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Background. Pseudotuberculosis remains a serious healthcare problem, which determines the expediency of developing the express methods for its early diagnosis. To detect the pathogen, we designed test system for dot-immunoassay (DIA) based on antibodies labeled with silver nanoparticles (SNPs) isolated from hyperimmune rabbit serum obtained against killed cells of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis of O:1b serovariant.The aim. To assess the possibility of using dot-immunoassay for express identification of Y. pseudotuberculosis cultures isolated from clinical material and environmental objects at the initial stage of bacteriological study during laboratory diagnosis of the disease.Methods. We used the materials from the outbreak of pseudotuberculosis in the Krylovskaya Boarding School of the Bakcharsky district of the Tomsk region in 2021. Specific antibodies from hyperimmune rabbit sera obtained against Y. pseudotuberculosis 3704 particulate antigen of O:1b serotype were labeled with SNPs and used in DIA on nitrocellulose membranes with visualization of reaction results with a solution of a physical developer. The presence of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis in the test material was inferred by the formation of gray spots of different intensity (from 4+ to 1+).Results. All Y. pseudotuberculosis strains isolated using bacteriological method on the second day of the study from clinical material obtained from sick people and environmental objects were detected in DIA at concentrations ≥ 3.1 × 104 microbial cells per milliliter (m.c./ml).Conclusion. The designed test system for dot-immunoassay using SNPs as a marker of specific antibodies for the detection of Y. pseudotuberculosis in cultures isolated from swabs from vegetables and clinical material from patients, including those with mixed infection, allows us to detect a specific corpuscular antigen with a high sensitivity (≥ 3.1 × 104 m.c./ml), providing express identification of isolated cultures at the initial stage of bacteriological study.

The aim of this study was to develop a new method of intraspecific genetic differentiation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, based on the detection of INDEL-markers using PCR. Materials and methods. Analyzed were 308 strains from the NCBI database and 15 strains sequenced within the frames of this study. The nucleotide sequences of the strains were determined using the MiSeq technology platform. The genomes of the strains sequenced in the work, as well as genomes from the NCBI database, were assessed using in silico PCR with 7 pairs of primers designed in the study. As a result of a comparison of genome-wide sequences of 22 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains from the NCBI database, using the author’s software (GenExpert), 7 INDEL-markers were selected that make it possible to effectively distinguish between strains of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis. Based on these markers, 7 pairs of primers were designed and synthesized for the analysis of different strains using PCR. Analysis of 323 strains in PCR in silico and 70 strains in PCR in vitro allowed for dividing them into 30 genetic groups. Comparison of the results of PCR in silico and in vitro confirmed the possibility of using the proposed primers for intraspecific differentiation of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Based on the data obtained, a dendrogram reflecting the phylogenetic relations of different strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis was constructed. When analyzing the distribution of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains by various clusters and genetic groups, a number of patterns were revealed. Conducted in silico and in vitro PCR show that the proposed method of INDEL-typing can be used for intraspecific genetic differentiation of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis.

Immuno-serological diagnostic tools particularly identifying pathogen antigens are the most important methods of pseudotuberculosis studies. The main immunodominant and species-specific antigens located in the surface structures of the bacterial cell are of practical interest. Thereby the aim of the work was to isolate and characterize biologically active surface structures of the pseudotuberculosis microbe. Here, the living cells of Y. pseudotuberculosis 3704 (O:1b) were lysed by using 9 M urea solution to extract antigens localized in the microbial surface structures. The subcellular fractions obtained such as outer membranes (OM), urea extract (UE) and isolated protein-lipopolysaccharide complex (PLPSC) are characterized by physical and chemical parameters. The protein content in the preparations ranged from 42% to 53%. The polypeptide band of the OM preparation, UE polypeptide and PLPSC for pseudotuberculosis microbe was presented by 14, 16 and 9 major polypeptides with molecular weight ranging from 13.9 kDa to 131.5 kDa, 13.5 kDa to 101.6 kDa, and 20.7 kDa to 66.6 kDa, respectively. Proteolytically active proteins and polypeptides were detected in isolated subcellular fractions (OM and UE) by using the radial enzyme diffusion test and substrate-gel electrophoresis found to be presented by 4 and 7 polypeptides with molecular weight ranging from 28.0 kDa to 118.0 kDa and 29.2 kDa to 97.7 kDa in the OM and UE preparation, respectively. The subcellular fractions obtained are capable to exhibit immunogenic activity after inoculation to experimental animals and antigenic activity while interacting with specific antibodies in the radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay and antibodies labeled with colloidal silver nanoparticles in dot immunoassay (DIA). OM and PLPSC preparations in DIA with immunoglobulins isolated from experimental antisera and labeled with colloidal silver nanoparticles were detected at a concentration of 0.12 g/ml (dry weight), cells of strain Y. pseudotuberculosis 3704 at a concentration of 3, 9 106 m.c./ml, which is similar to the results of DIA with immunoglobulins isolated from commercial pseudotuberculosis antiserum (St. Petersburg) and labeled with nanoparticles of colloidal silver. Thus, the subcellular fractions of pseudotuberculosis microbe isolated by using urea as a lysing and decontaminating agent retain their antigenic and immunogenic properties and enzymatic activity suggesting about their potential benefits for use to improve early diagnostics of pseudotuberculosis.

