Search

Purpose. Due to changing climatic conditions and the spread of new viral diseases, an important issue in beet growing is the expansion of plasma ulture using new sterile cytoplasm from wild species of the genus Beta L. as an alternative to Owen’s S-cytoplasm. The goal of this work was to obtain new breeding genotypes based on new cytoplasm. Methods. Cytological, biotechnological. field and laboratory. Results. Availability of recombination in the locus of grafted genes of one-year and two-year development cycles B+b- and hypocotyl colour R+r- was determined using the method of analytical crosses. Earlier we have proved the positive effect of sterility maintainer Beta vulgaris Nxxzz in replacement of the sterility maintainer genome based on our results on the selection of hypocotyl of green color r-rand two-year development cycle b-b- in the interspecific hybrids F2 obtained under the hybridization scheme Beta maritima L: ♀B1C maritima / ♂ Beta vulgaris Nxxzz (Роїк М. В., 2013). In the case of interspecific hybrids, in the conditions of sterile cytoplasm Beta patula L., only backcross offspring of the third cycle of saturating crosses were identified by one- and two-year developmental cycles. Seed bearing plants of BC3S patula of a two-year development cycle were characterized by spreading stems, multi-seeded fruits (3, 4 seeds) and sterile anthers. At the same time, monogermity and a two-year development cycle were restored against the background of sterile cytoplasm of Beta patula L. only among the seed bearing plants of the fourth cycle of saturating crosses. Recombinant genotypes with a red hypocotyl colour and a two-year development cycle BC4S patula R+r- were characterized by multigermity, chimericalness by sterility of CMS‑1 and CMS‑0 type and single- and multi-stem morphological types of anthers. The expression of CMS nuclear genes in the newly replaced BC5S patula lines was marked by high sterility rates of the CMS‑0 type; however, the fertility rates required additional rejection of multigerm seed plants. This is an indicator of the complex structure of the fertility locus in wild Beta patula L. and the special response of the nuclear genome of the sterility maintainers to the new cytoplasmic background. Experimental triploid hybrids with the new introductory sterile cytoplasm Beta patula L. were determined by high sugar content and dry matter content up to 29%. Conclusions. Alloplasmic lines based on the cytoplasm of the wild species Beta patula L are created. Their sugar content at the level of experimental triploid hybrids was 19.5% and 20.5% with a dry matter content of 25% —29%. Alloplasmic lines with a new BCC Beta patula L. recommended for use in the selection process of sugar beets.

Purpose. Revealing the effect of the cytoplasmic genome of replaced lines with the plasma of wild species Beta patula and B. maritima L., and apozygotic lines A4–A8 with the cytoplasm of S vulgaris Owen on the main factors of apozygotic reproduction, seed productivity, germination, monogermity and sterility as affected by the genetic origin of breeding material. Methods. The research was carried out in the Cytogenetics Laboratory (IBCSB), the Laboratory for Apomixis and Polyploidy of the Yaltushkiv EBS, and the Laboratory for Adaptive Breeding (Veselyi Podil EBS). Apozygotic seeds were obtained under a pollen-free regime according to the IBCSB’s Methods for Spatial Isolation and Parchment Insulators. Each seed bearer plant phenotype was determined during the flowering period by pollen sterility and partial flowering. Classification of plants was performed according to Owen (1945), with identifying plants of CMS-0, Type CMS-1, and CMS-2 types. The Monogermity of seed plants was assessed visually by the presence of separate fruits on the central shoots. In 2021, the roots of the replaced lines of the Veselyi Podil EBS were planted under the conditions of a pollen-free regime in the experimental field of the IBCSB. Seed production under apozygositic conditions was studied, taking into account the number of set fruits per 10-cm segment with 5 replications for each seed bearer. Germination was determined on the 10th day and germination vigour on the 5th day. Results. New sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) were obtained in the cytogenetics laboratory based on a genetic model of crossbreeding analysis, using differentiation and tools according to the marker-linked genes of hypocotyl color R+r-, and one / two-year development cycle B+b-. The analyzers for the nature of sugar beet sterility were sterility maintainers, dominant homozygotes for recessive genes of anthocyanin color, development cycle, partial fertility and sterility (NBeta vulgaris Sxxzz rr bb). Monogerm pollen-sterile lines with an apomictic way of seed reproduction (Yaltushkiv EBS) (A4–A8 Beta vulgaris Sxxzz rr), selected for the dominant color of the hypocotyl R+r-, stabilized for the trait of monogermity, 100% sterility and 2x gene ploidy, were characterized by low seed productivity. High rates of apozygotic seed development (80 to 96.4% of the number of set flowers) were observed against the background of the sterile cytoplasm of Beta maritima (Turkey). In the CMS BC4S patula line, the number of set apozygotic seeds ranges from 34 ± 0.3 to 39 ± 0.42, and the indicators of degenerated flowers under apozygotic regime varied from 31.2 to 54.3%. Isolated were seed plants with high self-reproduction, such as BC4S maritima Turkey, k.2/1, k.6/2, k.6/3 and k.3/4, k.9/4 on the background of new plasma of wild species of B. patula. The phenomenon of high self-reproduction of seeds (up to 98.5−96.4% of set flowers) was detected in line 21-011 CHS BC5S patula, which was comparable with hybrids and sterility maintainers (97.5−93.1%), which is determined by a special interaction of the beet nuclear genome of sugar beet and new plasma of wild species of the genus Beta L. Conclusions. The apomictic way of seed reproduction ensures the shortening of the breeding scheme for sugar beet due to high seed reproduction of mother parent in substituted lines with new plasma and differentiation by gametophytic reduction of parthenogenesis using morphological marker traits.

