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The purpose of the research is to study the effects of a combined drug based on D-cyphenothrin, pyriproxyfen and piperonyl butoxide on the body of rats with repeated dermal application in a subchronic experiment.Materials and methods. The drug subchronic toxicity was studied in the vivarium of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV on 30 male rats divided into one control and two experimental groups of 10 animals each. The drug was applied daily for 7 days to the experimental rats at doses of 1/10 and 1/20 of the maximum possible dose for dermal application determined in an acute experiment when studying LD50. On the first day and at 10 days after the last application of the drug, half of the animals from each group were euthanized and blood samples were taken to determine morphological and biochemical parameters. A macroscopic examination of the organs was carried out; their mass was determined, and mass coefficients were calculated.Results and discussion. The drug based on D-cyphenothrin, pyriproxyfen and piperonyl butoxide applied dermally for 7 days in doses of 1/10 of LD50 (3071 mg/kg) and 1/20 of LD50 (1535.5 mg/kg) had no negative effect on the rats' organism, or its physiological state, and caused no changes in the morphological or biochemical blood parameters, as well as the mass coefficients of the internal organs. Doses of 3071 and 1535.5 mg/kg were inactive (safe). The threshold and toxic doses could not be determined

The purpose of the research is to conduct a histological examination of the tissues and organs of rabbits experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis larvae.Materials and methods. Necropsy was performed and organ and tissue samples were taken for histological studies 45 days after the experimental infection of White Giant rabbits with T. spiralis. The samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Histological preparations: paraffin sections 4 μm thick, stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Results and discussion. A complete histological examination of the dermis, muscles and internal organs in experimental trichinellosis was conducted. The effect of T. spiralis larvae on the body of rabbits and the pathological changes in organs and tissues were determined. Pathological changes of an inflammatory nature were established in the heart muscle, kidneys, lungs, small intestine, spleen and muscle tissue and the muscle layer of dermis with the presence of accumulation of lymphocytes and eosinophils. Colored illustrations of the obtained sections with a detailed description are provided.

The purpose of the research is to study acute oral and dermal toxicity parameters of a drug based on D-cyphenothrin, pyriproxyfen and piperonyl butoxide in laboratory animals.Materials and methods. The study insectoacaricidal drug contains D-cyphenothrin, pyriproxyfen, piperonyl butoxide, hydrogenated castor oil and isopropyl alcohol. The acute toxicity parameters of the drug in 5% solution formulation were studied on 50 white outbred male mice when administered intragastrically, and on 42 outbred male rats when administered orally and on skin. The acute toxicity parameters were calculated using the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method as modified by Z. Rotha, and the drug exposure value on the body was evaluated as per the established classification (GOST 12.1.007). Results and discussion. The following toxicological characteristics were obtained: LD50 of the study drug administered orally to the white mice was 2,656 (2,207.8÷3,187.2) mg/kg, and the white rats, 5,063 (4482÷5818.3) mg/kg. The maximum tolerated dose of the drug was 830 mg/kg for the mice, and 2,075 mg/kg for the rats. Based on the obtained LD50 values, the three-component insectoacaricide can be classified as hazard category 3 (moderately hazardous substances) in experiments on mice, and hazard category 4 (marginally hazardous substances) on rats pursuant to the established hygienic classification. At the same time, different species sensitivity to the drug can be observed in mice and rats. LD50 was more than 30,710 mg/kg in the study of dermal toxicity on the white rats, therefore the drug can be classified as hazard category 4.

The purpose of the research is to investigate subacute cutaneous toxicity in rats, allergenic properties in guinea pigs and tolerance of increased doses of drugs based on imidacloprid, moxidectin and pyriproxyfen by dogs and cats of different age groups.Materials and methods. Toxicological studies (subacute cutaneous toxicity, study of allergenic properties) were conducted in the vivarium of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, a branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on male rats and guinea pigs. Experiments on the tolerance of drugs by target animal species (dogs, cats) were conducted in the Podolsk department of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection. The choice of doses, frequency and methods of administration of the studied drugs were determined in accordance with the Guidelines for Experimental (Preclinical) Study of New Pharmacological Substances. All doses were calculated for the drug taking into account the density (1.08 g/cm3).Results and discussion. When studying the acute cutaneous toxicity of the drug on rats, LD50 exceeded the maximum possible dose of 10 000 mg/kg (hazard class 4 according to GOST 12.1.007-76). In a subacute experiment on rats, it was established that doses of 1000 and 500 mg/kg are ineffective (safe), the threshold and toxic doses could not be established. These drugs, when treating animals 8 times with an interval of 3 days in a three- and five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose during the experimental period, did not have a negative effect on the general condition of the animals, their physiological status and behavior; no statistically significant changes in the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood, physicochemical parameters of urine were noted in animals from the experimental groups compared to the control. However, in one adult dog from the second experimental group, which was used a five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose of the drug, depression was noted on the 20th day of the experiment. The physiological state of the animal returned to normal within 24 hours voluntarily without the use of symptomatic therapy.