The aim of the study was to analyze the epizootiological and epidemiological situation in the Primorsky Territory (1919–2020) and to zone the administrative districts in regard to anthrax. Materials and methods. Accounting and reporting documents, information and archival materials were collected and analyzed, statistical reference books and literature sources were used. A comprehensive epizootiological and epidemiological survey of 12 supposed places of anthrax burials and cattle burial grounds was carried out, and their biological hazard assessed. Results and discussion. Within the framework of updating the Cadastre of stationary potentially hazardous as regards anthrax areas in the Russian Federation (2005), the number of infected farm animals and human cases was specified: according to official data, over the period of 1930–1979, the disease in 173 animals and 34 people with five deaths was registered in 82 stationary unfavorable for anthrax areas of 22 municipalities of the region. Together with the veterinary service of the region, an audit of 12 supposed places of anthrax burials in seven districts of the region was conducted. Based on the results of a comprehensive epizootiological and epidemiological survey, high biological hazard was established for 2 and potential one – for 1 anthrax burials. The culture of Bacillus anthracis isolated on the territory of Primorsky Territory belongs to one of the canonical SNP clusters – A.Br.008/009 of the global genetic line A (subgroup A1). Five criteria for assessing the epizootiological and epidemiological disadvantage for anthrax and the ranking of indicators of the administrative territories in the region have been determined. Zoning of the administrative territories of the region according to risk of anthrax has been carried out. Prophylactic anti-epizootic and anti-epidemic measures have been put forward.

There was a decrease in the number of COVID-19 cases across many entities of the Russian Federation towards the end of summer season-2020. However, the disease remains a relevant threat to the public health and economy and the possibility of a second epidemic wave is not excluded. Rate of infection transmission (Rt) is one of the most important indicators to justify the transition to next stage of removing/introducing restrictive measures on COVID-19.Objective of the work was to describe the algorithm of analysis and short-term forecast of coronavirus spread rate, to assess correspondence between theoretically expected and actual values of this indicator.Materials and methods. Procedure for making a short-term extrapolation forecast of Rt in 10 RF constituent entities, depending on the presence or absence of indicator trends with calculation of a 95 % confdence interval of possible changes in its value is provided.Results and discussion. It is proposed to carry out Rt forecast based on averaged values over a week, combining regression analysis and expert assessment of time series dynamics nature for prompt transition from trend forecasting to extrapolation of stationary observation sequences and vice versa. It has been demonstrated that predicted Rt values are not statistically different from actual values. When making managerial decisions on COVID-19 prevention, special attention should be paid to cases when actual value of Rt exceeds the upper limit of confdence interval. Six (20.0 %) such cases were detected in surveyed entities on calendar weeks 33–35. Three of them were registered in Trans-Baikal Territory, where upward trend was reported during that period of time. The cause of this phenomenon should be analyzed. The put forward algorithm of analysis and forecasting of the Rt value changes, which was tested in 10 entities of Russia, provides a reliable basis for making management decisions on removing/introducing restrictive measures for COVID-19 prevention.

The aim of the study was to analyze the state of stationary potentially hazardous areas as regards anthrax in the Primorsky Territory and update the Cadastre of stationary potentially hazardous as regards anthrax areas (SPHA) of the Russian Federation (2005).Materials and methods. The collection and survey of accounting and reporting documents, archival and informational materials, records on anthrax from veterinary institutions, Rospotrebnadzor, municipalities by the 72 registered anthrax SPHA of the Primorsky Territory have been carried out. The reference book of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic’s settlements endemic for anthrax (1976), the Cadastre of the stationary potentially hazardous as regards anthrax areas in the Russian Federation (2005) were used.Results and discussion. The description of anthrax cases in the Primorsky Territory goes back to 1894, the official registration of the disease – since 1919. The last cases of the disease in farm animals and population were noted in Kavalerovsky and Oktyabrsky districts in 1979. When updating the SPHA (2005), information on 82 dormant sites of the Territory in 22 municipal and six urban districts was clarified. In six districts of the Territory, anthrax was not officially registered. Most of the SPHAs are centered on the Khanka plain, where the network of transport routes, the largest number of livestock and population are concentrated. The data on the number of sick animals and people over a period of 1919–1929 have not survived, and in the period between 1980 and 2020 anthrax was not reported in the region. 173 animals and 34 humans were diagnosed with anthrax in 1929–1979 in Primorye. High epizootic activity was noted in the period of 1919–1941. In the Asian part of the Russian Federation, Primorsky Territory belongs to the regions under a mild epizootic and epidemiological disadvantage as regards anthrax. Monitoring of anthrax has shown that the persistence of the pathogen in the soils of ten districts of the Territory could be facilitated by the absence of soil toxicity (86,8 %) and an average nutritional value (23,5 %) in relation to the anthrax microbe.

