, and the kinds of samples that would be most likely to carry key information are identified. These seven objectives provide a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned Martian samples would impact future Martian science and exploration. They also have implications for how analogous investigations might be conducted for samples returned by future missions from other solar system bodies, especially those that may harbor biologically relevant or sensitive material, such as Ocean Worlds (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) and others. Summary of Objectives and Sub-Objectives for MSR Identified by iMOST: Objective 1 Interpret the primary geologic processes and history that formed the Martian geologic record, with an emphasis on the role of water. Intent To investigate the geologic environment(s) represented at the Mars 2020 landing site, provide definitive geologic context for collected samples, and detail any characteristics that might relate to past biologic processesThis objective is divided into five sub-objectives that would apply at different landing sites. 1.1 Characterize the essential stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and facies variations of a sequence of Martian sedimentary rocks. Intent To understand the preserved Martian sedimentary record. Samples A suite of sedimentary rocks that span the range of variation. Importance Basic inputs into the history of water, climate change, and the possibility of life 1.2 Understand an ancient Martian hydrothermal system through study of its mineralization products and morphological expression. Intent To evaluate at least one potentially life-bearing “habitable” environment Samples A suite of rocks formed and/or altered by hydrothermal fluids. Importance Identification of a potentially habitable geochemical environment with high preservation potential. 1.3 Understand the rocks and minerals representative of a deep subsurface groundwater environment. Intent To evaluate definitively the role of water in the subsurface. Samples Suites of rocks/veins representing water/rock interaction in the subsurface. Importance May constitute the longest-lived habitable environments and a key to the hydrologic cycle. 1.4 Understand water/rock/atmosphere interactions at the Martian surface and how they have changed with time. Intent To constrain time-variable factors necessary to preserve records of microbial life. Samples Regolith, paleosols, and evaporites. Importance Subaerial near-surface processes could support and preserve microbial life. 1.5 Determine the petrogenesis of Martian igneous rocks in time and space. Intent To provide definitive characterization of igneous rocks on Mars. Samples Diverse suites of ancient igneous rocks. Importance Thermochemical record of the planet and nature of the interior. Objective 2 Assess and interpret the potential biological history of Mars, including assaying returned samples for the evidence of life. Intent To investigate the nature and extent of Martian habitability, the conditions and processes that supported or challenged life, how different environments might have influenced the preservation of biosignatures and created nonbiological “mimics,” and to look for biosignatures of past or present life.This objective has three sub-objectives: 2.1 Assess and characterize carbon, including possible organic and pre-biotic chemistry. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Any biologic molecular scaffolding on Mars would likely be carbon-based. 2.2 Assay for the presence of biosignatures of past life at sites that hosted habitable environments and could have preserved any biosignatures. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Provides the means of discovering ancient life. 2.3 Assess the possibility that any life forms detected are alive, or were recently alive. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Planetary protection, and arguably the most important scientific discovery possible. Objective 3 Quantitatively determine the evolutionary timeline of Mars. Intent To provide a radioisotope-based time scale for major events, including magmatic, tectonic, fluvial, and impact events, and the formation of major sedimentary deposits and geomorphological features. Samples Ancient igneous rocks that bound critical stratigraphic intervals or correlate with crater-dated surfaces. Importance Quantification of Martian geologic history. Objective 4 Constrain the inventory of Martian volatiles as a function of geologic time and determine the ways in which these volatiles have interacted with Mars as a geologic system. Intent To recognize and quantify the major roles that volatiles (in the atmosphere and in the hydrosphere) play in Martian geologic and possibly biologic evolution. Samples Current atmospheric gas, ancient atmospheric gas trapped in older rocks, and minerals that equilibrated with the ancient atmosphere. Importance Key to understanding climate and environmental evolution. Objective 5 Reconstruct the processes that have affected the origin and modification of the interior, including the crust, mantle, core and the evolution of the Martian dynamo. Intent To quantify processes that have shaped the planet's crust and underlying structure, including planetary differentiation, core segregation and state of the magnetic dynamo, and cratering. Samples Igneous, potentially magnetized rocks (both igneous and sedimentary) and impact-generated samples. Importance Elucidate fundamental processes for comparative planetology. Objective 6 Understand and quantify the potential Martian environmental hazards to future human exploration and the terrestrial biosphere. Intent To define and mitigate an array of health risks related to the Martian environment associated with the potential future human exploration of Mars. Samples Fine-grained dust and regolith samples. Importance Key input to planetary protection planning and astronaut health. Objective 7 Evaluate the type and distribution of in-situ resources to support potential future Mars exploration. Intent To quantify the potential for obtaining Martian resources, including use of Martian materials as a source of water for human consumption, fuel production, building fabrication, and agriculture. Samples Regolith. Importance Production of simulants that will facilitate long-term human presence on Mars. Summary of iMOST Findings: Several specific findings were identified during the iMOST study. While they are not explicit recommendations, we suggest that they should serve as guidelines for future decision making regarding planning of potential future MSR missions. The samples to be collected by the Mars 2020 (M-2020) rover will be of sufficient size and quality to address and solve a wide variety of scientific questions. Samples, by definition, are a statistical representation of a larger entity. Our ability to interpret the source geologic units and processes by studying sample sub sets is highly dependent on the quality of the sample context. In the case of the M-2020 samples, the context is expected to be excellent, and at multiple scales. (A) Regional and planetary context will be established by the on-going work of the multi-agency fleet of Mars orbiters. (B) Local context will be established at field area- to outcrop- to hand sample- to hand lens scale using the instruments carried by M-2020. A significant fraction of the value of the MSR sample collection would come from its organization into sample suites, which are small groupings of samples designed to represent key aspects of geologic or geochemical variation. If the Mars 2020 rover acquires a scientifically well-chosen set of samples, with sufficient geological diversity, and if those samples were returned to Earth, then major progress can be expected on all seven of the objectives proposed in this study, regardless of the final choice of landing site. The specifics of which parts of Objective 1 could be achieved would be different at each of the final three candidate landing sites, but some combination of critically important progress could be made at any of them. An aspect of the search for evidence of life is that we do not know in advance how evidence for Martian life would be preserved in the geologic record. In order for the returned samples to be most useful for both understanding geologic processes (Objective 1) and the search for life (Objective 2), the sample collection should contain BOTH typical and unusual samples from the rock units explored. This consideration should be incorporated into sample selection and the design of the suites. The retrieval missions of a MSR campaign should (1) minimize stray magnetic fields to which the samples would be exposed and carry a magnetic witness plate to record exposure, (2) collect and return atmospheric gas sample(s), and (3) collect additional dust and/or regolith sample mass if possible.
Published: 2019