The purpose of the research is to study the effects of ivermectin-containing drug in recommended and increased doses on adult dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The drug tolerance on dogs and cats was studied on 24 clinically healthy animals that were divided into experimental groups of 6 animals each, according to the principle of analogs, at the Podolsk Experimental Production Base of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV. The drug was administered seven times with a 3-day interval at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg of ivermectin per 1 kg of body weight to the first experimental group; and 0.6 mg of ivermectin per 1 kg of body weight to the second experimental group. The overall health status of the dogs and the cats was monitored daily, and blood samples were taken on days 20 and 34 of the experiment to study some morphological and biochemical parameters. Statistical data was processed in Microsoft Excel 2016 using the paired Student's t-test for dependent samples.Results and discussion. The studied ivermectin-containing drug had no negative effects on the adult dogs and cats’ overall health status, physiological status and behavior, or morphological and biochemical blood parameters. When using the drug in a threefold increased dose, three dogs and one cat showed depression which spontaneously disappeared within 48 hours. In addition, the animals from the second experimental group developed an allergic reaction, decreased functional activity of the liver and kidneys, and metabolic processes intensity, and red blood system destabilization. On day 34 of the experiment, the above changes were absent in the dogs and the cats, which indicates the restored physiological and biochemical status in the experimental animals.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the insectoacaricidal activity of the drug 5% D-cyphenothrin Emulsion against argasid ticks and biting lice in different concentrations.Materials and methods. We carried out a parasitological examination of an open-type cinderblock poultry building in peasant household BUGLEN-2 (the Republic of Dagestan) using the avian ectoparasite collecting methods of B. A. Frolov (1975). The studies were performed using procedures outlined in the studies by A. A. Nepoklonov and G. A. Talanov (1973), M. V. Arisov and I. A. Arkhipov (2018) as modified. In the Laboratory of Ectoparasitosis in the VNIIP – FSC VIEV, the acaricidal activity of 5% D-cyphenothrin Emulsion was evaluated against argasid ticks and LD50 and LD95 were determined. The insecticidal activity of the studied drug in different concentrations against the biting lice Menopon gallinae and Menacanthus stramineus was studied on naturally infected chickens that were kept on the farm. Parasitic arthropods were identified to species using identification guides by I. G. Galuzo (1957), N. A. Fillipova (1966) and D. I. Blagoveshchensky (1940).Results and discussion. In laboratory, we observed rapid death of argasid ticks within 30 minutes after their contact with absorbent paper impregnated with 0.005% and 0.05% concentrations of the studied drug. In the assessment of the 5% D-cyphenothrin Emulsion insecticidal activity against biting lice of two species Menopon gallinae and Menacanthus stramineus on naturally infected chickens, we observed the death of parasitic insects after 24 hours on the birds treated with a 0.005% emulsion. Thus, the minimum effective concentration of 0.005 % of the study drug, 5% D-cyphenothrin Emulsion, was determined for the above parasitic arthropods.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of the drug in the form of spray based on Fipronil, Moxidectin and Pyriproxyfen against canine acarosis.Materials and methods. The assessment of the acaricidal effect of multicomponent drug against canine acarosis was carried out on the basis of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (VNIIP), a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution FSC VIEV RAS, as well as the veterinary clinic GLOBALVET CLINIC LLC (Moscow) in 2020–2022. 82 dogs were used in the experiments, including those spontaneously infected with Otodectes cynotis (38 sp.), Sarcoptes canis (28 sp.), and Demodex canis (16 sp.). The animals were divided into experimental and control groups. To the infected animals of the experimental groups, the drug was applied in the form of spray to the affected areas of the body at the rate of 1 ml per 10 cm2, 2–4 times with an interval of 7 days. The dogs in the control group were treated at the end of the experiment. The efficacy of the drug was taken into account by examining and recording the number of ticks in animals before and 3, 11, 25, 40 and 60 days after treatment. The results were processed statistically using Microsoft Excel.Results and discussion. On the 11th day, all animals showed extinction of clinical signs, healing of affected skin areas and scratches, and the appearance of new hair in areas of alopecia; microscopy of scrapings revealed single mites, deformed larvae and eggs. Microscopy of skin scrapings on the 25th day revealed single mites in 5 dogs affected by demodicosis. On the 40th day, upon examination and acarological examination of animal skin scrapings, no S. canis, O. cynotis and D. canis mites were found. The research results showed 100% efficacy of the drug.

The purpose of the research is to review the classical methods of coprological diagnostics, taking into account modern recommendations and proposals. Materials and methods. Literature sources on the issues of coprological methods of diagnosing parasitosis have been studied. Results and discussion. Diagnosis during life is an important element of practical veterinary activity, the success of which largely depends on the correct choice and competent use of suitable laboratory methods. For the diagnosis of parasitic diseases, the study of feces is most often used. Coprological methods are highly informative due to the fact that they can detect not only parasites of the digestive tract, liver, pancreas, but also a number of helminths of the respiratory system and even some tissue parasites that excrete eggs or larvae with feces. Unlike existing indirect immunological and molecular genetic methods, classical research methods are based on the detection and identification of the pathogens themselves at different stages of development. At the same time, the researcher has the opportunity to study morphological features and conduct morphometric analysis. The widespread use of classical coprological methods is also associated with their availability, they are quite simple to perform and relatively inexpensive. A limitation of coprological methods is the inability to diagnose pathogens that are at a non-propagative stage. The effectiveness of diagnostics is influenced by the method of collecting samples, the terms and conditions of transportation, and the choice of an adequate method for examining samples. The article presents the rules for sampling and options for the use of fixatives, a classification of coprological methods is given, and the procedure for performing research is described. Special attention is paid to the choice of flotation solutions, the method of cultivation of strongylid larvae and the method of sporulation of coccidia oocysts. Attention is drawn to the importance of micrometric measurements of detected objects. To ensure the quality of the conducted coprological studies, it is necessary to control the stages of the studies, the technical condition of the equipment and train the personnel. The material presented in the article is intended for both students and practitioners.

The purpose of the research is to study the biotransformation of fenbendazole in the body of sheep after administration of fenbendazole solid dispersion (FSD) prepared by mechanochemical technique with arabinogalactan. Materials and methods. The FSD at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg for the active substance was administered orally to sheep. Animal blood serum samples were studied by high performance liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-TMS) to determine the concentration of fenbendazole (FBZ) and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 33, 48 and 72 hours after administered FSD and initial FBZ (substance). FBZ and its metabolite residual quantity in the organs and tissues of the sheep was determined at 1, 3, 6, 11, and 21 days after the drug administration. The prepared sample and validated method were described. Results and discussion. A significant difference was found in the metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and timing of the FBZ and its metabolite elimination after the base drug (FBZ substance) and FSD were administered to sheep in an equal dose of 2.0 mg/kg for the active substance. FBZ and its metabolites began to be detected in blood serum 2 hours after the FSD and 4 hours after the base FBZ. Pharmacokinetic parameters of FBZ and its metabolites characterize a higher drug concentration in the blood and a longer retention time in the circulation after the FSD as compared with the base drug parameters. The FBZ and its metabolite maximum concentration was found in the organs and tissues of the sheep that received the FSD on day 3 in the liver amount of 4862.3±296.2 ng/g of FBZ; 18243.5±486.1 ng/g of sulfoxide; and 2482.3±132.4 ng/g of sulfone; and tens of times lower concentration after the base FBZ on day 6. FBZ and its metabolites were not detected in the organs and tissues of the sheep on day 16 after the base FBZ, and on day 21 after the FSD.