Background. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic in the world and in Russia remains the main event. In this regard, the study of the manifestations of the epidemic process of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the patterns of its development are an urgent area of research. In the fight against this viral disease, an important role is assigned to the study of the development of population immunity to the SARSCoV-2 virus, which will make it possible to assess the dynamics of seroprevalence and the formation of post-infectious humoral immunity, forecasting the development of the epidemiological situation, elucidating the characteristics of the epidemic process, and will also contribute to planning activities for specific and non-specific prevention of the disease.The aim: to determine the dynamics of population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of the Irkutsk region during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and methods. As a part of the Rospotrebnadzor project of assessing population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Russian Federation, the research has being conducted among the population of the Irkutsk region in the periods from June 23, 2020 to July 19, 2020 (Stage 1), from September 16, 2020 to September 25, 2020 (Stage 2), from December 7, 2020 to December 18, 2020 (Stage 3) and from March 8, 2021 to March 14, 2021(Stage 4), taking into account the reacted one recommended by the WHO. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by ELISA using a set of tests for human serum or plasma for specific immunoglobulins of class G to the proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.The results. The research of the humoral immunity of volunteers shows that during the period of an epidemic rise in the incidence of COVID-19 in the Irkutsk region, a low level of seroprevalence was formed (Stage 1 – 5.8 ± 0.5 %, Stage 2 – 12.1 ± 0.7 %), and in conditions of a long-term maximum increase in the incidence rate – 25.9 ± 1.0 % (Stage 3) and 46.2 ± 1.2 % (Stage 4). A significant proportion (Stage 1 – 82.2 ± 3.2 %, Stage 2 – 86.1 ± 2.3 %) of asymptomatic forms of infection characterizes the high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process in the first two stages. High levels of IgG in reconvalescents of COVID-19 persisted for an average of 3 to 5 months.Conclusion. The results of assessing the population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Irkutsk region indicate that the seroprevalence level at Stage 4 of the research was 46.2 %. After the disease, on average, 49.5 % of persons did not detect antibodies. The results obtained should be taken into account when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and predicting morbidity.

Background. Pseudotuberculosis remains a serious public health problem, which dictates the need to develop simple and rapid diagnostic methods for this disease. The effectiveness of the latter largely depends on the activity and specificity of the diagnostic sera. Currently, in our country, a diagnostic serum for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O-monovalent (serotype I, III) is produced with a regulated area of application: for an approximate agglutination reaction on glass (Pasteur NIIEM, St. Petersburg). Preparation of pseudotuberculosis sera for a wider scope of their use, in particular, as a source of specific antibodies in the design of diagnostic immunobiological preparations and test systems for pseudotuberculosis, is relevant and in demand in healthcare practice.Aims. To obtain hyperimmune pseudotuberculosis sera, promising for use in the practice of laboratory studies for pseudotuberculosis.Materials and methods. Chinchilla rabbits aged 3–6 months, weighing 2.5–3.0 kg served as animal producers of pseudotuberculosis sera. As immunogens, we used a corpuscular antigen (CAg) - a suspension of cells of the epidemically significant Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 3704 O: 1b strain isolated by an outbreak of pseudotuberculosis in the town of Zima, Irkutsk region, inactivated by boiling, and a preparation obtained from the outer membranes, containing the main surface immunogen of the strain. For the adsorption of experimental sera, in order to minimize the nonspecific response, we used heterologous microorganisms Escherichiacoli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri and Y. enterocolitica O:3, which have a similarity of surface antigenic structures with the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis. The presence of specific antibodies in experimental pseudotuberculosis sera was determined in a volumetric agglutinationreaction.Results. Optimal schemes of rabbit immunization were selected, which made it possible to obtain hyperimmune sera against Y. pseudotuberculosis 3704 O:1b antigens with an agglutination activity of 1:3200-1:6400. In low dilutions of experimental sera (1:100–1:400), obtained against corpuscular antigen and outer membrane antigens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri , Y. enterocolitica О:3, S . enteritidis Gartnery) was observed in the agglutination reaction (AR). After the adsorption of experimental pseudotuberculosis sera by cells of heterologous strains, there was no cross-reaction with the indicated microorganisms in the agglutination reaction.Conclusions. The obtained hyperimmune adsorbed sera against the boiling-inactivated Y. pseudotuberculosi s 3704 O: 1b corpuscular antigen and outer membrane antigens can be used as a source of specific antibodies in the design of diagnostic immunobiological preparations for the detection of pseudotuberculosis microbe, as well as in the monitoring of the epidemic situation.

Background. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the world and in Russia remains the main event in 2020. A comprehensive study of the patterns of development and manifestations of the epidemic process of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is an urgent line of research. One of the important aspects of the fight against COVID-19 is the study of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in order to assess seroprevalence and the formation process of post-infectious humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2, forecast the development of the epidemiological situation, identify the features of the epidemic process, as well as planning measures for specific and non-specific disease prevention. The aim of the research is to determine the level and structure of population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the humans of the Irkutsk region during the COVID-19 epidemic. Materials and methods. As part of the Rospotrebnadzor project to assess population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Russian Federation, research is being conducted among the population of the Irkutsk region in the periods from 06/23/2020 to 07/19/2020 (stage 1), from 09/16/2020 to 09/25/2020 (Stage 2) and from 12/07/2020 to 12/18/2020 (stage 3), taking into account the reacted one recommended by the WHO. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by ELISA using a set of tests for human serum or plasma for specific immunoglobulins of class G to the nucleocapsid of the SARS-CoV-2 virus produced by FBUN GNCPMiB Rospotrebnadzor (Obolensk). The results of a research of the humoral immunity of volunteers show that during the period of an epidemic rise in the incidence of COVID-19 in the Irkutsk region, a low level of seroprevalence was formed (stage 1 – 5.8 ± 0.5%, stage 2 – 12,1 ± 0,7%), and in conditions of a long-term maximum increase in the incidence rate ¬– 25,9±1,0% (stage 3). A significant proportion (stage 1 – 81,2±3,2%, stage 2 – 90.9 ±1,9%) of asymptomatic forms of infection characterize the high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process in the first two stages. High levels of IgG in reconvalescents of COVID-19 persisted for an average of 3 to 4.5 months. Conclusion. The results of assessing the population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Irkutsk region indicate that the seroprevalence level at the 3rd stage of the research was 25.9%. After the disease, on average, 41.6% of persons did not detect antibodies. The results obtained should be taken into account when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and predicting morbidity.

