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Hybrid generating systems in power networks have emerged as a result of the rapid growth of renewable infrastructure and widespread support for green energy. One of the most significant problems in designing and operating an electric power generation system is the efficient scheduling of all power generation facilities to meet the rising power demand. Economic load dispatch (ELD) is a generic procedure in the electrical power system, and the ELD in power system problems involves scheduling the power generating units to reduce cost and satisfy system constraints. Metaheuristic algorithms are gaining popularity for solving constrained ELD issues because of their larger global solution capacity, flexibility, and derivative-free construction. In this research, the ELD problem of integrated renewable resources is solved using a unique solution model based on hybrid optimization. Furthermore, this work considers multiobjectives such as total wind generation cost, total cost function of thermal units, and penalty cost function. The hybrid optimization model optimizes the power generation of thermal power plants within the maximum and minimum limitations. Additionally, the turbines are selected optimally by the hybrid optimization model to ensure the power generation of wind turbines based on the demands. The proposed hybrid optimization is a combination of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and cat swarm optimization (CSO), and the new algorithm is referred to as the particle oriented cat swarm optimization model (POCSO). Finally, the performance of the proposed work is compared to other conventional models. In particular, the cost function of POCSO is 6.25%, 6%, 11.7%, 36%, 27%, and 46.42% better than the cost function of whale optimization algorithm (WOA), elephant herd optimization (EHO), moth-flame optimization (MFO), dragonfly algorithm (DA), sealion optimization (SLnO), CSO, and PSO methods, respectively. Also, for IEEE-30 bus system, the best value of the proposed work is 7.46%, 5.41%, 16.30%, 14.88%, 17.60%, 13.86%, 15.21%, 17.49%, and 4.27% better than that of the PSO, CSO, SLnO, DA, MFO, EHO, WOA, multiagent glowworm swarm optimization (MAGSO), and Harris hawks optimization-based feed-forward neural network (HHO-FNN) methods, respectively.

In current-scenario the traditional remedies are widely accepted globally. Lots of semisynthetic as well synthetic drugs are available all over the world. The poly-herbal remedies are harmless alternatives for the treatment of obese patients and it has less side effects. Parasitic infections like worm infections are common infection that affecting wide-range of people world-wide, while easily cured/treated by plant derived medicines/herbal remedies. The aim of the current study is to formulate a polyherbal tablets (antihelminthic tablets) including compositions like Ginger, Fenugreek seeds, Spinacia oleracea leave, Baliospermum montanum muell, Curcuminoids, Lycopene, vitex Negundo by direct compression method by using several excipients and subjected for the assessment of pre-compression as well post-compression parameters. Finally, for in-vivo assessment of the unit dosage form was done on rats. The formulation of polyherbal tablets has been developed with the aid of design expert software. The formulation F19 is provided in both pre compression and post-compression parameters. Good outcomes for all formulations designed. The findings of the stability research indicated that polyherbal tablets had been stable during all the experiments. The results reveal that the F19 formulation was superior based on the tablet evaluation. All excerpts exhibited inhibitor efficacy in the treatment of obesity against helminthics.

Indian culture is the oldest culture known in the world. It is enriched with the well-organized system of life and large number of literature, which enlighten cultural wealth of ancient India. Veda, Upanishads, Samhitas etc. provide sufficient knowledge about the cultural heritage and spiritualties and science. Health of human being is related to the state of mind, which is governed by various factors like anxiety, workload, mental tension etc. The objective of the present study was to elaborate the knowledge regarding vedic science, spirituality, environment, and health. To fulfill the objectives of the present study, searches were performed on the various research platforms (Web of Science, google scholar, research gate, science direct, and Scopus database). It was observed that there is a continuous debate on the definition of spirituality from its origin to till date. Spirituality and human health are related in positive and negative ways. People’s health improved after practicing the spirituality and in certain cases, a downfall in health of spiritual people was noticed. Vedas considered as the base of modern science in literature. Spirituality was also found closely attached with the environment, as it not only revives the human soul but also to the environment. Spirituality and religious persons called environment as Mother Nature therefore the never damage its components. A clean and refreshing environment is the basis of good health of the persons living on the earth. Therefore, to revive the degrading human society, environment and health, there is a need of huge number of people with high spiritual mind.