The purpose of the research is to perform a comparative diagnostic efficacy of microscopy, combined flotation method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used to detect Giardia spp. in dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The efficacy was compared between three methods to detect Giardia spp. on 60 fecal samples from dogs and cats from the Zaitsev+ and Paster Veterinary Laboratory.Results and discussion. The highest diagnostic efficacy was established for PCR, 78.3%; the diagnostic efficacy of combined flotation was 68.3%; the lowest diagnostic efficacy was found for the microscopy method, 43.3%. The combined flotation method to detect Giardia spp. is widely used in laboratory practice as it allows detection of other intestinal parasites in addition to Giardia spp. Microscopy is the fastest and simplest method for detecting not only Giardia spp. but also other intestinal parasites.

The purpose of the research is to study tolerance of Imidacloprid-Pyriproxyfen-Moxidectin-based drugs for veterinary use by target animal species.Materials and methods. The research was conducted on 15 clinically healthy outbred cats aged 1–2 years weighing 3–5 kg, 15 clinically healthy outbred kittens aged 7–9 weeks weighing 700–900 g, 15 clinically healthy outbred dogs aged 1–2 years weighing 18–20 kg, and 15 clinically healthy outbred puppies aged 7 weeks up to three months weighing 6–9 kg, in the Kurilovo Experimental Base, the Podolsk Department of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV, in 2021. Combined drugs, Insacar Total S and Insacar Total K (Imidacloprid, Pyriproxyfen and Moxidectin), were used as drips, which was resulted in good absorption of active substances through the skin. The effect of combined Imidacloprid-Pyriproxyfen-Moxidectin-based drugs was evaluated on general condition and behavior, body weight gain dynamics, animal morphological and biochemical blood parameters, and physicochemical urine parameters.Results and discussion. Drugs for veterinary use, Insacar Total K and Insacar Total S, in increased therapeutic doses (twice and five-fold) do not adversely affect the general condition and behavior of cats, kittens, dogs or puppies; no deviations were recorded in morphological and biochemical blood parameters, or physicochemical urine parameters.

The purpose of the research is to study the elimination period of Ivermectin residuals after three oral administrations of Iverbutan to broiler chickens.Materials and methods. For the experiment, 18 broiler chickens aged 28 days were selected. The birds were kept in the conditions of the Podolsk Experimental Production Department of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV. Iverbutan contains 0.4% of ivermectin and 10.0% of butaphosphan as active substances. The drug was administered orally by the group method at the rate of 1.0 mL of Iverbutan per 1 Liter of drinking water. Iverbutan was given three times: twice with a 24-hour interval and once after 14 days. The birds were killed and samples of their organs and tissues were taken at 9, 14, and 19 days after the drug was administered three times. Organs and tissues of each following type were collected from 6 birds: muscles, liver, kidneys, and skin with subcutaneous adipose tissue. The technique was based on the determination of Ivermectin by high performance liquid chromatography with modified pre-column accomplished with N-methylimidazole and trifluoroacetic anhydride, followed by fluorescence detection. The quantification was performed by the internal standardization.Results and discussion. The period was studied for elimination of Ivermectin residuals from the chickens’ body after the drug was administered three times. The residuals that exceed the maximum allowable levels were determined at 9 and 14 days after the drug was completed. It was found that the chickens’ organs and tissues did not contain Ivermectin at 19 days. Thus, poultry meat can be used for food at 19 days after Iverbutan is administered three times.

The purpose of the research is the study of acute oral and dermal toxicity, and cumulative properties of the combined drug based on imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen and moxidectin on mice and rats.Materials and methods. The studies were conducted as provided by the Guidelines of the State PharmacologicalCommittee, in the VNIIP – FSC VIEV vivarium in 2021. We studied the acute oral and dermal toxicity, as well as cumulative properties of the combined drug in the form of a solution for external use that contains imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen and moxidectin as active substances. Outbred male mice and male rats were used in studying toxicological characteristics of the drug. General methods were used in studying the acute oral toxicity in the mice and rats, acute dermal toxicity in the rats and cumulative properties of the prototype product in the mice.Results and discussion. The LD 50 of the prototype product was 800 mg/kg of the animal weight when administered orally to the mice, and 2520±916.7 mg/kg, to the rats. Subject to the established median lethal doses, the drug was classified as the 3rd hazard class according to the general hygienic classification (GOST 12.1.007-76). When studying the acute dermal toxicity in the rats, the LD50 of the drug exceeded the maximum possible dose of 10,000 mg/kg. According to the general hygienic classification (GOST 12.1.007-76), the drug was classified as the 4th hazard class. The accumulation factor was 8.25, in which case the drug can be classified as the group of substances with weak cumulative activity.