Assessment of a particular territory by its epidemiological significance is very relevant in the light of widespread occurrence of new coronavirus infection, COVID-19, in the Russian Federation.Objective. Detection of the epidemiological features and revealing trends in the epidemic process of new coronavirus infection in the Irkutsk Region and forecasting of its spread.Materials and methods. An operational analysis of the epidemiological situation on COVID-19 in the Irkutsk Region as of August 16, 2020 was performed. Restrictive measures were substantiated based on the calculation of the infection spread rate (Rt).Results and discussion. Irkutsk Region remained one of the adverse territories as regards human COVID-19 incidence in the Siberian Federal District and the Russian Federation as of August 16, 2020. The gradual dynamics of the epidemic process was revealed: at the first stage of the epidemic development it was facilitated by the imported cases from affected countries and regions of the Russian Federation, and subsequently by local transmission. The incidence increase was registered 2 months later than in central regions of the Russian Federation. Currently there is a consistent downward trend. The increase in the cases prevailed among rotation workers staying for shift and seasonal activities in the administrative center and northern districts of the Irkutsk Region. The epidemic pattern was determined by gender, age and social characteristics. It is demonstrated that the risk of the new coronavirus infection is determined by the intensity of contacts in family foci, the spread of infection in medical organizations and a significant proportion of asymptomatic carriers. High lethality rates (0.7 %) and mortality rates (31.1 o / oooo) were established among persons over 65 years. The stationary time series observed since June for changing the Rt-indicator with fluctuations ranging from 0.92 to 1.01 requires maintaining control of restrictive measures with prompt management decisions making based on the evolving epidemiological situation in the Irkutsk Region and taking into account the assessment of its possible complication risks.

Background. Currently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the most pressing healthcare problems is to ensure the safety of the population of the Russian Federation. There is insufficient information on the duration and intensity of post-infectious immunity in relation to SARS-CoV-2, especially in case of inapparent (without clinical signs), mild or latent forms of infection.Materials and methods. The study involved 99 volunteers with a laboratory confirmed PCR diagnosis of COVID-19 who were residents of the Irkutsk Region and of other regions of the Russian Federation and arrived to work in Bodaybo on a rotational basis. Also the study included 50 conditionally healthy people living in Irkutsk who had negative PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence.Specific IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in blood serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using test systems “ELISA anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG” (FBUN SSC PMB, Obolensk, Russian Federation), “SARS-CoV-2-IgG-IFA-BEST” and “SARS-CoV-2-IgM-IFA-BEST” (Vector-Best, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation).Results. The results of a study of the humoral immunity of patients with asymptomatic and clinical forms of COVID-19 are presented. The data indicate the production of specific IgG in the blood serum of people in 2–3 weeks after SARSCov-2 infection and reaching its maximum level on the 20–21st day. The seroconversion rate was 94.9 %. It was shown that the geometric mean titer of antibodies in asymptomatic and mild forms of coronavirus infection did not differ statistically and amounted to 1:512 and 1:632, respectively. Higher titers of antibodies (1:1600) were detected in the moderate form.Conclusion. The research results can serve as a basis for studying the dynamics of changes in the indicators of the humoral immune response in patients with COVID-19 and for clarifying the duration of their post- infectious immunity in order to predict the development of the epidemic situation and to ensure the planning of specific prevention.

Objective of the seroepidemiological study was to determine the level and structure of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of the Irkutsk Region during the period of an increase in the incidence of COVID-19.Materials and methods. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by ELISA applying a reagent panel “ELISA anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgG” produced by the State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Obolensk).Results and discussion. The investigation has revealed that the herd immunity of the total population of Irkutsk Region amounted to 5.8 %. The greatest share of seropositive persons was among the children aged 14–17 (13.8 %) and 1–6 (11.8 %). It has been established that the risk of infection increases by 3.1 times in case of contact with COVID-19 patients. After exposure to COVID-19, antibodies were produced in 56.5 % of the cases. The share of asymptomatic forms among seropositive residents of the Irkutsk Region reached 81.2 %. Consequently, during the chosen period of increased COVID-19 incidence among the population of Irkutsk Region low level of seroprevalence was formed. A significant proportion of asymptomatic forms of infection characterize high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process. The results obtained can be used when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and for forecasting morbidity rates.

Objective - development of the unified interdepartmental approach to realization of complex epidemiological and epizootiological inspection of anthrax burials and animal refuses (AB/AR) with law compliance of standard requirements of the administrative, veterinary and sanitary-and-epidemiological legislation for solving the problems of expert estimation of object’s biological hazard, sanitary-protective zoning and rational land tenure. Materials and methods. Standard-methodical documentation and literature sources were analyzed, the official data, reference books, inventory registration and statement documents, information materials and the data of Veterinary Institutions, Rospotrebnadzor, Rosselkhoznadzor, municipal formations and other establishments were used. The data of complex epizootiological and epidemiological investigation of 27 AB/AR in five entities of Siberia and Far East over 2013-2017 were summarized. Results and discussion. For the first time the algorithm was unified and the technique of complex epidemiological and epizootiological inspections of anthrax burials (refuses) with known location was developed according to the requirements of veterinary and sanitary-and-epidemiologic rules to aid the specialists of the Rospotrebnadzor and Veterinary Science Institutions. Introduction of complex epizootiological-and-epidemiological inspection of anthrax burials (refuses) taking into account the retrospective and operative epizootiological-and-epidemiological analysis of the situation on anthrax in the Siberian administrative territory, studying of sanitary-veterinary condition of an object in aggregate with the results of laboratory examinations of samples for anthrax will permit to estimate the biological danger of anthrax burials (refuses), to solve problems of its preservation and/or utilization with the subsequent reduction of the areas of sanitary-protective zone of the object and rational land tenure.