The easier and expressive forms of child art are scribbling and drawing. Drawing made by children, mirror their personality and understanding of their cultural environment. It also helps them in expressing their feelings, emotions, preferences, likes, dislikes, fears, joy, and so on. Sometimes the art and drawing unveil information which they do not express through verbal or written communication. In this digital era, children get exposed to a lot of advertisements through various media. Some of these advertisements have a long-lasting impact on them. The advertised message or some visuals of the advertisement may remain in their conscious or subconscious memory. Advertisers also make efforts to ensure that their message retains in the memory of young prospects. Because when these prospects make the buying decision, the probability of it being in the brand’s favour increases. Advertising has a huge influence on the young, tender, and impressionable minds of the children. It reflects in their action and personality. In this research study, I tried to understand the impact of advertisements on children through deciphering their drawings. The children under this research study are from the age group of 8 to 12 years. Their drawings were studied to understand the impression of advertisements on them. The result shows that the advertisements have a noticeable impact on the children which is visible in their drawings.

Introduction: The three dimensionally affected growth and development of craniofacial structures in CLCP leads to problems dealing with facial appearance, skeletal and dental malocclusion, feeding, airway, hearing, and speech. Objectives: Evaluation and utilisation of fs morphology as a forecast of future growth for growth pattern and skeletal malocclusion in CLCP cases. Methodology: A 30 Cases from Skeletal Class I, III and CLCP will be selected from Department of Orthodontics. Dimensions and area of frontal sinus is evaluated using 3DVT. Parameters are evaluated in sagittal and coronal section. The measurement's dependability will be determined using a reliability test (Cronbach alpha test). Chisquare Test, One Way ANOVA, and Multiple Comparison will be used to do descriptive and analytical statistics. The Tukey Test is a statistical test that is used. Expected Results: Frontal sinus dimensions when observed for Class III will be found greater. Average dimensions will be observed for skeletal Class I cases. Based on the dimensions of frontal sinus observed in cleft lip and palate, we can predict the skeletal malocclusion and growth pattern. Conclusion: The morphology of the fs is evaluated in cleft cases for the upcoming growth pattern and skeletal malocclusion if is known during formulating a treatment plan for the three dimensionally affected jaw bases and craniofacial structure the requirement for later surgical intervention can be prevented.

Background & Objectives Low penetration efficiency and retention time are the main therapeutic concerns that make it difficult for most of the drugs to be delivered to the intraocular tissues. These challenging issues are often related to those drugs, which have low or poor solubility and low permeability. The goal of this study was designed to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with itraconazole (ITZ) with the objective of enhancing topical ocular permeation and thereby improving clinical efficacy. Materials and Methods ITZ-loaded NLCs were fabricated by a high-speed homogenization technique using surfactant (Poloxamer 407), and lipids (stearic acid and oleic acid). Optimization of formulations was performed by 3 level factorial design and the selected formulation (F6) was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. Antifungal activity was assessed by measuring the zone of inhibition and irritation potential using the HET-CAM test. Results The independent variables (lipid ratio-X1 and percentage of emulsifier-X2) have a positive impact on percentage entrapment efficiency (Y2) and percentage release (Y3) but have a negative impact on particle size (Y1). Based on the better entrapment efficiency (94.65%), optimum particle size (150.67 nm), and percentage cumulative drug release (68.67%), batch F6 was selected for further evaluation. Electron microscopic images revealed that the prepared particles are spherical and have nano size. Antifungal studies demonstrated enhancement in the zone of inhibition by formulation F6 as compared to a commercial eye drop. The non-irritancy of optimized formulation (F6) was confirmed with a zero score. Interpretation & Conclusion In summary, the optimized NLCs seem to be a potent carrier for the effective delivery of itraconazole in ocular therapy.