44. Brunneroma: A Rare Cause of Duodeno-duodenal Intussusception

Author: Amol Ingule, Aneeta S Bajaj, Prasad Wagle, Aparna M Patankar, and Anju M Wadhwa
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Abdominal pain, Case Report, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Benign tumor, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Intussusception (medical disorder), medicine, Duodenal intussusception, Submucosal duodenal lesion, Hamartoma, Endoscopic sonography, Duodenal polyp, medicine.diagnostic_test, GiST, business.industry, medicine.disease, Brunneroma, Endoscopy, medicine.anatomical_structure, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Duodenum, Histopathology, Radiology, medicine.symptom, business, Brunner gland hamartoma, Intussuscepting duodenal mass on computed tomography
Abstract: Brunner gland hamartoma (brunneroma) is a rare benign tumor of the duodenum. It is usually asymptomatic and detected incidentally by endoscopy or other imaging modality. The definitive diagnosis is based on histopathological findings. These may mimic tumors of other natures, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), carcinoids, lipomas, and leiomyomas. Here, we present a case of duodenal polyp presenting with abdominal pain and obstructive symptoms that caused duodenal intussusception. It was surgically removed and found to be a brunneroma on histopathology. How to cite this article Patankar AM, Wadhwa AM, Bajaj A, Ingule A, Wagle P. Brunneroma: A Rare Cause of Duodeno-duodenal Intussusception. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2016;6(1):84-88.
Published: 2016

45. Effect of fibre combination on quality characteristics of chevon patties

Author: Nitin Mehta, Manish Kumar Chatli, Rushikesh A. Kantale, Pavan Kumar, J.S. Hundal, and M. Wadhwa
Subjects: Materials science, Animal Science and Zoology, Food science, Small Animals, Quality characteristics
Published: 2020

46. Wastes to worth: value added products from fruit and vegetable wastes

Author: M. Wadhwa, M. P. S. Bakshi, and H. P. S. Makkar
Subjects: General Veterinary, fungi, food and beverages, Biology, Value added, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Pulp and paper industry, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: The concentrations of phenolics and other phytochemicals present in the peels, pulp/pomace and seeds of many fruits and vegetables namely citrus, apples, peaches, pears, banana, pomegranate, berries, mangoes, onions, potatoes, tomatoes and sugar beet are generally substantially higher than in their respective edible tissues, suggesting these wastes and residues to be the potential sources for isolating bio-active compounds. The antioxidants (polyphenolic and other phytochemicals) and other bio-active compounds from these sources exhibit anti-cancer, anti-microbial (pathogens), anti-oxidative and immune-modulatory effects. In addition they reduce incidence of cardiovascular diseases and capillary fragility, inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent thrombosis, oxidative stress, osteoporosis and diabetes in vertebrates. Specifically, the phenolics and flavonoids present in apple, date pit, rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum ) peel, tomato peel extracts strongly inhibit tumour-cell proliferation. Penta-O-galloyl-glucoside (PGG) present in mango seed kernel extract and mango peel is used in pharmaceutical industries as it possesses anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-cardiovascular and hepato-protective effects. The terpenoid and flavonoids in banana foliage exhibit anthelmintic properties. Pomace of apple, pear, orange, peach, blackcurrant, cherry, artichoke, asparagus, onion, raspberry, tomato and carrot, durian seeds (gelling and thickening agents), mango peels, date pits, cauliflower trimmings, empty pea pods and okara are used as dietary fibre supplements and as a functional ingredient in processed food products due to the presence of pectins and carotenoids and bound antioxidants. Some of the fruit and vegetable wastes are excellent source of biopigments; examples being betalains in beet root pulp and carotenoid in carrot pulp. Tomato seeds, banana peel, rambutan and mango seed kernel, passion fruit seed, black currant, date pits are good sources of edible oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Many fruit and vegetable wastes are used as a substrate for the production of organic acids (citric, lactic and ferulic acids), single cell protein, essential oils, exogenous enzymes, bio-ethanol/methanol, bio-pesticides, bio-sorbants, bio-degradable plastic, bio-fertilizers, bio-preservatives and edible mushrooms. Some have potential to decrease the emission of enteric methane.
Published: 2015

47. Screening Tree Leaves for Bio-active Compounds and their Effect on In vitro Fermentation and Methane Production from Total Mixed Ration

Author: Neerja Sood, M. Wadhwa, Pompi Deuri, and M. P. S. Bakshi
Subjects: biology, DPPH, Total mixed ration, biology.organism_classification, chemistry.chemical_compound, Rumen, Animal science, Food Animals, chemistry, Proanthocyanidin, Cassia, Mangifera, Fermentation, Incubation
Abstract: This study was undertaken to screen the tree leaves (TLs) for bio-active compounds and assess their impact on the substrate degradation and methane production from total mixed ration (TMR) by in-vitro gas production technique. The sundried, finely ground leaves of Mangifera indica (MI; Mango), Cassia fistula (CF; Amaltas/Amulthus) and Acacia nilotica (AN; Babul) were supplemented individually and in combinations i.e. MI+CF, MI+AN, CF+AN and MI+CF+AN to TMR at 1% level on DM basis. Results revealed that the total phenols, condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, DPPH and vitamin C content were the highest (P
Published: 2019