Objective – study of biological and molecular-genetic properties of Bacillus anthraciscultures isolated in the supervised Siberian and Far Eastern territory between 1959 and 2013. Materials and methods. 39 B. anthracisstrains isolated from different specimens in 11 Siberian and Far Eastern constituent entities during epizootic and epidemic complications in terms of anthrax and monitoring of the soil foci were studied. The strains were examined using 16 culturalmorphological and 23 biochemical tests, for virulence, plasmid content, 15 VNTR- and 13 SNP-loci. Results and conclusions. Phenotypic and considerable genotypic heterogeneity of B. anthracisstrains found in the supervised territory was demonstrated. It was determined that 87,2 % of the isolates possessed typical cultural-morphological and biochemical properties. Twenty VNTR-profiles and three canonical SNP-clusters belonging to two global genetic branches A and B were revealed by means of molecular-genetic typing. The data can serve as a genetic marker in the investigation of anthrax cases, potential bioterrorist acts and evaluation of epizootic activity of stationary hazardous as regards anthrax areas in the specified administrative territory. The database «Biological properties of Bacillus anthracisstrains isolated in Siberia and Far East» was generated on the basis of systematization and analysis of the data concerning the origin, biological, molecular-genetic properties of the isolates. The Certificate of State Registration was also received. The database structure is replenishable and can be expanded if new technologies and methods are applied.

The paper presents the data describing historical aspects of anthrax dissemination in Siberia and Far East. This disease has engrained here and spread throughout the entire Asian part of Russia. The majority of the soil anthrax foci are concentrated in the southern entities of the country. Siberia and Far East regions are characterized by low anthrax incidence rates among the population. This is due to the peculiarities of stock-animal farming and low population density. Historically, the establishment of a significant number of stationary hazardous as regards anthrax areas and soil foci is occasioned by the lack of proper veterinary surveillance and support of preventive activities aimed at the disposal of dead animals. Sporadic occurrence of epizootic complications on anthrax in the same areas indicates the persistence of soil anthrax foci.

7201 stationary hazardous as regards anthrax points (SHAP) and 557 anthrax burial places are registered in Siberia and the Far East. Epizootiological and epidemiological situation for anthrax in the Asian part of the Russian Federation is characterized at present by uneven geographical distribution and predominance of old non-manifested shaps (98.9 %), and epizootic outbreaks with epidemic complications (82.5 %). In the Siberian Far North and four southern areas of the region it remains hazardous. Reduction of livestock population in 1990s lead to agricultural animals morbidity decline, thus morbidity among deers dominated (80.2). Sporadic pattern of the epidemic process was observed. The majority of patients were unvaccinated rural population (97.5 %), males (77.5 %), ablebodied citizens infected during constrained slaughtering (90.5 %). Meat and meat products were main transmission factors (96.4 %). Cutaneous anthrax prevailed. Anthrax outbreak in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District in 2016 outlined the necessity of effective interdepartmental interaction and optimization of normative regulation on disposal of fallen cattle and condition of anthrax burial places.

Aim. Construction of an immunologic test-system for detection of causative agents of entero-pathogenic yersinia {Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica) by dot-immunoassay. Materials and methods. Nanoparticles of colloid silver sized 5 - 9 nm were used as a marker of specific antibodies. IgG fraction was isolated from commercial antisera to Y. pseudotuberculosis (0:1) and Y. enterocolitica (0:3 and 0:9). Testing of the obtained test-system was carried out on 20 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica (10 of each species). Results. Dot-analysis had a specific character and detected enteropathogenic yersinia at a level of 5Т05 - 8T06 CFU/ml (100 - 1000 CFU in sample). Wherein cross-reaction with heterologic studied microorganisms - Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Yersiniapestis EV - was not observed. A possibility of simultaneous detection and serotyping of Y. enterocolitica is shown, that is necessary for confirmation of their epidemic significance. Conclusion. The developed test-systems allow to study micro volumes of the samples under study (1 pi), are express (1.5 - 2 h), highly sensitive and specific, technically simple and do not require the use of high-cost equipment, special training of the staff, may be successfully used in practical healthcare in laboratories with varying equipment levels.

Aim. Analysis of results of ecological and microbiological examination of territories nonwelfare for anthrax in territories of Barguzinsky and Kurumkansky districts of the Republic of Buryatia for justification of prophylaxis measures. Materials and methods. Space photographs were used and area and landscape signs of cattle grave sites were established. 174 samples of soil and 6 samples of bone remains of agricultural animals were obtained and studied. Results. Examination of 15 objects in 12 non-welfare for anthrax stationary points of the Republic of Buryatia was carried out in August 2014. A novel approach to detection of abandoned cattle grave sites, where DNA of Bacillus anthracis had been detected in samples, was developed and proposed. Conclusion. Ecological properties of soils 2 districts of the Republic facilitate prolonged conservation of B.anthracis in the environment. Measures of sanitary clean-up of non-welfare territories, utilization of biological waste and decision on legal status of abandoned objects are recommended.