Coronaviruses are terrifically precise and adapted towards specialized respiratory epithelial cells, observed in organ culture and human volunteers both. This virus is found to possess an unpredictable anti-viral T-cell response which in turn results in T-cell activation and finally apoptosis, leading to cytokine storm and collapse of the whole immune system. The present review provides comprehensive information regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, mutant strains, and the impact of SARS-COV-2 on vital organs, the pathophysiology of the disease, diagnostic tests available, and possible treatments. It also includes all the vaccines developed so far throughout the world to control this pandemic. Until now, 18 vaccines have been approved by the WHO and further 22 vaccines are in the third trial. This study also provides up-to-date information regarding the drugs repurposed in clinical trials and the recent status of allopathic drugs along with its result. Although vaccines are available, specific treatment is not available for the disease. Furthermore, the effect of vaccines on new variants is a new area of research at this time. Therefore, a preventive attitude is the best approach to fight against this virus.

The groundwater research was one amongst a few programmes started in the early days of CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI). The researchers have worked on a wide range of scientific issues that include development of new instruments and exploration techniques, aquifer mapping and source findings, groundwater modelling and management. This article briefly summarizes the selected contributions of CSIR-NGRI in the field of groundwater research.

Variations in topogeographical features causes immense miscellany of widely used medicinal plants (MPs) in Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), thus an ethnobotanical approach was adopted to file the undocumented indigenous wealth of the communities against different corporeal ailments. 370 households of 31 villages were surveyed during the summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 to explore the traditional folkloric practices of the inhabitants using a semi structured questionnaire. The data set was documented in Microsoft Office Excel and statistically analyzed for Use Value (UV), Informants' Consensus Factor (ICF), Fidelity Level (FL), Relative Importance (RI), Cultural Importance Index (CI), Index of Agreement on Remedies (IAR) and Cultural Agreement Index (CAI). The MPs were classified and analyzed for altitudinal distribution, nativity, endemism and threat categories. Total 292 MPs belonging to 95 families were reported to be used against major 15 types of substantial corporeal disorders. The richness of MPs decreased with an increasing altitude. Asteraceae (27 species) was found to be dominant family, followed by Rosaceae (17 species), Lamiaceae (16 species) and Ranunculaceae (15 species) used to cure such ailments. Five MPs were endemic to the IHR and 8 MPs were found to be critically endangered (CR) in the study region. Traditional healers had a detailed and wide range of folkloric therapeutic wisdom to treat different types of human diseases. Folkloric practice provides an alternative preference from conventional healthcare centers for the needy rural ethnic people of this distant area. But unfortunately rapid loss in biodiversity elements, urbanization and considerable anthropogenic stress causes significant decrease in the ethnic knowledge as well as the MPs. Thus, awareness among the people and proper conservation measures is readily needed.

Management of plastic, rubber and cellulosic waste from various industries is a challenging task. An engineering scale plasma pyrolysis based incinerator has been commissioned for incineration of combustible waste, including plastic, rubber and cellulose. Operational trials of wastes with simulated composition show a weight reduction factor of more than 18 and volume reduction factor of more than 30. The volume reduction factor is tenfold higher than the compaction process currently practised for rubber and plastic wastes. Representative residual ash samples derived from these runs are subjected to their elemental analysis using EDXRF technique and results are comparable with the published literature. Relative variation of individual elements is attributed to the type of waste and feed composition. Analysis is aided with the calculation of index of geoaccumulation, enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI). From this study, it is evident that S, Cr, Zn, As, Se, Hg and Pb are of concern for environment in residual ash from plasma incineration of combustible waste. The efficacy of the incineration process is evaluated; C, H and O reduction achieved is more than 98% and overall enrichment ratio (ER) for the inorganic elements is more than 4.5. This study highlights the importance of elemental composition for the performance analysis of the plasma based incineration as well as hazards evaluation of constituents in residual ash for its further management.

Objective: The present study was aimed to develop a combinational floating tablet of curcumin and berberine HCl utilizing synthetic polymers synthetic HPMC K-15M and evaluate its various characteristics. Methods: The formulations were developed by the process of wet granulation and evaluated for drug content, content uniformity, floating lag time, total floating time, in vitro buoyancy studies, and in vitro drug release profile. A simultaneous estimation method for curcumin and berberine was developed using U. V spectroscopy. Results: The results clearly indicated that the tablets produced were having acceptable physical parameters. The absence of any drug/polymer/excipient interactions was confirmed using infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the drug content of was in between 96.22 to 99.45 % in all the formulations. Because of their low densities, in vitro floatability tests showed that most of the tablets floated for more than 8 h. The in vitro release studies confirmed the sustained release of more than 80 percent of drug contained within a period of 8 h. In vitro buoyancy was good in all three batches (F1-F3). The overall floating time for the F2 formulation was 24 h. After one month of storage at 40 °C and 75 percent RH, the F2 formulation showed no noticeable change in physical as well as pharmaceutical performance characteristics. Conclusion: Floating tablets of curcumin and berberine was successfully developed and had passed on various pharmaceutical parameters.