48. Animal Feeding: Concepts & Practices

Author: M.P.S. Bakshi, M. Wadhwa, M.P.S. Bakshi, and M. Wadhwa
Subjects: Feeds, Animal nutrition
Abstract: The demand of livestock and poultry products for human consumption has increased tremendously; mainly due to increase in income, population and urbanization. As per one of the estimates, by 2050 the demand of meat and milk will increase by 70%. The key to sustainable development of livestock is the efficient utilization of existing feed resources, besides exploring novel non-conventional feed resources, which can enhance animal productivity. The target can be achieved by feeding balanced ration to meet the nutrient requirements of different categories of animals. The book presents latest and comprehensive information on the various aspects of feeding animals. Besides the feeding of bovines especially during transition phase, camel, yak, mithun and small ruminants; poultry (broilers/layers, ducks, Guinea fowl, quails); the book has extensively covered the feeding of ratites, rabbit; fish and prawn. This book will be useful and highly informative for PG students and faculty, researchers/scientists and others working in a particular specialized field in Animal Nutrition.
Published: 2016

49. Measurement of the atmospheric muon spectrum from 20 to 3000 GeV

Author: P. Achard, O. Adriani, M. Aguilar-Benitez, M. van den Akker, J. Alcaraz, G. Alemanni, J. Allaby, A. Aloisio, M.G. Alviggi, H. Anderhub, V.P. Andreev, F. Anselmo, A. Arefiev, T. Azemoon, T. Aziz, P. Bagnaia, A. Bajo, G. Baksay, L. Baksay, J. Bähr, S.V. Baldew, S. Banerjee, Sw. Banerjee, A. Barczyk, R. Barillère, P. Bartalini, M. Basile, N. Batalova, R. Battiston, A. Bay, F. Becattini, U. Becker, F. Behner, L. Bellucci, R. Berbeco, J. Berdugo, P. Berges, B. Bertucci, B.L. Betev, M. Biasini, M. Biglietti, A. Biland, J.J. Blaising, S.C. Blyth, G.J. Bobbink, A. Böhm, L. Boldizsar, B. Borgia, S. Bottai, D. Bourilkov, M. Bourquin, S. Braccini, J.G. Branson, F. Brochu, J.D. Burger, W.J. Burger, X.D. Cai, M. Capell, G. Cara Romeo, G. Carlino, A. Cartacci, J. Casaus, F. Cavallari, N. Cavallo, C. Cecchi, M. Cerrada, M. Chamizo, T. Chiarusi, Y.H. Chang, M. Chemarin, A. Chen, G. Chen, G.M. Chen, H.F. Chen, H.S. Chen, G. Chiefari, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, I. Clare, R. Clare, G. Coignet, N. Colino, S. Costantini, B. de la Cruz, S. Cucciarelli, J.A. van Dalen, R. de Asmundis, P. Déglon, J. Debreczeni, A. Degré, K. Dehmelt, K. Deiters, D. della Volpe, E. Delmeire, P. Denes, F. DeNotaristefani, A. De Salvo, M. Diemoz, M. Dierckxsens, L.K. Ding, C. Dionisi, M. Dittmar, A. Doria, M.T. Dova, D. Duchesneau, M. Duda, I. Duran, B. Echenard, A. Eline, A. El Hage, H. El Mamouni, A. Engler, F.J. Eppling, P. Extermann, G. Faber, M.A. Falagan, S. Falciano, A. Favara, J. Fay, O. Fedin, M. Felcini, T. Ferguson, H. Fesefeldt, E. Fiandrini, J.H. Field, F. Filthaut, W. Fisher, I. Fisk, G. Forconi, K. Freudenreich, C. Furetta, Yu. Galaktionov, S.N. Ganguli, P. Garcia-Abia, M. Gataullin, S. Gentile, S. Giagu, Z.F. Gong, H.J. Grabosch, G. Grenier, O. Grimm, H. Groenstege, M.W. Gruenewald, M. Guida, Y.N. Guo, S. Gupta, V.K. Gupta, A. Gurtu, L.J. Gutay, D. Haas, Ch. Haller, D. Hatzifotiadou, Y. Hayashi, Z.X. He, T. Hebbeker, A. Hervé, J. Hirschfelder, H. Hofer, M. Hohlmann, G. Holzner, S.R. Hou, A.X. Huo, Y. Hu, N. Ito, B.N. Jin, C.L. Jing, L.W. Jones, P. de Jong, I. Josa-Mutuberría, V. Kantserov, M. Kaur, S. Kawakami, M.N. Kienzle-Focacci, J.K. Kim, J. Kirkby, W. Kittel, A. Klimentov, A.C. König, E. Kok, A. Korn, M. Kopal, V. Koutsenko, M. Kräber, H.H. Kuang, R.W. Kraemer, A. Krüger, J. Kuijpers, A. Kunin, P. Ladron de Guevara, I. Laktineh, G. Landi, M. Lebeau, A. Lebedev, P. Lebrun, P. Lecomte, P. Lecoq, P. Le Coultre, J.M. Le Goff, Y. Lei, H. Leich, R. Leiste, M. Levtchenko, P. Levtchenko, C. Li, L. Li, Z.C. Li, S. Likhoded, C.H. Lin, W.T. Lin, F.L. Linde, L. Lista, Z.A. Liu, W. Lohmann, E. Longo, Y.S. Lu, C. Luci, L. Luminari, W. Lustermann, W.G. Ma, X.H. Ma, Y.Q. Ma, L. Malgeri, A. Malinin, C. Maña, J. Mans, J.P. Martin, F. Marzano, K. Mazumdar, R.R. McNeil, S. Mele, X.W. Meng, L. Merola, M. Meschini, W.J. Metzger, A. Mihul, A. van Mil, H. Milcent, G. Mirabelli, J. Mnich, G.B. Mohanty, B. Monteleoni, G.S. Muanza, A.J.M. Muijs, B. Musicar, M. Musy, S. Nagy, R. Nahnhauer, V.A. Naumov, S. Natale, M. Napolitano, F. Nessi-Tedaldi, H. Newman, A. Nisati, T. Novak, H. Nowak, R. Ofierzynski, G. Organtini, I. Pal, C. Palomares, P. Paolucci, R. Paramatti, J.