Purpose. Find out the features of biometric indicators formation in sugar beet hybrids of domestic breeding. Methods. Field, laboratory. Results. According to the results of the research, it was determined that in early August, the maximum weight of roots (840 g) was in hybrid ‘ITsB 0904’. Good indicators were observed in hybrids ‘Umanskyi Ch S97’, ‘Soniachnyi’ and ‘Anichka’, 770, 780, and 800 g at the average group indicator of 730 g. It was investigated that the hybrid ‘Maksym’ (15.1%) and ‘Etiud’ (14.9%) were the best in terms of sugar accumulation in roots. Sugar content at the level of 14.8 % was observed in hybrids ‘Umanskyi ChS 97’, ‘Ramzes’, ‘Konstanta’, ‘Soniachnyi’ and ‘Verkhnia’ at the average group value of 14.5%. Conclusions. It is important to continue the study of the dynamics of root and leaf mass formation together with the process of sugar accumulation in roots in terms of establishing individual efficiency of hybrids and developing recommendations for the fullest realization of their potential in production conditions.

Introduction. Today, alternative natural resources are increasingly used as the main industrial raw material used not only for the production of biofuels and various types of energy, but also other products. Bioenergy crops of miscanthus and switchgrass, which are characterized by long-term high yields, in contrast to, for example, agricultural waste, can be a promising way to attract new sources of high quality cellulose and for the production of bioplastics. The latest scientific research of miscanthus confirms the hypothesis of Ukrainian scientists of the 1980s and scientists from other countries that the raw material of this cellulose-containing crop is fully positioned as a material for the production of cellulose and bioplastics, and for biotechnological production of soluble carbohydrates and biofuels. Conclusion. It is proved that bioenergy crops of miscanthus and switchgrass can be a promising way to attract new sources of high quality cellulose for bioplastics production.

Goal. Expanding the breeding trait collection of breeding genotypes of the genus Miscanthus (Anderson) and the genetic basis for new allotriploid clones by transferring components for hybridization of natural wild species Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus to the tetraploid level. Methods. Cytological, biotechnological, fluorescent cytphotometry, field, laboratory. Results. The efficiency of polyploidisation for induction of new tetraploid forms of miscanthus in liquid nutrient media supplemented with colchicine (0.05% mass) and for stabilization of myxoploid shoots (0.005% mass) for 6 h of cultivation is examined. The period of exposure for Miscanthus sinensis (2x=2x= 38) and Miscanthus sacchariflorus (2x = 2x = 38) varied from 2 hours to 3 days depending on the genetic origin of the material, with transfer to a hormonal environment. The best indicators of tetraploid induction for Miscanthus sinensis were observed for the exposure period of 2 days with polyploidization efficiency (Db%) of 31.25% and 21.42%, and for Miscanthus sacchariflorus 2 and 6 hours with 35.0% and 27.3%, respectively. The technology of transfering rooted shoots into the soil on the Yaltushkiv Eperimental Breeding Farm was improved and the composition of the soil mixture that provided 99% rooting of culture seedlings at a humidity of 60−70% and air temperature of 35−55°С was found. Conclusions. New biotechnological tetraploid lines of Miscanthus sinensis (2xn=4x=76) and Miscanthus sacchariflorus (2xn=4x=76) were created in the conditions of liquid nutrient media supplemented with colchicine (0.05 % mass). It is investigated that flowering of new tetraploid clones in the conditions of Ukraine for the second year of vegetation occurs from late September to early October with formation of fertile pollen grains.