The purpose of the research is to study the therapeutic efcacy of drugs in the form of a solution for external use based on imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen and moxidectin against gastrointestinal nematodes and Diroflaria spp. microflaria in dogs and cats.Materials and methods. . The studies were carried out on the basis of VNIIP (fl. Federal State Budgetary Scientifc Institution FNTs VIEV RAS) on dogs and cats of different sex and age, body weight spontaneously infected with parasites. The diagnosis, as well as the effectiveness of the drugs, was confrmed in a complex manner based on the anamnestic and epizootological data, the clinical picture and laboratory research methods (detection of helminth eggs in the animal's feces using the Fülleborn method with subsequent differentiation, microscopy of animal blood smears to detect microflariae). To rule out infection of animals (dogs) with babesia, blood samples were taken and a laboratory analysis was performed to detect parasites (Babesia canis).Results and discussion. 100% effectiveness of Insacar Total C (for dogs) and Insacar Total K (for cats) has been established for nematodes of the gastrointestinal tract (toxocarosis, toxascariosis, uncinariosis, hookworm, trichuriosis) and diroflariosis (the initial stage of the disease). Side effects and complications after treatment of animals with drugs were not revealed

The purpose of the research is to analyze and summarize the literature data and the results of our own studies on the use of drug delivery systems and methods for increasing the solubility and efcacy of anthelmintic drugs.Helminthoses are one of the most important problems in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, not only due to the pathological effects, but also due to the spread of anthelmintic resistance. Since the development of new anthelmintic substances takes many years and investment, some strategies are currently focused on modifying existing drugs to increase their efcacy, reduce side effects and overcome anthelmintic resistance. Literature data analysis on various methods and means of increasing the solubility and efcacy of anthelmintic drugs was carried out and the prospects for their use, including using modern nanotechnological methods of drug delivery were given.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of the insectoacaricide "5% D-cyphenotrine emulsion" against infestation of birds with Dermanyssus gallinae (dermanyssosis) after the deacarization of the poultry building and to characterize physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the recovery of Hy-Line hens after removed parasites.Materials and methods. A parasitological examination of the poultry farm found D. gallinae in one of the poultry buildings. Given positive results of the drug efficacy against the poultry red mite, we analyzed the morpho-physiological and physiological and biochemical parameters of the hen’s blood before and 10 and 20 days after the treatments. Changes in the ethological status of birds were recorded. We used 0.005% aqueous emulsion of "5% D-cyphenothrin emulsion" for treatment. To obtain it, the drug was diluted with water at a ratio of 1:1000 immediately before use.Results and discussion. After double treatment with "5% D-cyphenotrine emulsion" of the shop with hens from the test group, no live poultry red mite was found. Within 20 days after the disease reduction, representatives of this group showed high concentrations of cortisol which were 2.3–2.4 times (p < 0.001) higher than those of healthy hens. This indicates that the stress state of hens still remains after the parasitizing of D. gallinae. In addition, the recovery process takes a long time and with great stress for all systems of their body. This is also confirmed by a high level of lipid peroxidation. At the same time, high intensity of gluconeogenesis and, as a result, deterioration of lipid and protein metabolism were recorded in the hens in question. The positive results indicate an increasing need for additional energy expenditures which are paramount for the effective and well-timed implementation of adaptation mechanisms. It should be noted here that the values of all the above-mentioned indicators tend to normalize by the end of the study period. The changes noted in the blood of birds indicate the restoration of a number of body systems. The poultry red mite as an emergency factor affects the morphophysiology of the blood, in particular, the level of white blood cells, which is restored by the 10th day after deacarization, which triggers regenerative and reparative processes. There were also changes in the number of cells of the immune system, an increase in hemoglobin concentration to control values and optimization of behavior in representatives of the test group which are largely related to the normalized physiological activity of the thyroid gland after the poultry building deacarization. We found a partial recovery of the hen’s body systems after the poultry building deacarization with the drug "5% D-cyphenotrine emulsion", which is due to the long-term parasitizing of D. gallinae, a stressor of extreme strength.

The purpose of the research is studying the influence of various components on the targeted delivery of fenbendazole and evaluation of their efficacy in mice experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis.Materials and methods. The experiment used 80 white mice experimentally infected with T. spiralis, at a dose of 200 larvae per animal. Each group of 10 animals was administered intragastrically solid dispersion of fenbendazole (SDF) with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), arabinogalactan (AG), disodium salt of glycyrrhizinic acid (Na2 GA), sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (SDS), licorice extract (LE) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) at a single dose of 2.0 mg/kg of active substance as compared with the fenbendazole substance at the same dose. The control group did not receive the drug. The anthelmintic efficacy was studied by the results of necropsy of the small intestine of mice on the second day after drugs administration. The concentration of fenbendazole and its metabolites in the small intestine was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection.Results and discussion. SDF with PVP, AG, Na2 GA, SDS, LE and HES showed 98.0, 94.9, 96.6, 100, 86.0 and 81.0% efficacy against intestinal nematode T. spiralis at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg of AS (fenbendazole). The maximum concentration of fenbendazole and its metabolites – sulfone and sulfoxide - was determined in the small intestine wall of animals on the second day after SDF with SDS administration and amounted to 3117.8, 614.6 and 2998.6 ng/g respectively. After fenbendazole substance administration, the drug and its metabolites were found in trace quantity.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of solid dispersion of fenbendazole (SDF) against nematodoses of young cattle.Materials and methods. The study of SDF, obtained by mechanochemical processing of fenbendazole substance with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer, was carried out on 126 young cattle naturally infected with nematodiroses and other gastrointestinal strongylatoses. The animals were divided into 6 experimental groups of 10–11 animals each and SDF was administered once orally at doses of 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 mg/kg of active substance (a.s.) (I-III groups) in comparison with the mechanical mixture of fenbendazole (FBZ) and PVP in a ratio of 1:9 (IV group) and substance FBZ at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg (group V) against each helminthosis. The control group of animals did not receive the drugs. Anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated in the "control test" based on the data of ovoscopic examination of feces of young cattle by flotation method before and 17 days after drugs administration.Results and discussion. SDF with PVP at a dose of 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 mg/kg of a.s. in the form of a 10% powder showed respectively 88.4; 97.3 and 100% efficiency at nematodiroses and 89.2; 98.4 and 99.5 % activity against other types of gastrointestinal strongylates upon obtaining 32.3 and 32.4 % effect of the mechanical mixture of FBZ with PVP and 29.7 and 27.4% efficiency of the base preparation at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg. SDF showed 88.4; 97.3 and 100% of efficacy at doses of 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 mg/kg of a.s., respectively, against nematodiroses and 89.2; 98.4 and 99.5% against other gastrointestinal strongylatoses in the form of 10% powder. It should be noted that mechanical mixture of PBZ with PVP showed 32.3 and 32.4% efficacy and the efficacy of the basic drug was 29.7 and 27.4% at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg against each helminthosis.

