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Abstract A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is usually made up of a large number of discrete sensor nodes, each of which requires restricted resources, including memory, computing power, and energy. To extend the network lifetime, these limited resources must be used effectively. In WSN, clustering constitutes one of the best methods for optimizing network longevity and energy conservation. In this work, we proposed a novel Energy and Throughput Aware Adaptive Routing (ETAAR) algorithm based on Cooperative Game Theory (CGT). To achieve the energy efficient and improved data rate routing in WSN, we are applied two game theories of CGT and coalition game. The main part of this routing mechanism is cluster head selection and clustering the nodes to perform energy efficient and throughput effective communication between the nodes. In first stage, CGT based utility function which adopts both energy and throughput is utilized to handpick the CH nodes. In the second stage, along with the energy and throughput, average end-to-end delay is considered for the adaptive time slot transmission to avoid collision in the coalition game approach. MATLAB tool is used for simulation. The simulation results shows that the proposed ETAAR protocol is outperforms than earlier works of routing in terms of residual energy, PDR, energy due ratio, average end-to-end delay, dead nodes. The network lifetime of 48% extension, energy saving of 60% and 52.5% of delay shortage attained in ETAAR.

Joining of metals and aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites has significant applications in aviation, ship building and automotive industries. In the present work, investigation is carried out on Friction Welding of AISI 1030 steel and hybrid AA6063-6SiCp-3Grpcomposite, that are difficult to weld by fusion welding technique. Silicon carbide and graphite particle reinforced AA6063 matrix hybrid composite was developed successfully using stir casting method and the joining feasibility of AISI1030 steel with AA6063-6SiCp-3Grp hybrid composite was tried out by friction stud welding technique. During friction stage of welding process, the particulates (SiC & Graphite) used for reinforcement, tend to increase the viscosity and lead to improper mixing of matrix and reinforcement. This eventually results in lower strength in dissimilar joints. To overcome this difficulty AA1100 interlayer is used while joining hybrid composite to AISI 1030 steel. Experimentation was carried out using Taguchi based design of experiments (DOE) technique. Multiple regression methods were applied to understand the relationship between process parameters of the friction stud welding process. Micro structural examination reveals three separate zones namely fully plasticized zone, partially deformed zone and unaffected base material zone. Ultra fine dynamically recrystallized grains of about 341 nm were observed at the fully plasticized zone. EDX analysis confirms the presence of intermetallic compound Fe2Al5 at the joint interface. According to the experimental analysis using DOE, rotational speed and interlayer sheet thickness contribute about 39% and 36% respectively in determining the impact strength of the welded joints. It is found that joining with 0.5 mm interlayer sheet provides efficient joints. Developed regression model could be used to predict the axial shortening distance and impact strength of the welded joint with reasonable accuracy.

In the cohesive framework, a stress-state dependent cohesive model, combined with an irreversible damage parameter has been used in simulation of fatigue crack growth initiation and continued growth. The model is implemented as interface elements and plane strain simulations of crack initiation and growth under cyclic loading are performed. The stressstate of neighboring continuum elements is used in the traction-separation behavior of the cohesive elements. The model is shown to be able to reproduce the typical initiation life as well as fatigue crack growth curves. Further, the effect of the cohesive fatigue parameter on the initiation life and crack growth rates is established

Electronic voting is an efficient way of conducting the voting process, which has the characteristics of real-time data and massive data and demands high security. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for electronic voting that utilizes decentralized network architecture with Blockchain and Hybrid cryptography techniques. Our system aims to address the challenges faced in administering EVMs and ensuring high security in strong rooms, which can lead to privacy and security flaws in the voting system. Our proposed model utilizes a wireless mesh topology to enlist vote details and modernize the chain of blocks, resulting in improved data confidentiality and reduced human resources. A customized UDP packet structure is designed to avoid port scanning and network traces, while the use of port numbers is eliminated for increased security. We also incorporate a three-layer encryption stack for secure key exchanges, which ensures perfect forward secrecy and an uncompromised state of the packet. By reducing the number of threads needed for Transport layer Protocol (TCP) connections; our proposed model improves the speed and security of the existing architecture. Overall, our approach offers a highly secure and efficient electronic voting system that meets the demands of secrecy, accuracy, and neutrality in the process of voting and