-F. Parriaud, G. Passaleva, S. Patricelli, T. Paul, M. Pauluzzi, C. Paus, F. Pauss, M. Pedace, S. Pensotti, D. Perret-Gallix, B. Petersen, D. Piccolo, F. Pierella, M. Pieri, M. Pioppi, P.A. Piroué, E. Pistolesi, V. Plyaskin, M. Pohl, V. Pojidaev, J. Pothier, D. Prokofiev, J. Quartieri, C.R. Qing, G. Rahal-Callot, M.A. Rahaman, P. Raics, N. Raja, R. Ramelli, P.G. Rancoita, R. Ranieri, A. Raspereza, K.C. Ravindran, P. Razis, D. Ren, M. Rescigno, S. Reucroft, P. Rewiersma, S. Riemann, K. Riles, B.P. Roe, A. Rojkov, L. Romero, A. Rosca, C. Rosemann, C. Rosenbleck, S. Rosier-Lees, S. Roth, J.A. Rubio, G. Ruggiero, H. Rykaczewski, R. Saidi, A. Sakharov, S. Saremi, S. Sarkar, J. Salicio, E. Sanchez, C. Schäfer, V. Schegelsky, V. Schmitt, B. Schoeneich, H. Schopper, D.J. Schotanus, C. Sciacca, L. Servoli, C.Q. Shen, S. Shevchenko, N. Shivarov, V. Shoutko, E. Shumilov, A. Shvorob, D. Son, C. Souga, P. Spillantini, M. Steuer, D.P. Stickland, B. Stoyanov, A. Straessner, K. Sudhakar, H. Sulanke, G. Sultanov, L.Z. Sun, S. Sushkov, H. Suter, J.D. Swain, Z. Szillasi, X.W. Tang, P. Tarjan, L. Tauscher, L. Taylor, B. Tellili, D. Teyssier, C. Timmermans, Samuel C.C. Ting, S.M. Ting, S.C. Tonwar, J. Tóth, G. Trowitzsch, C. Tully, K.L. Tung, J. Ulbricht, M. Unger, E. Valente, H. Verkooijen, R.T. van de Walle, R. Vasquez, V. Veszpremi, G. Vesztergombi, I. Vetlitsky, D. Vicinanza, G. Viertel, S. Villa, M. Vivargent, S. Vlachos, I. Vodopianov, H. Vogel, H. Vogt, I. Vorobiev, A.A. Vorobyov, M. Wadhwa, R.G. Wang, Q. Wang, X.L. Wang, X.W. Wang, Z.M. Wang, M. Weber, R. van Wijk, T.A.M. Wijnen, H. Wilkens, S. Wynhoff, L. Xia, Y.P. Xu, J.S. Xu, Z.Z. Xu, J. Yamamoto, B.Z. Yang, C.G. Yang, H.J. Yang, M. Yang, X.F. Yang, Z.G. Yao, S.C. Yeh, Z.Q. Yu, An. Zalite, Yu. Zalite, C. Zhang, F. Zhang, J. Zhang, S. Zhang, Z.P. Zhang, J. Zhao, S.J. Zhou, G.Y. Zhu, R.Y. Zhu, H.L. Zhuang, Q.Q. Zhu, A. Zichichi, B. Zimmermann, M. Zöller, A.N.M. Zwart, L3 (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), P. ACHARD, O. ADRIANI, M. AGUILAR-BENITEZ, J. ALCARAZ, G. ALEMANNI, J. ALLABY, A. ALOISIO, M.G. ALVIGGI, H. ANDERHUB, V.P. ANDREEV, F. ANSELMO, A. AREFIEV, T. AZEMOON, T. AZIZ, P. BAGNAIA, A. BAJO, G. BAKSAY, L. BAKSAY, S.V. BALDEW, S. BANERJEE, SW. BANERJEE, A. BARCZYK, R. BARILLÈRE, P. BARTALINI, M. BASILE, N. BATALOVA, R. BATTISTON, A. BAY, F. BECATTINI, U. BECKER, F. BEHNER, L. BELLUCCI, R. BERBECO, J. BERDUGO, P. BERGES, B. BERTUCCI, B.L. BETEV, M. BIASINI, M. BIGLIETTI, A. BILAND, J.J. BLAISING, S.C. BLYTH, G.J. BOBBINK, A. BÖHM, L. BOLDIZSAR, B. BORGIA, S. BOTTAI, D. BOURILKOV, M. BOURQUIN, S. BRACCINI, J.G. BRANSON, F. BROCHU, J.D. BURGER, W.J. BURGER, X.D. CAI, M. CAPELL, G. CARA ROMEO, G. CARLINO, A. CARTACCI, J. CASAUS, F. CAVALLARI, N. CAVALLO, C. CECCHI, M. CERRADA, M. CHAMIZO, Y.H. CHANG, M. CHEMARIN, A. 