The purpose of the research is conducting pharmaco-toxicological assessment of Gelmintal Mini Syrup based on a combination of moxidectin and toltrazuril. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 64 white male rats and 40 white mice. Each animal species was divided into 4 equivalent groups of 6–10 animals each. When studying acute toxicity, the drug was administered in the form of a syrup (without dilution) to animals once at doses of 11 400, 22 800 and 28 500 mg/kg; when studying subchronic toxicity, the drug was administered daily for 14 days at doses of 570, 1425 and 2850 mg/kg (1/10 and 1/20 and 1/50 of the maximum possible dose administered into the stomach according to the vivisection results). When studying acute toxicity, the animals were followed up for 14 days; we recorded the general condition and behavior of the animals, changes in their body weight, the manifestation of toxic symptoms or possible death. When studying subchronic toxicity, the animals were followed up during the entire period of the drug use (14 days); on the 15th and 24th days of the experiment, we performed euthanasia, collected the blood to determine hematological and biochemical values, and carried out macroscopic examination of the organs. Results and discussion. We did not record the animals’ death at doses of 11 400, 22 800 and 28 500 mg/kg; and no signs of intoxication were noted for the entire follow-up period. LD50 of Gelmintal Mini Syrup exceeds the dose of 28500 mg/kg, i.e. the drug is classified as the 4th hazard class. The results of the studied subchronic toxicity showed that the drug was inactive at doses of 570 mg/kg, 1425 and 2850 mg/kg when administered orally for 14 days.

The purpose of the research is studying the tolerability profile of drug» Gelmintal Mini Syrup» based on toltrazuril and moxidectin in therapeutic and increased doses administered once and repeatedly to target animal species. Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on 45 cats and kittens, and 45 dogs and puppies. In each experiment, the animals were divided according to the principle of analogy into three groups of 5 animals each. In the first experiment, the drug was administered once in two- and 5-fold increased doses; and the animals were followed-up for 30 days. In the second experiment, the drug was used daily for 7 days in therapeutic and 3-fold increased therapeutic doses; and the animals were followed-up for 15 days. During the experiments, we recorded the animals’ general condition, behavior and appetite, monitored their body weight and temperature, and collected blood and urine to study a number of parameters that characterize the physiological state of experimental animals. Results and discussion. «Gelmintal Mini Syrup» in therapeutic and increased doses administered once and repeatedly does not adversely affect the general condition of cats and dogs. Hematological, biochemical and urological values were within the physiological range.

The purpose of the research is to study of local irritant action of complex insectoacaricide drug "RolfClub 3D shampoo” on rats’ skin and guinea pigs’ mucous membranes of the eyes.Materials and methods. Local irritant action of complex insectoacaricide drug "RolfClub 3D shampoo” was evaluated in the experiment on determination of acute skin toxicity of rats on the thickness of skin fold. Only animals with healthy skin, which was kept on standard dietary and which has undergone 7 days absolute quarantine before experiment, were used. Studies on determination of local irritant action of aqueous solution of active ingredients combination of shampoo on conjunctiva of guinea pigs’ eyes were conducted on adult albino guinea pigs with body weight of 250–300 g. Each animal's eye condition was visually evaluated for determination of expressed injuries not later than 24 hours.Results and discussion. Symptoms of irritant action were not noticed in the case of exposure of aqueous solution of active ingredients combination of shampoo on rats’ skin. After application skin areas was not differ from control skin areas. Redness of whole conjunctiva and sclera was noted in the case of application of solution on mucous membranes of the eyes. This event disappeared in 24 hours. Condition of animals’ mucous membranes of the eyes pretreated water was within the physiological range. Aqueous solution of active ingredients combination has mild effect on mucous membranes of the eyes; recovery up to normal range carries within 24 hours.

The purpose of the research: toxicological evaluation of a medicinal product for veterinary use "Neoterica Protecto 12" on laboratory animals. Materials and methods. White outbred rats, mice and guinea pigs were used in the experiment. In the study of acute oral toxicity in mice and rats, acute cutaneous toxicity, subacute toxicity, irritant action of an aqueous suspension of a combination of active substances, allergenic properties of the collar «Neoterika Protecto 12» conventional methods were used. Results and discussion. The median lethal doses LD50 for oral supplementation to white mice (1070 mg/kg) and oral supplementation to white rats (3210 mg/kg) were diagnosed, which allowed to designate the preparation to the 3rd hazard class (moderately hazardous substances). In the study of acute cutaneous toxicity on white rats LD50 amounted to more than 10 000 mg/kg, therefore, according to the generally accepted hygienic classification, the preparation belongs to the 4th hazard class during cutaneous application. In the study of subacute toxicity of the medication on rats for 6 months after application of the aqueous suspension of the combination of active ingredients in doses of 1000, 500 and 200 mg/kg, no changes in general state and behavior were observed in animals. When an aqueous suspension of a combination of active substances of the collar was applied to the skin of rats, there were no signs of irritant effect, but a mild effect on the mucous membrane of the guinea pig's eyes was recorded. It was found that the preparation does not have allergic and sensitizing effects.