Purpose. To determine the influence of elements of cultivation technology on the photosynthetic activity of sugar beet crops.Methods. Field, laboratory.Results. Studies show that by the third decade of June, sugar beet plants on average have formed a leaf surface at the level of 3.5 thousand cm2/plant, which is sufficient for effective photosynthesis. But in the third decade of July, it increased and on the average in the experiment on the ungrounded variants amounted to 4.1, and in the fertilized 5.3 and 5.5 thousand cm2/plant. The analysis shows that as of the third decade of August, the area of the leaf surface was maximum compared to other time intervals, amounting to 4.4, and 6.0 and 6.3 thousand cm2/plant fertilized respectively. Photosynthetic potential for the period from the third decade of June to the third decade of July in the version without the use of mineral fertilizers the best were: Sofia, Umansky BS97, ICB 0801, Vesto and Zluka, using N150P150K150: Hero. Sofia, Uman BS97, ICB 0801, Vesto and Zluka, but for the introduction of N300P300K300: Hero. Sofia, Uman ES97, ICB 0801, Vesto, Zluka and Uman ES90. But from the third decade of July to the third decade of August, the photosynthetic potential was 0.95–2.63 million m2 × days/ha, due to the fact that the leaf area increased slightly, by 0.3–0.8 thousand. cm2/plant. In terms of net photosynthesis performance in the period from the third decade of July to the third decade of August, the maximum values were in the experiment compared to other intervals. So, the best dry matter per unit area of leaf surface accumulated the following hybrids: Hero (5,21–7,25), Constant (3.09–4.94), Mace (3.67–5.68), Romulus (3,27–4.54) and Uman FM90 (2.87–4.33 g/m2 per day).Conclusions. It was established that in the third decade of August the maximum leaf area was in hybrids: Alexandria, Umansky Emergency 90, Zluka, ICB 0801, Romulus, Quarto and Sofia. But from the third decade of August to the third decade of September, the maximum values of photosynthetic potential were in the following hybrids: Sofia (1.68), Ukrainian World Cup72 (1.13), Romulus (1.35), Quart (1.35) and Zluka ( 1,13). From the third decade of September to the third decade of October, the best net photosynthesis productivity was observed in hybrids: Vesto (0.42–1.19) and Quart (0.98–1.08 g/m2 per day).

Protective forest plantations are an important part of forest-agricultural landscapes and one of the most effective long-term and relatively inexpensive measures to combat wind and water soil erosion. They have a positive effect on the microclimate of the surrounding areas and can significantly increase crop yields. Also, under certain conditions, they can become an important source of bioenergy feedstock. Goal. Development of theoretical bases and practical measures of the use of agroforestry reclamation plantations of Ukraine for energy purposes. Methods. In the course of the research it was envisaged to develop schemes of protective forest plantations on the basis of the analysis of the existing information, long-term production and scientific experience which, at full performance of ecological functions, can be used for obtaining bioenergy feedstock. Results. It is established that for the simultaneous use of protective forest plantations as a source of energy biomass it is necessary to include fast-growing woody plants (willow, poplar, acacia, maple, etc.) in rows or backstage, which are expected to be periodically cut for biomass. Such plants are then intensively restored by growth from stumps. The basis of such plantations for long-term and permanent performance of their protective functions should mainly consists of the rows of oak trees. Conclusions. Protective forest plantations, in addition to the positive impact on the microclimate of the environment and a significant increase in the productivity of agricultural land, can also play an important role as a source of bioenergy feedstock. Today, forest protection plantations are losing their functions for various reasons and need to be reconstructed. At the same time, along with the restoration of protective plantations, it will be possible to obtain about 54.6 million tons of wood for energy needs and form new protective plantations, which, along with improving the ecological environment, will create a reliable feedstock base for bioenergy. The schemes presented in the article can be applied at the stage of restoration and expansion of the field protection system to increase their energy role.