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HOHLMANN, G. HOLZNER, S.R. HOU, Y. HU, B.N. JIN, L.W. JONES, P. DE JONG, I. JOSA-MUTUBERRÍA, M. KAUR, M.N. KIENZLE-FOCACCI, J.K. KIM, J. KIRKBY, W. KITTEL, A. KLIMENTOV, A.C. KOENIG, M. KOPAL, V. KOUTSENKO, M. KRAEBER, R.W. KRAEMER, A. KRUEGER, A. KUNIN, P. LADRON DE GUEVARA, I. LAKTINEH, G. LANDI, M. LEBEAU, A. LEBEDEV, P. LEBRUN, P. LECOMTE, P. LECOQ, P. LE COULTRE, J.M. LE GOFF, R. LEISTE, M. LEVTCHENKO, P. LEVTCHENKO, C. LI, S. LIKHODED, C.H. LIN, W.T. LIN, F.L. LINDE, L. LISTA, Z.A. LIU, W. LOHMANN, E. LONGO, Y.S. LU, C. LUCI, L. LUMINARI, W. LUSTERMANN, W.G. MA, L. MALGERI, A. MALININ, C. MANA, D. MANGEOL, J. MANS, J.P. MARTIN, F. MARZANO, K. MAZUMDAR, R.R. MCNEIL, S. MELE, L. MEROLA, M. MESCHINI, W.J. METZGER, A. MIHUL, H. MILCENT, G. MIRABELLI, J. MNICH, G.B. MOHANTY, G.S. MUANZA, A.J.M. MUIJS, B. MUSICAR, M. MUSY, S. NAGY, S. NATALE, M. NAPOLITANO, F. NESSI-TEDALDI, H. NEWMAN, A. NISATI, T. NOVAK, H. NOWAK, R. OFIERZYNSKI, G. ORGANTINI, I. PAL, C. PALOMARES, P.PAOLUCCI, R. PARAMATTI, G. PASSALEVA, S. PATRICELLI, T. PAUL, M. PAULUZZI, C. PAUS, F. PAUSS, M. PEDACE, S. PENSOTTI, D. PERRET-GALLIX, B. PETERSEN, D. PICCOLO, F. PIERELLA, M. PIOPPI, P.A. PIROUE, E. PISTOLESI, V. PLYASKIN, M. POHL, V. POJIDAEV, J. POTHIER, D. PROKOFIEV, J. QUARTIERI, G. RAHAL-CALLOT, M.A.RAHAMAN, P. RAICS, N. RAJA, R. RAMELLI, P.G. RANCOITA, R. RANIERI, A. RASPEREZA, P. RAZIS, D. REN, M. RESCIGNO, S. REUCROFT, S. RIEMANN, K. RILES, B.P. ROE, L. ROMERO, A. ROSCA, C. ROSEMANN, C. ROSENBLECK, S. ROSIER-LEES, S. ROTH, J.A. RUBIO, G. RUGGIERO, H. RYKACZEWSKI, A. SAKHAROV, S. SAREMI, S. SARKAR, J. SALICIO, E. SANCHEZ, C. SCHAEFER, V. SCHEGELSKY, H. SCHOPPER, D.J. SCHOTANUS, C. SCIACCA, L. SERVOLI, S. SHEVCHENKO, N. SHIVAROV, V. SHOUTKO, E. SHUMILOV, A. SHVOROB, D. SON, C. SOUGA, P. SPILLANTINI, M. STEUER, D.P. STICKLAND, B. STOYANOV, A. STRAESSNER, K. SUDHAKAR, G. SULTANOV, L.Z. SUN, S. SUSHKOV, H. SUTER, J.D. SWAIN, Z. SZILLASI, X.W. TANG, P. TARJAN, L. TAUSCHER, L. TAYLOR, B. TELLILI, D. TEYSSIER, C. TIMMERMANS, SAMUEL C.C. TING, S.M. TING, S.C. TONWAR, J. TOTH, C. TULLY, K.L. TUNG, J. ULBRICHT, E. VALENTE, R.T. VAN DE WALLE, R. VASQUEZ, V. VESZPREMI, G. VESZTERGOMBI, I. VETLITSKI, D. VICINANZA, G. VIERTEL, S. VILLA, M. VIVARGENT, S. VLACHOS, I. VODOPIANOV, H. VOGEL, H. VOGT, I. VOROBIEV, A.A. VOROBYOV, M. WADHWA, Q. WANG, X.L. WANG, Z.M. WANG, M. WEBER, H. WILKENS, S. WYNHOFF, L. XIA, Z.Z. XU, J. YAMAMOTO, B.Z. YANG, C.G. YANG, H.J. YANG, M. YANG, S.C. YEH, AN. ZALITE, YU. ZALITE, Z.P. ZHANG, J. ZHAO, G.Y. ZHU, R.Y. ZHU, H.L. ZHUANG, A. ZICHICHI, B. ZIMMERMANN, M. 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Zimmermann, B, Zöller, M, Zwart, A, Achard, Pablo, Bourquin, Maurice, Braccini, Saverio, Chamizo Llatas, Maria, Deglon, Patrick, Delmeire, Evelyne, Echenard, Bertrand, Extermann, Pierre, Field, John, Kienzle, Maria-Novella, Natale, Sonia, Pohl, Martin, and Straessner, Arno
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, L3,CERN-LEP-L3, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Ciencias Físicas, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, momentum spectrum, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, ddc:500.2, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Momentum, Nuclear physics, Atmospheric muon spectrum, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Muon spectrometer, muon, l3, cern lab, cosmic radiation, angular dependence, magnetic detector, 0103 physical sciences, Vertical direction, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Cosmic rays, High-energy hadronic interactions, Zenith, Physics, Muon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Física, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 [https], Astronomía, Pair production, Muon flux, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Particle Physics - Experiment, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE
Abstract: The absolute muon flux between 20 and 3000 GeV is measured with the L3 magnetic muon spectrometer for zenith angles ranging from 0°to 58°. Due to the large exposure of about 150 m2sr d, and the excellent momentum resolution of the L3 muon chambers, a precision of 2.3% at 150 GeV in the vertical direction is achieved.The ratio of positive to negative muons is studied between 20 and 500 GeV, and the average vertical muon charge ratio is found to be 1.285±0.003(stat.)±0.019(syst.)., Physics Letters B, 598 (1-2), ISSN:0370-2693, ISSN:0031-9163, ISSN:1873-2445
Published: 2004