W.H.O. declares corona virus outbreak a pandemic on 11th March, pandemic means every person on earth is prone to Covid-19. All the activities involving a large public gathering like social, educational, political, economic and many other sectors got affected School, colleges, workplaces had to be closed down temporarily to avoid further spreading of the disease. Educational programs worldwide have been affected by the COVID 19 pandemic, contributing to the almost complete closing of schools, universities, and colleges. To minimize the distribution of Covid19, several governments around the world have agreed to temporarily close educational institutions (lockdown). This is the situation that made society very panic as well as very sensitive towards mankind. The mass effect of Covid -19 can be observed in all the sectors but more poorly affected to the economical and educational sector. In the education system a great change of delivering classes from traditional mode to modern, i.e., online education though there are advantages and disadvantages of its but in the present era this is the most needful requirement of the world. Covid 19 and Academics-Advantages and Disadvantages. Though COVID-19 has created many challenges, various new streams of opportunities are also coming out. Online education has grown over the last few years and has experienced mainstream acceptance. To develop a deeper understanding of degree courses students get to control their learning environment with an online class. New models and materials of learning are always springing up in the market, Due to this various opportunities for furnishing their study. The future of online degree education looks promising and opens up education to a larger section of the population than ever before. © 2021 MEDIC SCIENTIFIC. All right reserved.

The Koyna-Warna region in western India is well known around the globe for recurrent reservoir-triggered seismicity soon after the impoundment of the Koyna and Warna reservoirs. The seismicity pattern delineates two distinct seismic zones, Koyna Seismic Zone (KSZ) and Warna Seismic Zone (WSZ). To understand the seismic potential of the region, we estimated the strain budget by analysing the published GPS velocities and earthquake catalogue of the region. Although the KSZ and WSZ are separated by ~25 km only, the rate of strain accumulation in the former (2.55E+16 Nm/year) is estimated to be ~11 times larger when compared to the latter (2.29E+15 Nm/year). However, KSZ releases only ~20% of the accumulated energy per year, whereas, WSZ releases most of the accumulated energy in the form of earthquakes. Best fitting elastic dislocation model for KSZ also shows a left lateral slip of 0.8 mm/year and the fault plane dips at ~77° in NW direction. The distribution of strain accumulation and release rates in the two regions may be attributed to significant spatial variability in the medium properties such as density, elastic constants and fracture density. This proposition is supported by other geophysical studies in the region. A density model constructed from Airborne Gravity Gradiometry (AGG) data also shows relatively higher average density for KSZ compared to the WSZ. The strain budget of the region suggests that the earthquake activity in KSZ may continue for a longer time whereas it may diminish in the WSZ in the near future. Based on the gross strain estimates, the KSZ has accumulated enough strain post the 1967 M6.3 Koyna earthquake to generate an event of Mw5.8, provided the accumulated strain is released in a single event. The seismic hazard scenario in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) due to a potential Mw5.8 event is estimated using the stochastic simulation (SS) technique. The simulated PGA at a radial distance of ~40km from the source zone is estimated to range between 0.09 and 0.26g with an expected intensity of V–VII.