A special feature of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains is its biochemical uniformity irrespective of the time and location of the causative agent isolation and the existence of 21 serological variants. Y. enterocolitica is a quite a heterogeneous species and is classified into 6 biochemical types associated with 29 serological variants. 221 Y. pseudotuberculosis and 447 Y. enterocolitica strains in total isolated in Siberia and in the Far East were characterized. Y. pseudotuberculosis genotype dominating in the Siberian and Far Eastern regions is presented by 0:1b serotype of the first genogroup (pYV+, ympA+, HPI-) in two- (47:82 МDa) or single-plasmid (47 МDа) variants. Ribotyping and fingerprinting revealed 8 and 10 Y. pseudotuberculosis genotypes, respectively, that indicated relative heterogeneity of the circulated strains. Regional difference of ribotypes and fingerprints was noted. 401 of447 Y. enterocolitica strains were classified as biotype A1 including 11 serotypes (0:4,32; 0:4,44; 0:5; 0:6,30; 0:6,31; 0;7,8; 0:12,25; 0:13,7; O:19,8; 0:41,43) and 46 strains belonged to biotypes 2-4 of O:3 and O:9 serotypes. Y. enterocolitica strains of biotypes 1A were isolated both from the environments, animals and patient samples as like the representatives of biotypes 2-4. The differentiating tests of fucose and sorbose made it possible to identify two species new for the Russian Federation - Y. mollaretii and Y. bercovierii. Y. enterocolitica biotypes 2-4 carried pYV plasmid and chromosomal ail, ystA virulence genes. These strains were referred to phagotypes X3 (2/0:9) and VIII (4/0:3) and also to phagotype Xz (3/0:3), unique for Russia. Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A containing ystB thermostable toxin gene was confirmed to be an infectious etiological agent.

Role of regional cultural mass events as potential threats for epidemics of the dangerous infectious diseases associated with implementation of external and internal epidemiological risks is demonstrated. The algorithm of organization and realization of the measures to support epidemiological well-being during a regional event is presented.

For the first time natural leptospirosis focus was revealed in the Irkutsk suburb in 2012 - 2014 during epizootological inspection of a pond-marsh complex. Total 74 small animals (14 species) were examined, specific fragments of Leptospira DNA were found in 16,2%; positive in microagglutination test results were in 1,6% of the samples. Two pathogenic Leptospira strains were isolated from tundra common shrews (Sorex tundrensis) and one isolate - from a water vole (Arvicola terrestris). Circulation of pathogenic Leptospira in a city line represents a potential risk of infection for local population that requires the planning and realization of appropriate preventive actions.

Some kinds of external migration of the population are considered as a risk factor for occurrence of the epidemic foci of dangerous infectious diseases in Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts of the Russian Federation. The role of tourism and labour transboundary migration in formation of epidemic complications for dangerous infectious diseases is shown. The urgency of threats for the disease importations representing danger to humans including influenza caused by a new virus subtype, measles, cholera, poliomyelitis and Dengue fever etc increases in the given regions.

The basic methodical approaches to the organization of trainings of the specialized anti-epidemic teams in the most approximate conditions to real extraordinary event are described. These trainings purpose the support of operative readiness of the mobile formations of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing to work in an emergency epidemiological area

Objective of the work was to carry out complex assessment of the current state of epizootic activity and epidemiological significance of the infectious disease natural foci in the Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalin territory of the Sakhalin Region. Trapped were 56 samples of small mammals in July, 2010; collected were 180 specimens of taiga tick imago, caught were 1000 specimens of mosquitoes. 223 samples of blood sera were taken from residents of the region. All the field data were tested to detect specific antibodies, antigens and genetic material of agents. Based on the results of epizootiological investigations, serological and molecular-genetic assays, demonstrated was the occurence of natural foci of leptospirosis, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, rickettsiosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, West Nile fever, Inco fever, Batai and Geto fevers, as well as HFRS with varying degree of activity manifestation in the territory of the region. Isolated was tick-borne encephalitis virus from mosquitoes.

Based on the reference data on monitoring of natural-focal infections, collected from the institutions of the Federal service for surveillance in the sphere of consumers rights protection and human welfare, estimated are the morbidity rates for natural-focal and zoonotic diseases in Siberia and Far East Region within a period of 9 months, 2013. Established is the scope of laboratory investigations as regards anthrax, brucellosis, tularemia, yersinioses, leptospirosis, borreliosis, rickettsiosis, and a number of viral infections. It is determined that high waters in the Amur River region did not have any considerable impact on the epidemiological situation in 2013, however in 2014 epizootic and epidemic complications are expected to take place, for the prevention of which enhanced package plan is being implemented. The situation on tularemia in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District, and brucellosis - in the Republic of Tyva and Trans-Baikal Region is still tense.

Abnormal rainfall flood in the Amur-River region, July-September, 2013, set the scene for aggravation of epidemiological situation on diarrheal diseases, as well as droplet spread infections, and natural-focal infections and diseases, common for both humans and animals. To stabilize the situation in flooded areas of three territorial entities in the Far East region involved were SAETs of the Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute: SAET 1 (the Amur region) and SAET 2 (the Khabarovsk Territory and Jewish Autonomous Region). Within the frames of Rospotrebnadzor Decree implementation SAET 1 was transported to the Amur Region by means of airlift. Mobile unit performed its operations independently, in an autonomous mode. Laboratory facilities were set up on the base of pneumo-framed modules. The aim of the SAET consisted in carrying out a complex of measures related to sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological monitoring in the territory of the municipal entities devastated by floods. SAET 1 completed its mission successfully.