counting. Our proposed system has the potential to prevent poll rigging by trespassers, ensuring a fair and trustworthy electoral process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, wearable sensors significantly impact health care through continuous monitoring and event prediction. The types and clinical applications of wearable technology for the prevention of mental illnesses, as well as associated health authority rules, are covered in the current review. Summary: The technologies behind wearable ECG monitors, biosensors, electronic skin patches, neural interfaces, retinal prosthesis, and smart contact lenses were discussed. We described how sensors will examine neuronal impulses using verified machine-learning algorithms running in real-time. These sensors will closely monitor body signals and demonstrate continuous sensing with wireless functionality. The wearable applications in the following medical fields were covered in our review: sleep, neurology, mental health, anxiety, depression, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, seizures, and schizophrenia. These mental health conditions can cause serious issues, even death. Inflammation brought on by mental health problems can worsen hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and interfere with certain neuroregulatory systems such as the neural peptide Y, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems. Severe depressive disorder symptoms are correlated with elevated Interleukin (IL-6) levels. On the basis of previous and present data collected utilizing a variety of sensory modalities, researchers are currently investigating ways to identify or detect the current mental state. Key message: This review explores the potential of various mental health monitoring technologies. The types and clinical uses of wearable technology, such as ECG monitors, biosensors, electronic skin patches, brain interfaces, retinal prostheses, and smart contact lenses, were covered in the current review will be beneficial for patients with mental health problems like Alzheimer, epilepsy, dementia. The sensors will closely monitor bodily signals with wireless functionality while using machine learning algorithms to analyse neural impulses in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative condition that results in the damage of retinal ganglion cells due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). To curtail the limitations associated with conventional treatments such as eye drops and ocular suspensions, we have developed 'single' and 'dual' drug delivery contact lenses (CLs), that is, latanoprost (LP) and latanoprost-timolol (LP-TM) deliverable CLs, in response to lysozyme (Lyz), which is abundant in the lacrimal fluid. Since chitosan (CS) can entrap more of the drug and also undergo hydrolysis in the presence of Lyz, we have employed CS for the composite preparation. The CL fabrication was performed by free radical copolymerization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) in the presence of the drug-loaded nanocomposite with UV-curing initiators using the pre-drug loading strategy. The surface morphological, optical and mechanical investigations confirmed the presence of the drugs, ≥80% transparency, the adequate flexibility and biocompatibility of both the CLs. The in vitro release experiments showed the release of 95.86% LP from LP-CL, and 83.87% LP and 86.70% TM from LP-TM-CL in the presence of 1.5 mg mL−1 of Lyz in 72 h. In vitro biocompatibility assay against human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and ex vivo experiments on HET-CAM confirmed that the fabricated LP-CL and LP-TM-CL are well tolerated. Moreover, in vivo safety evaluations of CLs on New Zealand white rabbit eyes suggest no sign of irritation to the ocular tissues within 72 h of observation. Hence, the study suggests that the 'single' and 'dual' drug-loaded CLs could open a new avenue to manage glaucoma by maintaining mean diurnal IOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Newborns are expected to have weight loss in the first few days of life, and there are various putative mechanisms proposed for the same. Many factors may affect newborn weight loss such as parity of the mother, sore/cracked/flat nipple, breastfeeding adequacy. Our aim in this study is to assess significance of these factors in causing weight loss. Material and methods: The present study was a single-center, prospective observational study conducted on new born babies those are admitted with full term delivery and born with normal weight (>2500gm) in a tertiary center in urban bangalore. Neonates were weighed initially at birth by a digital weighing machine and then at regular intervals till day 3 and again on day 10 on follow up, the association of various factors of newborn weight loss were studied. Result and Discussion: In the current study 320 subjects were enrolled. 54.68% were LSCS deliveries and 43.43% were normal deliveries, 49.06% were with P2 parity. Among 320 patients, in 72.18% babies no significant weight loss was observed within 72 hours, 27.81% babies had five percent weight loss and 17.81% babies had ten percent weight loss. 158 mothers had feeling of emptying of breasts after feeding, among them 56 (35.44%) babies were found to have five percent weight loss and 32 (20.25%) babies had ten percent weight loss. 162 mothers did not have the feeling of emptying of breasts after feeding, among them 33 (20.37%) babies were having five percent weight loss and 25 (15.43%) babies had ten percent weight loss with P-value of 0.18 and 0.23, respectively. Among 175 mothers being shifted to post op ward, 73(41.7%)babies had 5 percent weight loss and 41(23.4%) babies had ten percent weight loss and among 145 mothers not shifted to post op ward only 19(13.10 %)had 5 percent weight loss and 18 (12.41%) babies had ten percent weight loss with significant p value of 0.0001. 