50. Measurement of the Z-boson mass using e+e -> Z gamma events at centre-of-mass energies above the Z pole

Author: P. Achard, O. Adriani, M. Aguilar-Benitez, J. Alcaraz, G. Alemanni, J. Allaby, A. Aloisio, M.G. Alviggi, H. Anderhub, V.P. Andreev, F. Anselmo, A. Arefiev, T. Azemoon, T. Aziz, P. Bagnaia, A. Bajo, G. Baksay, L. Baksay, S.V. Baldew, S. Banerjee, Sw. Banerjee, A. Barczyk, R. Barillère, P. Bartalini, M. Basile, N. Batalova, R. Battiston, A. Bay, F. Becattini, U. Becker, F. Behner, L. Bellucci, R. Berbeco, J. Berdugo, P. Berges, B. Bertucci, B.L. Betev, M. Biasini, M. Biglietti, A. Biland, J.J. Blaising, S.C. Blyth, G.J. Bobbink, A. Böhm, L. Boldizsar, B. Borgia, S. Bottai, D. Bourilkov, M. Bourquin, S. Braccini, J.G. Branson, F. Brochu, J.D. Burger, W.J. Burger, X.D. Cai, M. Capell, G. Cara Romeo, G. Carlino, A. Cartacci, J. Casaus, F. Cavallari, N. Cavallo, C. Cecchi, M. Cerrada, M. Chamizo, Y.H. Chang, M. Chemarin, A. Chen, G. Chen, G.M. Chen, H.F. Chen, H.S. Chen, G. Chiefari, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, I. Clare, R. Clare, G. Coignet, N. Colino, S. Costantini, B. de la Cruz, S. Cucciarelli, J.A. van Dalen, R. de Asmundis, P. Déglon, J. Debreczeni, A. Degré, K. Dehmelt, K. Deiters, D. della Volpe, E. Delmeire, P. Denes, F. DeNotaristefani, A. De Salvo, M. Diemoz, M. Dierckxsens, C. Dionisi, M. Dittmar, A. Doria, M.T. Dova, D. Duchesneau, M. Duda, B. Echenard, A. Eline, A. El Hage, H. El Mamouni, A. Engler, F.J. Eppling, P. Extermann, M.A. Falagan, S. Falciano, A. Favara, J. Fay, O. Fedin, M. Felcini, T. Ferguson, H. Fesefeldt, E. Fiandrini, J.H. Field, F. Filthaut, P.H. Fisher, W. Fisher, I. Fisk, G. Forconi, K. Freudenreich, C. Furetta, Yu. Galaktionov, S.N. Ganguli, P. Garcia-Abia, M. Gataullin, S. Gentile, S. Giagu, Z.F. Gong, G. Grenier, O. Grimm, M.W. Gruenewald, M. Guida, R. van Gulik, V.K. Gupta, A. Gurtu, L.J. Gutay, D. Haas, D. Hatzifotiadou, T. Hebbeker, A. Hervé, J. Hirschfelder, H. Hofer, M. Hohlmann, G. Holzner, S.R. Hou, Y. Hu, B.N. Jin, L.W. Jones, P. de Jong, I. Josa-Mutuberrı́a, D. Käfer, M. Kaur, M.N. Kienzle-Focacci, J.K. Kim, J. Kirkby, W. Kittel, A. Klimentov, A.C. König, M. Kopal, V. Koutsenko, M. Kräber, R.W. Kraemer, A. Krüger, A. Kunin, P. Ladron de Guevara, I. Laktineh, G. Landi, M. Lebeau, A. Lebedev, P. Lebrun, P. Lecomte, P. Lecoq, P. Le Coultre, J.M. Le Goff, R. Leiste, M. Levtchenko, P. Levtchenko, C. Li, S. Likhoded, C.H. Lin, W.T. Lin, F.L. Linde, L. Lista, Z.A. Liu, W. Lohmann, E. Longo, Y.S. Lu, C. Luci, L. Luminari, W. Lustermann, W.G. Ma, L. Malgeri, A. Malinin, C. Maña, J. Mans, J.P. Martin, F. Marzano, K. Mazumdar, R.R. McNeil, S. Mele, L. Merola, M. Meschini, W.J. Metzger, A. Mihul, H. Milcent, G. Mirabelli, J. Mnich, G.B. Mohanty, G.S. Muanza, A.J.M. Muijs, B. Musicar, M. Musy, S. Nagy, S. Natale, M. Napolitano, F. Nessi-Tedaldi, H. Newman, A. Nisati, T. Novak, H. Nowak, R. Ofierzynski, G. Organtini, I. Pal, C. Palomares, P. Paolucci, R. Paramatti, G. Passaleva, S. Patricelli, T. Paul, M. Pauluzzi, C. Paus, F. Pauss, M. Pedace, S. Pensotti, D. Perret-Gallix, B. Petersen, D. Piccolo, F. Pierella, M. Pioppi, P.A. Piroué, E. Pistolesi, V. Plyaskin, M. Pohl, V. Pojidaev, J. Pothier, D. Prokofiev, J. Quartieri, G. Rahal-Callot, M.A. Rahaman, P. Raics, N. Raja, R. Ramelli, P.G. Rancoita, R. Ranieri, A. Raspereza, P. Razis, D. Ren, M. Rescigno, S. Reucroft, S. Riemann, K. Riles, B.P. Roe, L. Romero, A. Rosca, S. Rosier-Lees, S. Roth, C. Rosenbleck, J.A. Rubio, G. Ruggiero, H. Rykaczewski, A. Sakharov, S. Saremi, S. Sarkar, J. Salicio, E. Sanchez, C. Schäfer, V. Schegelsky, H. Schopper, D.J. Schotanus, C. Sciacca, L. Servoli, S. Shevchenko, N. Shivarov, V. Shoutko, E. Shumilov, A. Shvorob, D. Son, C. Souga, P. Spillantini, M. Steuer, D.P. Stickland, B. Stoyanov, A. Straessner, K. Sudhakar, G. Sultanov, L.Z. Sun, S. Sushkov, H. Suter, J.D. Swain, Z. Szillasi, X.W. Tang, P. Tarjan, L. Tauscher, L. Taylor, B. Tellili, D. Teyssier, C. Timmermans, Samuel