The purpose of the research: the study of the efficacy of the preparations for veterinary use "Inspector Quadro C" and "Inspector Quadro K" against ecto- and endoparasitoses of dogs and cats. Materials and methods. Studies were conducted on spontaneously infected dogs and cats of different sexes, age, weight and breed. The diagnosis of infection with ectoparasites was made based on the clinical picture and laboratory methods of investigation (microscopy of scrapings taken from ectoparasitized skin areas, examination of the coat for fleas, lice, worms, ixodids). Infection with helminths was established by detecting eggs of helminths in faeces of animals by the method of Füleleborn and mature segments of cestodes. Preparations were applied to the animals by drip application on dry undamaged skin in places inaccessible to licking in a dose of 0.1-0.4 ml per 1 kg of body weight. The results were statistically processed. Results and discussion. "Inspector Quadro S" and "Inspector Quadro K" showed 100% efficacy at sarcoptosis in dogs, notoedrosis in cats, otodectosis in dogs and cats, ixodidoses and entomoses. "Inspector Quadro C" showed a high efficiency (92.3%) at demodecosis in dogs. However, single mites were found in one dog. 100% efficacy of "Inspector Quadro C" and "Inspector Quadro K" has been established against intestinal nematodes and cestodes in dogs and cats. Negative effects of drugs on the body of animals have not been revealed.

The purpose of the research: to study the effectiveness of the insectoacaricidal collars “Neoterika Protecto 12” against Ixodid ticks in dogs and cats. Materials and methods. In the experiment 86 dogs and 24 cats of different ages and breeds, free from ectoparasites, were used. 30 days before the experiment, the animals were not treated with antiparasitic drugs and they did not use insectoacaricidal collars for three months. All animals were divided into experimental and control groups. The animals of the experimental groups “Neoterika Protecto 12” were used according to the instructions for use. Animals of the control groups did not receive the collar. Inspection of animals for mites was carried out regularly for 6 months. Studies were conducted on the territory of the Moscow, Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Results and discussion. For 6 months ectoparasites on the skin-coat of animals is not fixed. Side effects after use of the collar were not observed. When studying animals of control groups for 6 months found attached Ixodid ticks, as well as fleas Ctenocephalides felis and C. canis. After ectoparasites were found in control animals, the collars were also put on the animals, previously removing the ticks, and continued to observe for 6 months. No ectoparasites were found on the skin-coat. The high prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of collars “Neoterika Protecto 12” was established against ectoparasites, including ticks, during 6 months.

The purpose of the research: to study the efficacy of the insectoacaricidal preparation "Neoterica Protecto 4" against ixodidoses and other acaroses of animals. Materials and methods. 252 dogs and 158 cats of different ages and breeds naturally infected with Ixodes ticks and Notoedres cati, Demodex canis and Sarcoptes canis, as well as 35 decorative rabbits infected with acaroses caused by Psoroptes cuniculi and Sarcoptes scabiei varietas cuniculi were used. All animals were divided into experimental and control groups. For animals of experimental groups, the preparation was used according to the instructions for use, animals of control group the preparation did not receive. Determination of the rate of onset of the "knockdown" state and the height of the tick lifting on the treated tissue from cotton coarse calico size 10 × 70 cm was carried out on 30 Ixodes ticks. Results and discussion. 100 % therapeutic efficacy of preparation «Neoterica Protecto 4» in the control of ixodid ticks and acaroses of animals (otodectosis, psoroptosis, sarcoptosis, demodecosis and notoedrosis), high preventive acaricidal efficacy for 60 days, and found that the preparation has a pronounced «knockdown effect», the time of onset of the «knockdown» state averages 2.35 minutes at an average lifting altitude 37.56 cm.

The purpose of the research is to study the effectiveness of «Neoterica Protecto 12» product as polymer tape to prevent myiasis of dogs andcats. Materials and methods. In course of the experiment, spontaneously infected dogs and cats of different ages and breeds were used. The animals were not treated with anti-parasitic drugs for the previous 30 days; they had not been wearing insecticide collars for three months. The diagnosis was made comprehensively taking into account the epizootological data, clinical features and on the basis of careful examination and detection of ectoparasites and their eggs on the skin-and-coat of animals. The intensity of the invasion of animals was estimated by visual rating of insects on the animal's body parts (abdomen, head, lumbar region, and edge bone, inguinal and perineal zone) with a size of 10 × 10 cm. Results and discussion. The high therapeutic effectiveness of the product was found to be 100% when the animals were infected with Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis, Felicola subrostratus, Trichodectes canis and Linognathus setosus ectoparasites. No animal infected with ectoparasites was found within 28 days of applying the collar. No behavior changes and characteristic symptoms were found when observing the animals; general condition of the animals did not deteriorate. Clinical examination showed no evidence of itching; the restoration of skin and coat where scratches and alopecia were earlier noted. The re-infection of dogs and cats with ectoparasites during the following 6 months is hardly in evidence.

The purpose of the research: to characterize the modern methods of determining the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides, regulators of development and repellents against ectoparasites of carnivores. Materials and methods. The analysis of the literature date and the results of our research to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides, regulators of development and repellents against ectoparasites of carnivores. Results and discussion. Details describes modern methods for determining the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides, repellents and regulators of development against ectoparasites of carnivores as well as in conditions in vitro. The methods of determining the insecticidal and acaricidal properties of the active compounds (substances) by forced contact of insects and mites with surface treated topically applying acaricides, rate determination occurrence state knockdown and lift height of mites on treated material, accounting sucking ticks velocity contacted with test substances. The repellent activity of substances with respect to ixodid mites is studied by the method of cut off concentration, the concentration gradient method, etc.