Anthrax animal burial sites and potentially hazardous as regards anthrax territories (PHT) of the three municipal entities in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) were exposed to the Amur River flood (the Amur River basin, river inflows, and near-by territories), the emergency situation in August-September 2013. In order to estimate epizootiological-epidemiological situation on the infection carried out was retrospective analysis of morbidity rates among the population and the livestock animals of the region. Studied were the peculiarities of anthrax spatial distribution and sanitary conditions of PHT and animal burial sites (including anthrax ones). Laboratory investigations of soil and bone samples for the presence of Bacillus anthracis were conducted. Thus based on the results obtained the short-term forecast for epidemiological situation development in the post-flood period was worked out, and a complex of anti-anthrax actions was recommended.

Taking into consideration emergency conditions of rainfall flooding in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region in August-September 2013, forming premises for aggravation of the epidemiological situation a decision was made to deploy a laboratory-epidemiological SAET reinforcement unit No. 2 (SAET-2) from Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute into the exposed area. SAET-2 staff was step-by-step relocated to the site of emergency to participate in the inspectional operations. Withdrawal of specialists was also performed on a stage-by-stage basis as the work advanced. For the first time ever SAET was established right at the natural disaster site and recruited from experts who are on regular SAET-2 staff of the Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute, and from personnel reserve of the Rospotrebnadzor institutions in the Khabarovsk Territory. Complex approach, applied for the management of its work, allowed for alliance of forces and facilities of various Rospotrebnadzor territorial establishments, Rosselkhoznadzor and veterinary medicine institutions into the uniform mobile specialized brigade avoiding overlap of responsibilities and interference into day-to-day operational activities of Rospotrebnadzor territorial institutions. SAET-2 was to implement a complex of measures for sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological surveillance over the municipal territories suffered from flood. Team operational activities were carried out on the basis of stationary laboratories at the territorial establishments of Rospotrebnadzor in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region that were converted for working under emergency conditions mode. The mobile brigade has performed the tasks successfully. It has provided sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population under emergency conditions of rainfall flood.

Displayed are the major results of work of the specialized anti-epidemic teams from Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute, aimed at the provision for sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population in the Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region, devastated by the abnormally high water, in 2013. Represented are the data on sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological monitoring over the territory of the worst-hit areas. Revealed are the findings as regards examination of water samples obtained from the centralized and decentralized water supplies, surface water reservoirs and treatment facilities for presence of Vibrio cholerae , and of clinical material - for intestinal viruses, as well as serological screening of the decreed groups and foreign citizens temporarily working in the Russian Federation. Presented are the results of epizootiological-epidemiological inspection of the endemic areas for natural-focal infections, and also potentially hazardous areas as concerns anthrax, situated within the bonds of the flooded territories. Total of 3626 samples have been tested, 15502 analyses for 23 nosological entities have been performed.

Summarized are the results of the work on provision of sanitary and epidemiological well-being during the arrangement and carrying out the APEC Summit on the Russky Island. The set of organizational and prophylactic measures aimed at prevention of potential danger of emergency situation of sanitary and epidemiological character is presented. Measures on provision of epidemiological well-being of the participants and guests of the APEC Summit, based upon interaction of the regional plague-control institutions with anti-epidemic and health services of the Primorsky Region, demonstrated their efficiency. Epidemiological situation on the Russky Island and Vladivostok city was safe. The materials presented can be used to develop a set of measures ensuring the epidemiological well-being during large scale political and economic events holding at the national and international levels.

The purpose of this study was to determine priority directions of anti-epidemic readiness of the Russian Federation Region for emergency situations associated with infectious diseases dangerous for humans, at the present stage. Readiness of the Russian Federation region for emergency situations associated with infectious diseases dangerous for humans (anti-epidemic readiness) implies a set of preventive and anti-epidemic measures, implementation of relevant management decisions at the Regional level, which aim to ensure the safety of people living (temporarily located) in conditions of epidemiological risks. Anti-epidemic readiness is provided through targeted distribution of logistics, human resources, scientific methods, and informational resources of public health of the region, taking into account the priority of the organization of preventive measures especially for those infectious diseases that define dominant epidemiological risk in a particular municipality. Efficient use of resources is not possible without administrative, legal and financial support. As the result of the research priority directions of anti-epidemic readiness of the Russian Federation region for emergency situations associated with infectious diseases dangerousfor humans, taking into account the dominant epidemiological risks, are formulated.

In the last decade outbreaks and epidemics of infectious diseases dangerous for humans cause tension epidemiological situation in the world and in the Russian Federation. Epidemic manifestation of these diseases has symptoms of emergency situations and requires the use of additional forces and means of Public Health, as well as administrative, legal and financial support. The purpose of this study is formulation of the concept of "public health emergency situations associated with diseases dangerous for humans". In considering of definitions "emergency situation", "disease" and "event" in international and national law, the thesis is confirmed that epidemic manifestation of infectious diseases dangerous for humans, are signs of an emergency. In addition, the interpretation of these terms focuses on the distinction between potential risk and its actual implementation. Consequently, the threat of public health emergency situations should be viewed from the risk methodology, by which we proposed to evaluate internal and external epidemiological risks and to define its dominance for each municipality of the Russian Federation Region. Infectious diseases dangerous for humans which able to cause public health emergency situations, can be divided into three groups. 1. Diseases that form the external epidemiological risk - dangerous infectious diseases requiring measures for sanitary protection of the territory of the Russian Federation. 2. Diseases that form the internal epidemiological risk - dangerous infectious diseases, registration both single and mass indigenous events requires emergency response and using of additional forces and means of public health of the Region. 3. Infectious diseases of importance in regional pathology, prevention of which is to implement long-term programs. In the framework of this paper the definition of "public health emergency situations associated with diseases dangerous for humans" is proposed. It focuses on the feasibility of upgrading approaches to priority directions of anti-epidemic readiness of the Russian Federation Region, taking into account the probability of epidemiological risks.