C.C. Ting, S.M. Ting, S.C. Tonwar, J. Tóth, C. Tully, K.L. Tung, J. Ulbricht, E. Valente, R.T. Van de Walle, R. Vasquez, V. Veszpremi, G. Vesztergombi, I. Vetlitsky, D. Vicinanza, G. Viertel, S. Villa, M. Vivargent, S. Vlachos, I. Vodopianov, H. Vogel, H. Vogt, I. Vorobiev, A.A. Vorobyov, M. Wadhwa, Q. Wang, X.L. Wang, Z.M. Wang, M. Weber, P. Wienemann, H. Wilkens, S. Wynhoff, L. Xia, Z.Z. Xu, J. Yamamoto, B.Z. Yang, C.G. Yang, H.J. Yang, M. Yang, S.C. Yeh, An. Zalite, Yu. Zalite, Z.P. Zhang, J. Zhao, G.Y. Zhu, R.Y. Zhu, H.L. Zhuang, A. Zichichi, B. Zimmermann, M. Zöller, Achard, Pablo, Bourquin, Maurice, Braccini, Saverio, Chamizo Llatas, Maria, Deglon, Patrick, Delmeire, Evelyne, Echenard, Bertrand, Extermann, Pierre, Field, John, Kienzle, Maria-Novella, Malgeri, Luca, Natale, Sonia, Pohl, Martin, Straessner, Arno, L3 (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), P. ACHARD, O. ADRIANI, M. AGUILAR-BENITEZ, J. ALCARAZ, G. ALEMANNI, J. ALLABY, A. ALOISIO, M.G. ALVIGGI, H. ANDERHUB, V.P. ANDREEV, F. ANSELMO, A. AREFIEV, T. AZEMOON, T. AZIZ, P. BAGNAIA, A. BAJO, G. BAKSAY, L. BAKSAY, S.V. BALDEW, S. BANERJEE, SW. BANERJEE, A. BARCZYK, R. BARILLÈRE, P. BARTALINI, M. BASILE, N. BATALOVA, R. BATTISTON, A. BAY, F. BECATTINI, U. BECKER, F. BEHNER, L. BELLUCCI, R. BERBECO, J. BERDUGO, P. BERGES, B. BERTUCCI, B.L. BETEV, M. BIASINI, M. BIGLIETTI, A. BILAND, J.J. BLAISING, S.C. BLYTH, G.J. BOBBINK, A. BÖHM, L. BOLDIZSAR, B. BORGIA, S. BOTTAI, D. BOURILKOV, M. BOURQUIN, S. BRACCINI, J.G. BRANSON, F. BROCHU, J.D. BURGER, W.J. BURGER, X.D. CAI, M. CAPELL, G. CARA ROMEO, G. CARLINO, A. CARTACCI, J. CASAUS, F. CAVALLARI, N. CAVALLO, C. CECCHI, M. CERRADA, M. CHAMIZO, Y.H. CHANG, M. CHEMARIN, A. CHEN, G. CHEN, G.M. CHEN, H.F. CHEN, H.S. CHEN, G. CHIEFARI, L. CIFARELLI, F. CINDOLO, I. CLARE, R. CLARE, G. COIGNET, N. COLINO, S. COSTANTINI, B. DE LA CRUZ, S. CUCCIARELLI, J.A. VAN DALEN, R. DE ASMUNDIS, P. DÉGLON, J. DEBRECZENI, A. DEGRÉ, K. DEHMELT, K. DEITERS, D. DELLA VOLPE, E. DELMEIRE, P. DENES, F. DE NOTARISTEFANI, A. DE SALVO, M. DIEMOZ, M. DIERCKXSENS, C. DIONISI, M. DITTMAR, A. DORIA, M.T. DOVA, D. DUCHESNEAU, M. DUDA, B. ECHENARD, A. ELINE, A. EL HAGE, H. EL MAMOUNI, A. ENGLER, F.J. EPPLING, P. EXTERMANN, M.A. FALAGAN, S. FALCIANO, A. FAVARA, J. FAY, O. FEDIN, M. FELCINI, T. FERGUSON, H. FESEFELDT, E. FIANDRINI, J.H. FIELD, F. FILTHAUT, P.H. FISHER, W. FISHER, I. FISK, G. FORCONI, K. FREUDENREICH, C. FURETTA, YU. GALAKTIONOV, S.N. GANGULI, P. GARCIA-ABIA, M. GATAULLIN, S. GENTILE, S. GIAGU, Z.F. GONG, G. GRENIER, O. GRIMM, M.W. GRUENEWALD, M. GUIDA, V.K. GUPTA, A. GURTU, L.J. GUTAY, D. HAAS, D. HATZIFOTIADOU, T. HEBBEKER, A. HERVÉ, J. HIRSCHFELDER, H. HOFER, M. HOHLMANN, G. HOLZNER, S.R. HOU, Y. HU, B.N. JIN, L.W. JONES, P. DE JONG, I. JOSA-MUTUBERRÍA, M. KAUR, M.N. KIENZLE-FOCACCI, J.K. KIM, J. KIRKBY, W. KITTEL, A. KLIMENTOV, A.C. KOENIG, M. KOPAL, V. KOUTSENKO, M. KRAEBER, R.W. KRAEMER, A. KRUEGER, A. KUNIN, P. LADRON DE GUEVARA, I. LAKTINEH, G. LANDI, M. LEBEAU, A. LEBEDEV, P. LEBRUN, P. LECOMTE, P. LECOQ, P. LE COULTRE, J.M. LE