The purpose of the research is to study the anthelmintic action of an american drug intended for the treatment and prevention of helminthosis.Materials and methods. A test of the effectiveness of an antiparasitic drug (USA), which includes: extracts of Jerusalem oak, citron seed, pumpkin seeds, male fern, thyme, wheatgrass, pomegranate bark, quartz mineral, table salt, etc. According to the instructions for use, the drug (series 61571-574-15) tested at a dose of 200 mg/kg three times a day for 7 days for the purpose of prevention and for 14 days for treatment. The phytopreparation is intended for the treatment of helminthosis in cats, dogs, rodents and birds. Anthelmintic has no contraindications and side effects, as well as age restrictions. In the experiment, 20 male rats weighing 200–220 g at the age of 3 months were used, spontaneously infected with Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera (mixed infection). The diagnosis was made on the basis of a study of rat feces samples for the presence of nematode eggs according to the Darling method using a solution of zinc sulfate with a density of 1.32. The number of eggs was counted in 1 g of feces by the conventional method. Animals were divided into equivalent experimental and control groups of 10 animals each. The number of nematode eggs in 1 g of feces amounted to 56.32 specimens for the experimental group. eggs of S. obvelata, 44.44 eggs of A. tetraptera and for the control – 50.60 and 48.52 respectively.Results and discussion. The results obtained indicate the absence of the anthelmintic effect of the american drug against S. obvelata and A. tetraptera in the recommended dose for 21 days. In addition, the animals were not only not released from the nematodes, but also reinfected, which allows us to conclude that there is no preventive effect.

The purpose of the research is to structure the major veterinary and sanitary practices at the time of application of restrictive measures in the case of trichinellosis and under conditions of quarantine removal.Materials and methods. To improve trichinellosis focus complex of immunological and diagnostic studies of pigs is used, trichinelloscopic control is carried out in focus of all carcasses of susceptible animals including pigs, carnivores and rodents. Pigs displacement both on the territory of focus and beyond is forbidden. Human immunoassays, definition of source and scoping of infection distribution are carried out within the context of general restrictive measures by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing.Results and discussion. Establishment of quarantine in trichinellosis focus is carried out upon a decision of the head of the supreme government organ of territorial entity of the Russian Federation against presentation of chief executive officer of an executive agency territorial entity of the Russian Federation, which exercises authority in the field of veterinary medicine. A plan of anti-trichinellosis activities is being developed taking into account the structure of livestock animals, livestock facilities and settlements. Special attention is given to the population information about application of restrictive measures in the case of trichinellosis. High-quality performance of complex of measures and periodical inspection of their implementation allow improving adverse item and withdrawing restrictive measures during the year.

Objective of research: To evaluate the tolerability of the drug, “Inspector Collar” based on Fipronil, Pyriproxyfen and Ivermectin in dogs and cats applied at a therapeutic dose and double increased therapeutic doses.Materials and methods: Research was conducted at the shelter for dogs and cats «Bano Eco» (Moscow). Effect of drug “Inspector Collar” was studied on 15 clinically healthy outbreed dogs between 2 and 6 years with the body mass of 10–14 kg and 15 clinically healthy outbreed cats between 2 and 4 years with the body mass of 2–3,5 kg, receiving complete and balanced nutrition. Animals were divided into six groups (three groups of dogs and three of cats) five animals in each group. Dogs and cats from the first experimental group had put on one collar (equivalent of single therapeutic dose) for 45 days. The second experimental group had put two collars (double therapeutic dose) for 45 days. Animals from the third (control) group did not carry collars. During the experiment, daily supervision of animals was conducted; their general health status, behavior, appetite were observed, body mass and temperature estimated. Before and 15 and 30 days after the beginning of drug application, blood and urine tests were performed to study morphological and biochemical parameters. Statistical processing of data were carried out using Student’s t-test.Results and discussion: The research results showed that the drug “Inspector Collar” is well tolerated even at double therapeutic dose. All observed indicators remained within the physiological norm.

Objective of research: the study on tolerability and therapeutic efficacy of the complex drug Helmintal produced on the basis of two ingredients moxidectin and praziquantel.Materials and methods: In our research, we used four drug modifications: for cats and kittens weighting less than4 kg (moxidectin 0.4 mg and praziquantel 10 mg); for cats - more than4 kg (moxidectin 1.6 mg and praziquantel 40 mg); for dogs and puppies - less than10 kg (moxidectin 1 mg and praziquantel 25 mg); for dogs - more than10 kg (moxidectin 5 mg and praziquantel 125 mg.) To study the effect of the drug on the organism, three groups of clinically healthy animals were formed (5 animals per group): dogs 1 - 2 years of age with the body mass 18 -20 kg; puppies 3 - 5 weeks of age weighting 0.8 -1 kg; cats 1 - 2 years of age weighting 3 -5 kg; kittens 6 - 8 weeks of age with the body mass 0.6 -0.8 kg. The drug was given to animals orally once a day in the morning within 7 days in the following doses: the first experimental group - 0.4 mg moxidectin and praziquantel 10 mg per1 kg of body weight (double therapeutic dose); the second group - moxidectin 1.0 mg and praziquantel 25 mg per1 kg of body weight (five-fold therapeutic dose); the third group served as controls - the drug was not used. During the experiment, animals were monitored daily, their general health status, behavior, appetite were observed, weight and body temperature controlled. Before and 15 and 30 days after the beginning of the drug taking, several morphological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine were investigated. The study of the anthelmintic efficacy of the drug was carried out on the basis of veterinary clinics inMoscow andMoscow region. Altogether 205 cats and 209 dogs spontaneously infected were chosen for the experiment. The diagnosis and the drug efficacy were confirmed based on the clinical picture and on Fulleborn's method used for detection of helminth eggs in animal's feces followed by differentiation.Results and discussion: During the study on the drug tolerance it was found that the general status, mass and the body temperature of animals from experimental groups did not significantly differ from controls. Morphological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine in all animals from experimental and control groups did not differ significantly and were within the physiological norm before and after treatment. Thus, the research allows to conclude that the drug applied within 7 days at double and five-fold therapeutic doses has no adverse effect on dogs, puppies, cats and kittens. Most sick animals used in the experiment on the effectiveness of the drug, were emaciated, listless, their fur was ruffled, mucous membranes were pale; they suffered from anal itching, diarrhea and fecal retention. The drug was given after diagnosis; many dogs and cats ate it themselves, and other had no problems with eating pills due to their small size and pleasant taste. When applying the drug and throughout the experiment, no side effects and complications were observed in all animals. 10 and 20 days after giving the drug, its efficacy in the treatment of nematodosis and cestodosis of adult dogs cats as well as kittens and puppies was 100%.