89 Mothers had sore nipple/cracked/flat nipple, among them 32 (35.96%) babies had five percent weight loss and 20 (22.47%) babies had ten percent weight loss and among 231 Mothers not having sore nipple/cracked/flat nipple, 45 (19.48%) babies had five percent weight loss and 30 (12.99%) babies had ten percent weight loss with P-value of 0.003 and 0.001 respectively. 168 Mothers had inadequacy of breastfeeding, among them 69 (41.07%) babies had five percent weight loss and 39 (23.21%) babies had ten percent weight loss. among 152 Mother having adequacy of breastfeeding, 20 (13.16%) babies had five percent weight loss 18 (11.84%) babies had ten percent weight loss with p value of 0.0001. Conclusion: The p value was statistically significant for mothers shifted to post op wards, Mother having sore nipple/cracked/flat nipple and Inadequacy of breastfeeding and can be considered as risk factors for weight loss in babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma, being a commonest chronic disease in children, is leading to disability as well as school absence. Present study was aimed to Study of clinical profile of asthma and other comorbidities among school going children. Material and Methods: Present study was prospective, observational study, conducted in school going children in urban Bangalore, age group between 6 to 15 years. On the basis of the history, students with suspected asthma were subjected to PEFR & spirometry. Results: During present study, total 8 schools were selected randomly, among 1000 subjects were enrolled into the study. Based on questionnaire 85 of subjects were suspected of asthma. 563 subjects were male and the prevalence of asthma in males is 38(6.75%) and 437 subjects were female and the prevalence of asthma in the female is 47 (10.76%). The P-Value is 0.02 statistically significant, indicating that females were more risk than males. The p-value was statistically significant for exposure to cigarette smoke at home, exposure to household smoke & pets at home; indicating that those were significant high risk factor to develop asthma. Among 1000 subjects, 85 subjects were suspected asthma, for them Pulmonary function was performed. Among 85 asthma suspected subjects, 5 (5.88%) subjects have PEFR less than 60 followed by 12 (14.11%) subjects have PEFR between 60-70, 25 (29.41%) subjects have PEFR between 70-80 and 43 (50.58%) subjects have PEFR more than 80. Conclusion: In the present study, the overall prevalence of bronchial asthma among children of the school-going age group was found to be 8.5%. The risk factors were exposure to cigarette smoke at home, exposure to household smoke, and pets at home are significantly high-risk factors to develop asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiative mode of AGN feedback, operated through outflows, plays an essential role in the evolution of galaxies. Quasar outflows are detected as blue-shifted broad absorption lines in the UV/optical spectra of quasars. Thanks to the Sloan digital sky survey, 100,000 broad absorption line quasars are available now for ensemble statistical studies. This rich dataset has also enabled us to identify some peculiar cases of these sources. By quantifying the BAL fraction in radio-loud BAL quasars, our studies demonstrate a clear trend of increasing BAL fraction as the viewing angle approaches an edge-on orientation, favoring the orientation model of BAL quasars. Also, by contrasting the properties of BAL quasars with appearing and disappearing BAL troughs, our analysis suggests that the extreme variations in BAL troughs are driven by ionization changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to study the impact response of topology optimized hammerhead pier beam (HPB) based on the density approach. The HPB is prepared with the concept of preplaced aggregate fibrous concrete (PAFC) comprising two primary approaches; first, the coarse aggregate and fiber are prepacked into the designed formwork. Second, the gaps between the aggregate and fiber are filled with cement grout. In this work, an attempt has been made to study an impact response of HPB made with PAFC. Five HPBs were prepared and strengthened with steel fibers with two different schemes, Firstly, the HPB was reinforced with a full cross-section at 2 and 4% of steel fiber, while another set of beams were only reinforced in the tension zone with the same amount of fibers. The study parameters included compressive strength, impact strength, impact ductility index, number of main and secondary cracks, and failure pattern. It was observed that the PAFC had an increase in compressive strength up to 56.9%, compared with nonfibred concrete. A fully fibered concrete beam with 4% fiber addition was the best at taking impact, and the initial crack and failures were observed at 2725.1 J and 3009.8 J, respectively, compared with non-fibered and tension zone fibered concrete beams. Compressive local damage and transverse flexural cracks were observed, which had caused initial cracks and final failure. The HPB with a full reinforced scheme at 4% dosage exhibited higher impact strength than the normal concrete and beam reinforced only in the tension zone.