It was found that long-term cultivation of perennial cereal bioenergy plants has a positive effect on the fertility of low-yielding soils. Thus, for the cultivation of switchgrass for nine years, the content of organic carbon in the soil increased from 1.87 to 2.40%, and for the cultivation of giant miscanthus for six years from 1.87 to 2.42%. Conclusions. Laying plantations of perennial cereal bioenergy plants on low-yielding and erosion-prone lands helps to restore their fertility and provides a sustainable supply of high quality feedstock for the production of biofuels.

Purpose.The analysis of the agroecological state of agricultural lands of Ukraine and the factors that cause soil degradation are given in the article. Conclusions. Large-scale use of straw for energy may be one of the key factors in reducing organic carbon in the soil. This will activate the processes of humus mineralization. Therefore, the use of straw for energy production does not meet the criteria of sustainable development and violates Ukrainian legislation on land use. The sustainable bioenergy development must be based on the biomass of high-productive bioenergy plants, which should be grown on low-yielding and degraded (marginal) land.

Purpose. Investigation of cytogenetic aspects of embryological processes in the culture of immature apomictic embryos, breeding genotypes of sugar beet with cytoplasmic sterility for differentiation and selection by gametophyte reduced parthenogenesis. Methods. Cytological, biotechnological, fluorescent cytophotometry, field, laboratory. Results. The cytogenetic features of genesis of immature apomictic embryos cells induced in vitro on the 12th, 20th and 22th days of development have been investigated on the basis of CMS apozygotic lines of Beta vulgaris and alloplasmic lines of wild species Beta maritime and Beta patula. Indicators of efficiency of haploid reduced parthenogenesis in vitro in alloplasmic lines significantly exceeded the best technologies in pollen-sterile lines of sugar beet from 3.79% to 6.25% and had a value of 62.2%, 24.8%, and 16.7%, respectively. Stabilization of genome ploidy to diploid was carried out in selected breeding numbers without colchicine, based on evaluation and selection of genome ploidy using software of ploidy analyzer (AP) Partec. Conclusions. The efficiency of haploid reduced parthenogenesis induction in vitro in apozygotic CMS breeding genotypes of sugar beet as affected by genetic potential of cytoplasm and taking into account the total percentage of haploids (50 units; 100 units) and myxoploids (50 units; 100 units) has been investigated. Homozygous lines were created by stabilizing the genome ploidy of haploid and myxoploid micro sprouts during III–IV passages without the use of colchicine. Technologies of rooting in the open ground for use in the breeding process of sugar beets have been improved.