Efficacy of 5 % emulsion of D-cyphenothrin and Insakar-maxi applied against ix-odidosis in cattle in livestock farms «Shangoda» and «Yalgin» in Karabudakhkentensk region of Dagestan and economic efficiency of the held events are studied. 100 % efficacy of 5 % emulsion of D-cyphenothrin and Insakar-maxi used against massive attack of ixodid ticks on cattle was determined. We noticed that the average daily milk production has been increased by 12,7 and 14,7 % respectively. The preventive efficacy of investigated drugs used for treatment of cattle ixodidosis was observed within 30 days.

Distribution and seasonal activity of ixodid ticks in various landscape zones of Dagestan is studied. During investigation of ixodid fauna in cattle we took into account the intensity of infection and index of abundance. After examination of50 animals in plain areas in 2012, we determined that 100 % of animals were infected with ixodid ticks, index of abundance was 369,0 expl. In 2013 we investigated 50 animals in the piedmont of Dagestan, ixodid tickswere detected in100 % of tested animals, index of abundance was 269,5 expl. In mountain areas of Dagestan all animals were also infected, index of abundance was 157, 4 expl.

Parameters of acute toxicity of «Сoсtsidon Suspension 5 %» are studied at in- jection: LD50 for mice made 23750±938,7 mg/kg, for rats - 28541,7±1666,1 mg/kg that gives the reason to assign this medicine to the 4th class of toxicity - low- dangerous drugs. Total dose of «Сoсtsidon Suspension 5 %» applied in the begin- ning of effect exceeded many times over the value of single dose LD50. In this con- nection, the cumulatively coefficient is much more than 1 that pointed at the lack of cumulative properties of a medicine. Efficiency of «Сoсtsidon Suspension 5 %» by coccidiosis in pigs made 100 %. At injection of medicine and within the next 30 days side-effects and complications are not detected

The purpose of our study was the evaluation of time of knockdown effect on insects, and of the height the ticks climb to on the clothing treated with prepara-tions «RolfClub 3D drops for dogs» and «RolfClub 3D drops for cats». «RolfClub 3D drops for dogs» and «RolfClub 3D drops for cats» contain respectively the fol-lowing acting agents: Fipronil, D-сifenotrin, Pyriproxyfen and Fipronil, Etofenprox, Pyriproxyfen. Medications are solutions applied in practice on skin singly «spot on». It was determined that the tested medications have a highly ex-pressed knockdown effect, the time of knockdown effect by applying of «RolfClub 3D drops for dogs» is 2,16±0,23 min, «RolfClub 3D drops for cats» – 2,03±0,23 min by average climbing height respectively 21,4±2,16 and 25,2±2,3 cm.

The parasitic disease such as octodectosis widely spread in our country as well as abroad may cause significant economic damage. In fur farms of the Russian Federation the extensity of Otodectes cynotis infection is in the range from 35 to 85 % and in some farms reaches 100 %. Objective of research: to determine the efficacy of a new drug produced on the basis of levofloxacin, clotrimazole, dexamethasone, moxidectin used for otodectosis in foxes and to identify by histological examination the effect of the composition of active ingredients on the inner skin surface of the ear in foxes with otodectosis. Materials and methods: microscopic examination of scrapings was performed using abiotic research method of A. M. Priselkova. Histological sections were prepared according to the standard techniques. Morphometry was performed using the program ImageJ. Results and discussion: the results of clinical and laboratory studies of foxes at ZAO «Saltykovsky» have revealed that the rate of Otodectes cynotis infection in adult stock was 73,7 %. No complications and side effects were observed during the treatment. The 100% efficacy of eardrops was confirmed by two acarological studies. The article presents the description of histological preparations of the inner surface of the ears of foxes before and after treatment for otodectosis. Positive morphological changes in the skin were revealed. The optimal microstructural organization of tissue has been restored after using the drug, in particular, the total skin thickness has been reduced by 2.2 times compared to the values provided from the group of sick animals (otodectosis). Thus, it was found that there is a tendency to the regeneration processes of skin in the inner surface of the auricle of treated animals.

Immunotoxic properties of 5 % suspension of kokcidon in two tests are stud-ied. By results of reaction of hypersensitivity of the slowed-down type the reaction index at the animals receiving a preparation in a therapeutic dose of 0,4 ml/kg, has made 11,46, at the animals receiving a 10 times increased dose – 11,31, and at an-imals of control group – 14,26 that allows to draw a conclusion on lack of oppress-ing effect of 5 % suspension kokcidon on the T-cellular link of immune system. A single skin application of tested drug in a therapeutic and tenfold increased thera-peutic doses doesn't cause changes of intensity of antibody production against a thymus-dependent antigen. The index of action of a preparation in both doses made 0,98. Reaction of gemagglyutination didn't reveal negative influence of a prepara-tion on the humoral immune answer.

The toxicological assessment is given and efficiency of complex preparations is studied. «RolfClub 3D spray for dogs» contains fipronil, D-cifenotrin, piriproxi-fen; «RolfСlub 3D spray for cats» – fipronil, etofenprox, piriproxifen. Preparations represent solution and are applied spot on as spray. Parameters of acute and skin toxicity of preparations for dogs and for cats are determined. LD50 at introduction in a stomach to mice made 5809±508,6 and 4295±607 mg/kg respectively, LD50 when drawing on skin to rats – more than 30000 mg/kg (the 4th class of danger). Preparations don't possess local irritating action. At application in twice and five time increased doses during 7 days have no negative impact on the general condi-tion of dogs and cats, their physiological status and behavior, don't change morpho-logical structure and biochemical indicators of blood and urine. Preparations pos-sess accurately expressed insektoakaricid activity on all stages of development of fleas, louses, ticks of the genius Sarcoptes and Demodex. Preparations don't cause side effects and complications.