GOFF, R. LEISTE, M. LEVTCHENKO, P. LEVTCHENKO, C. LI, S. LIKHODED, C.H. LIN, W.T. LIN, F.L. LINDE, L. LISTA, Z.A. LIU, W. LOHMANN, E. LONGO, Y.S. LU, C. LUCI, L. LUMINARI, W. LUSTERMANN, W.G. MA, L. MALGERI, A. MALININ, C. MANA, D. MANGEOL, J. MANS, J.P. MARTIN, F. MARZANO, K. MAZUMDAR, RR. MCNEIL, S. MELE, L. MEROLA, M. MESCHINI, W.J. METZGER, A. MIHUL, H. MILCENT, G. MIRABELLI, J. MNICH, G.B. MOHANTY, G.S. MUANZA, A.J.M. MUIJS, B. MUSICAR, M. MUSY, S. NAGY, S. NATALE, M. NAPOLITANO, F. NESSI-TEDALDI, H. NEWMAN, A. NISATI, T. NOVAK, H. NOWAK, R. OFIERZYNSKI, G. ORGANTINI, I. PAL, C. PALOMARES, P.PAOLUCCI, R. PARAMATTI, G. PASSALEVA, S. PATRICELLI, T. PAUL, M. PAULUZZI, C. PAUS, F. PAUSS, M. PEDACE, S. PENSOTTI, D. PERRET-GALLIX, B. PETERSEN, D. PICCOLO, F. PIERELLA, M. PIOPPI, P.A. PIROUE, E. PISTOLESI, V. PLYASKIN, M. POHL, V. POJIDAEV, J. POTHIER, D. PROKOFIEV, J. QUARTIERI, G. RAHAL-CALLOT, M.A.RAHAMAN, P. RAICS, N. RAJA, R. RAMELLI, P.G. RANCOITA, R. RANIERI, A. RASPEREZA, P. RAZIS, D. REN, M. RESCIGNO, S. REUCROFT, S. RIEMANN, K. RILES, B.P. ROE, L. ROMERO, A. ROSCA, C. ROSEMANN, C. ROSENBLECK, S. ROSIER-LEES, S. ROTH, J.A. RUBIO, G. RUGGIERO, H. RYKACZEWSKI, A. SAKHAROV, S. SAREMI, S. SARKAR, J. SALICIO, E. SANCHEZ, C. SCHAEFER, V. SCHEGELSKY, H. SCHOPPER, D.J. SCHOTANUS, C. SCIACCA, L. SERVOLI, S. SHEVCHENKO, N. SHIVAROV, V. SHOUTKO, E. SHUMILOV, A. SHVOROB, D. SON, C. SOUGA, P. SPILLANTINI, M. STEUER, D.P. STICKLAND, B. STOYANOV, A. STRAESSNER, K. SUDHAKAR, G. SULTANOV, L.Z. SUN, S. SUSHKOV, H. SUTER, J.D. SWAIN, Z. SZILLASI, X.W. TANG, P. TARJAN, L. TAUSCHER, L. TAYLOR, B. TELLILI, D. TEYSSIER, C. TIMMERMANS, SAMUEL C.C. TING, S.M. TING, S.C. TONWAR, J. TOTH, C. TULLY, K.L. TUNG, J. ULBRICHT, E. VALENTE, R.T. VAN DE WALLE, R. VASQUEZ, V. VESZPREMI, G. VESZTERGOMBI, I. VETLITSKI, D. VICINANZA, G. VIERTEL, S. VILLA, M. VIVARGENT, S. VLACHOS, I. VODOPIANOV, H. VOGEL, H. VOGT, I. VOROBIEV, A.A. VOROBYOV, M. WADHWA, Q. WANG, X.L. WANG, Z.M. WANG, M. WEBER, H. WILKENS, S. WYNHOFF, L. XIA, Z.Z. XU, J. YAMAMOTO, B.Z. YANG, C.G. YANG, H.J. YANG, M. YANG, S.C. YEH, AN. ZALITE, YU. ZALITE, Z.P. ZHANG, J. ZHAO, G.Y. ZHU, R.Y. ZHU, H.L. ZHUANG, A. ZICHICHI, B. ZIMMERMANN, M. ZOELLER, IHEF (IoP, FNWI), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), CMS, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L3, Aloisio, Alberto, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Chiefari, Giovanni, DELLA VOLPE, Domenico, Merola, Leonardo, Napolitano, Marco, Patricelli, Sergio, Sciacca, Crisostomo, and Lista, Luca
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Z boson, Hadron, ddc:500.2, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, Measure (mathematics), 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Ciencias Exactas, L3 EXPERIMENT, Physics, Muon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Z pole, Resonance, Física, centre-of-mass energies, Z-boson, monte-carlo program, cross-sections, l3 experiment, final-states, qcd, lep, photoproduction, simulation, collisions, parameters, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Beam energy
Abstract: Events from the e+e− → Zγ process with hard initial-state radiation collected with the L3 detector at centre-of-mass energies between 183 and 209 GeV are used to measure the mass of the Z boson. Decays of the Z boson into hadrons or muon pairs are considered and the Z mass is determined to be 91.272 ± 0.032(stat) ± 0.033(syst) GeV, in agreement with the value measured at the Z resonance. Alternatively, assuming this measured value of the Z mass, the method determines the LEP centre-of-mass energy, found to be 175 ± 68(stat) ± 68(syst) MeV lower than the nominal value., Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
Published: 2004

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