We examine here the relative influence of natural and anthropogenic forcing on surface air temperature (SAT) variability over the Indian subcontinent (IND) through the analysis of the normalized data of maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin), and mean (Tmean/INDSAT) temperatures, total solar irradiance (TSI), El-Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillations (PDO), North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO), sea surface temperature (SST), all-India rainfall (AIR), and CO2 using artificial neural networks (ANN). Sensitivity analysis reveals the dependency of each of the natural (e.g. TSI, ocean-atmospheric circulations [OAC, e.g. ENSO, PDO, NAO], SST, AIR) and anthropogenic (CO2) parameters on SAT as follows: (i) SAT is highly sensitive to continuous emission of anthropogenic CO2, (ii) intensive influence of TSI at 11- and 22-year cycles, and (iii) intermittent influence of OAC and SST at low intensive solar radiance. These dependent parameters are used to develop a model to predict future temperatures using multi-perceptron nonlinear feed-forward and back-propagation schemes with a NARX network encoded Bayesian regularization (BR) training algorithm. We used TSI, CO2, OAC, SST, and AIR data as input and Tmean/INDSAT as target (supervised learning). In order to ensure the stable and best possible result, we trained the network successively with different numbers (1–10) of neurons and delay parameters. Optimum mean square error (MSE) and R values (minimum MSE and maximum R value) with eight neurons were found appropriate for the present analysis. We therefore, chose eight neurons to develop a model for training and testing the data and obtained MSE = 0.00039976 and R = 0.98933. This model was validated from 2001 to 2007 and predicted the temperatures from 2001 to 2019 with error ≤ 20%.

This work presents results of researhes of fabricated pilot sample of chiral few-mode optical fiber (FMF) with induced twisting of 10 and 66 revolutions per meter, core diameter 11 µm (that almost corresponds to standard singlemode optical fibers), typical “telecommuniction” cladding diameter 125 µm and improved height of step refractive index profile. Proposed few-mode optical fiber supports 4 guided modes over “C”-band. We considered design and selection of desired technological parameters, based on results of computations, performed by both rigorous and approximation methods. Spectral curves of dispersion parameters are reprented as well as results of experimental measurements near-field laser beam profile and spectral and pulse responces of laser-excited optical signals.

Cas13a has been used to target RNA viruses in cell culture, but efficacy has not been demonstrated in animal models. In this study, we used messenger RNA (mRNA)-encoded Cas13a for mitigating influenza virus A and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in mice and hamsters, respectively. We designed CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) specific for PB1 and highly conserved regions of PB2 of influenza virus, and against the replicase and nucleocapsid genes of SARS-CoV-2, and selected the crRNAs that reduced viral RNA levels most efficiently in cell culture. We delivered polymer-formulated Cas13a mRNA and the validated guides to the respiratory tract using a nebulizer. In mice, Cas13a degraded influenza RNA in lung tissue efficiently when delivered after infection, whereas in hamsters, Cas13a delivery reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication and reduced symptoms. Our findings suggest that Cas13a-mediated targeting of pathogenic viruses can mitigate respiratory infections.

Background Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) (CARDS) pneumonitis presents a clinical challenge as regards to the timing of intubation and ambiguity of outcome. There is a lack of clear consensus on when to switch patients from trials of noninvasive therapies to invasive mechanical ventilation. We investigated the effect of the timing of intubation from the time of admission on the clinical outcome of CARDS. Aim and objective The aim and objective was to analyze the effect of timing of intubation early (within 48 hours of admission to critical care unit) versus delayed (after 48 hours of admission to critical care unit) on mortality in severe CARDS patients. Materials and methods A retrospective observational study performed in a 28-bedded COVID-19 intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Pune, India. All patients admitted between April 1, 2020, and October 15, 2020, with confirmed COVID-19 (RT-PCR positive) requiring mechanical ventilation were included in the study. Results The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Among 2,230 patients that were admitted to the hospital, 525 required critical care (23.5%), invasive mechanical ventilation was needed in 162 patients and 147 (28%) of critical care admission were included in the study cohort after exclusion. Seventy-five patients (51%) were intubated within 48 hours of critical care admission (early group) and 72 (48.9%) were intubated after 48 hours of critical care admission (delayed group). With regards to the total of 147 included patients; male patients were 74.1% with a median age of 59 years (interquartile range, 51–68 years). Diabetes (44.9%) and hypertension (43.5%) were the most common comorbidities. Higher admission acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II scores and lower absolute lymphocyte count were observed in patients intubated within 48 hours. The early intubated group had a mortality of 60% whereas the same was observed as 77.7% in delayed intubation group, and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.02). Conclusion Current study concludes that early intubation is associated with improved survival rates in severe CARDS patients. How to cite this article Zirpe KG, Tiwari AM, Gurav SK, Deshmukh AM, Suryawanshi PB, Wankhede PP, et al. Timing of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Mortality among Patients with Severe COVID-19-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(5):493–498.