Purpose. Develop effective protection of chickpea crops from the presence of weeds, which ensures high yields and is economically and environmentally feasible in the conditions of the Right-bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. The experiments were based on the following scheme: Factor A (weed protection): 1. Pure control; 2. Harsh control; 3. Fabian, d.sc., 0.1 kg/ha; 4. Bazagran, bw, 2,5 l/ha; 5. Reiser, k.e., 2.0 l/ha; Factor B (seeding rate): 500, 600, 700 thousand pieces/ha.Results. It has been investigated that the use of Fabian herbicides, p. and Bazagran, pp. (option 4, 5) does not cause a decrease in the mass of 1000 seeds, which was at the level of 306–309 g at the seeding rate of 500 thousand units/ha and 293–301 g – at the rate of 600 thousand pieces/ha, while at control variants 310 and 306 g. Application of Fabian herbicide, vdg (var. 3) did not significantly reduce the yield of chickpeas, the difference in seeding rates of 500 and 600 thousand units/ha did not exceed 0.1 t/ha, which was within the smallest significant difference of experience. The presence of weeds in chickpea crops reduces its biological productivity by the seed rate of 600 thousand units/ha more than 9 times, and in other variants we did not get a full crop at all, the indicator was at the level of deviations of the slightest significant difference. It was found that in general the maximum contribution to the level of crop productivity formation was made by the weed protection system – 54.0 %, the seeding rate affected 17.8%, and here the conditions of the year determined the seed yield level by 23.5 %. It is established that the cost of production of chickpea commodity products within the studied factors varies from 21157 to 25300 UAH/ha, not taking into account the variant of the irregular control, where they did not receive profit.Conclusions. When applying herbicides on chickpea crops, the best results in weed control were obtained by applying Fabian, D.D. application rate of 0.1 kg/ha and Basagran, pp. 2.5 l/ha. The most favorable conditions of formation of biological productivity and realization of high level of productivity of chickpea plants are observed at the norms of sowing of seeds of 600 thousand pieces/ha. Profit earned on herbicide application: Fabian, d.sc. – 12820 UAH/ha, Bazagran, village – 10579 UAH/ha, Raiser, k.e. – 10099 UAH/ha. But the profitability of chickpea production ranged from 90 to 130 %. Moreover, the highest level of profitability was determined for the application of the Fabian herbicide. 0.1 kg/ha., Мета. Установити особливості формування біометричних показників гібридів буряків цукрових залежно від мінерального удобрення та строків збирання. Методи. Польові, лабораторні. Результати. В проміжку часу з липня по серпень відбувається активне споживання елементів живлення та відповідно наростання вегетативної маси. А отже, за застосування мінерального удобрення дозволяє розширити період активного формування вегетативного апарату та накопичення маси гички. Так, за внесення N150P150K150 середня маса гички зросла на 186,0 г, а за удобрення N300P300K300 відповідно на 220,4 г. А от на третю декаду вересня спостерігається загальне зменшення маси гички по усіх досліджуваних нами гібридах, що спричинене фізіологічними особливостями розвитку буряків цукрових першого року життя. Так, середня маса гички на неудобрених варіантах була 305,2 г, за удобрення N150P150K150 середня маса гички становила 436,0 г, а за удобрення N300P300K300 відповідно на 457,8 г. кращими за масою гички можна виділити наступні гібриди: Софія, Ромул та Кварта. Станом на третю декаду серпня значно посилився вклад мінерального живлення в формування маси коренеплодів, адже за рахунок значного поглинання елементів доступні рослинам запаси в коренепроникних шарах ґрунту вичерпались. Так, на неудобрених варіантах середня маса коренеплодів становила 342,8 г, за удобрення N150P150K150 – 439,5 г, а за застосування удобрення в дозі N300P300K300 – 452,7 г. В жовтні споживання елементів мінерального живлення зменшується і рослини не так сильно залежать від доступності значних кількостей рухомих форм елементів живлення в ґрунті. Так, аналіз прибавки врожайності спричиненої додатковим удобренням порівняно з показниками вересня показує, що в жовтні ми отримали вагу коренеплодів в середньому на 45,0 та 46,3 г більше. Також, в жовтні не всі досліджувані нами гібриди продовжували активно накопичувати масу коренеплодів, а тому кращими за показниками формування маси були: БЦЧС 57, Софія та Ромул. Висновки. Отже, максимальна маса гички була в третю декаду серпня в гібридів буряків цукрових: Олександрія, БЦЧС 57, Герой, Софія, ІЦБ 0801, Весто, Ромул та Кварта, за внесення N150P150K150 середня маса гички зросла на 186,0 г, а за удобрення N300P300K300 відповідно на 220,4 г. А от в третю декаду вересня середня маса коренеплодів за удобрення N150P150K150 була 613,9 г, а за застосування удобрення в дозі N300P300K300 – 632,4 г. Кращими за накопиченням маси коренеплодів були: БЦЧС 57, Герой, Константа, Ольжич, Софія, Ромул, Кварта та Злука.

Purpose. To create new source materials of sugar beet through hybridization with fodder beet and select the best ones for using in further breeding process aimed at obtaining combinational capable pollinator lines (O-types) with improved characteristics of root shape, high sugar content and high technological qualities. Methods. Field, laboratory, analytical, and statistical. Results. Eight hybrids of sugar-fodder type and their initial forms have been investigated in terms of their productivity characteristics of and technological qualities. It was found that the root yield of sugar-fodder beet hybrids exceeded the average values of parent lines (O-types) by 35.1 %, the sugar content was lower by 22.7 %, the content of ash increased by 38.6 %. The root yield of sugar-fodder beet hybrids was characterized by an intermediate type of inheritance (hp = 0.09–0.46) and positive dominance (hp = 0.60–0.88). The sugar content of roots and the content of ash in these materials showed an intermediate type of inheritance of characteristics with hp values ranged from -0.50 to ‑0.07 and -0.31 to 0.02, respectively. The roots had oval-conical shape, smooth surface and a shallow ridge, partly above the surface of the soil. Conclusions. Six breeding numbers of high yielding sugar-fodder beet hybrids of improved shape have been selected. The character of the inheritance of the signs of productivity and technological qualities of raw materials was found. Using these data in the breeding process will make it possible to apply various inbreeding and hybridization schemes to select the best genotypes for creating sterility maintainers of oval-conical root shape, increased sugar content and improved technological qualities.