Analyzed is the incidence rate as regards natural focal infections of bacterial and viral etiology. Displayed is the data on the performed laboratory diagnostics of these infections in the territory of Siberia and Far East in 2012 and forecast of the epidemiological situation development in 2013. Analysis is carried out based on the data received by the Reference Center for surveillance over natural focal infections at the Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute, from Rospotrebnadzor Institutions of Siberian, Far-Eastern and Ural Federal districts, as well as reviews and prognoses on the current state of natural foci of infections available from Altay, Tuva, Chita, Khabarovsk and Primorsk plague control stations.

Analyzed are the epidemiological situation and preventive measures against tick-borne encephalitis in the territory of the Russian Federation in 2012. Short-term forecast for 2013 is made based on the population morbidity rate in the federal districts of Russia in 2007–2012.

In this study the increased number of the imported cases from endemic countries or occurring of the disease in earlier unknown natural leptospirosis foci in the world among participants of various extreme competitions, hostilities and travelers was revealed at analysis of the epidemiological leptospirosis situation. New human risk groups subjected to infection were determined.

The results of yersinioses microbiological monitoring in Novosibirsk Region are presented and introduction of a quality management system in activities of a laboratory of especially dangerous infections is experienced.

Carried out is the analysis of epizootiological and epidemiological situation on anthrax in the Republics of Altai, Buryatia and Tuva and the Trans-Baikal Region bordering Mongolia for the period of 1985–2010. The Republics of Buryatia and Tuva, and the Trans-Baikal Region are the territories with unsafe epizootiological and epidemiological situation, while the Altai Republic is relatively safe territory in this regard. Long extension of frontiers, intensification of trade and economic cooperation, passenger and cargo traffic increase, and existence of soil foci predetermine the necessity of inter-state partnership in monitoring these foci and making forecast on anthrax epizootiological and epidemiological situation.

Due to examination of animal breeding workers at the Irkutsk Region a case of human leptospirosis was identified. at the cattle farm of Tugutuy settlement. Due to epizootological-epidemiological study a mixed, leptospirosis focus in Ekhirit-Bulagat district was established, the agent circulation among commensal and wild, small mammals was demonstrated. Continuous pathogenic Leptospira DNA detection during the second, half of 2011, as well as the positive tularemia laboratory results require further study of the focus.

Analysis of the epidemiological situation on the tick-borne viral encephalitis in the territory of the Russian Federation with due consideration to weekly epidemiological monitoring data (2009-2011), conducted by Rospotrebnadzor organizations in the corresponding constituent entities, testifies of the fact that continuous decrease in morbidity, characteristic of the early XXI century, has given way to a slight increase within the past three years. Given that there are no spring or early-summer weather anomalies or forest fires, morbidity rates among the population of the Russian Federation in 2012 can tend to exceed 2011 rates. Comprehensive set of measures applied for the disease control and prevention in the majority of endemic territories is quite effective in view of averting sharp upturn of morbidity rates, but nevertheless is not sufficient in view of the suppression of epidemiological situation.

The analysis of current regulatory requirements and applicable guidelines, as well as scientific papers, confirmed the existence of the subsystem of the control over epidemiological situation at the potentially hazardous biological facility. This subsystem is an element of the facility biosafety support system. Developed is the set of models which contain schemes of epidemiological situation management in case a sick facility officer is detected whose disease is suspected to be caused by the microorganisms of I-II pathogenicity groups.

Carried out is the analysis of scientific-methodological approaches to the development of algorithm for epizootic and epidemiological investigation of anthrax cases in the administrative territory. Put forward are five criteria of analysis for epidemiological investigation of anthrax sporadic cases and outbreaks, in order to develop the package of administrative, informational, anti-epizootic, anti-epidemic, and preventive measures, aimed at localization and elimination of anthrax focus.

Presented are the data on tick-borne infections (tick-borne encephalitis, tick-borne borrelioses and rickettsioses) incidence among the population of the constituent entities of Siberian and Far East Federal Districts in 2009 and 2010. Given is the prognosis on tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne borrelioses incidence among the population of the Districts for 2011. Generalized information on the amount of preventive measures is presented and the ways of their improvement are discussed.

Represented are the data on the key stages of laboratory diagnostics practices standardization as regards particularly dangerous infectious diseases and on the improvement of the normative-regulatory framework on the procedure for organization and carrying out laboratory diagnostics in accordance with three-level system. Worked out are the principles, scheme of indication and identification of pathogenic biological agents of emerging, previously unknown, and atypical microorganisms using modern computerized systems and high-tech equipment.

Epizootological and epidemiological anthrax situation in Siberia in 2000—2011 was analyzed. On the basis of the situation evaluation and. geographical demarcation of Siberia territory the anthrax morbidity was prognosed

Presented is a piece of information about the situation in natural tularemia foci and human morbidity in the territory of Siberia and Far East in 2011. Outlined is the prognosis of epizootic situation for 2012. In 2011, sporadic morbidity was registered in the Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, and Omsk Regions. Isolated cases of the disease were identified in the Altai Territory, in the Khanty-Mansiisk autonomous district, and the Sakhalin Region. Specified is the fact that in 2011 epizooties were of a local scale, and the situation on tularemia on the whole was favorable. Nevertheless, the possibility of aggravation of the situation in some territories in 2012 is not ruled out completely.