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Miniaturized procedures for chemical analysis give the possibility of a significant reduction in quantities of organic solvents used during isolation and determination processes. Liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) using butanol as an extractant was investigated to selectively isolate oxytetracycline (OTC) antibiotic residues from dairy products. The optimal conditions of LLME were established after deproteinization of the samples. The isolation procedure for OTC was performed using 700 µL of butanol. The extracts were analysed by HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS. A satisfactory analyte recovery was achieved in the range 97.6%-98.9%. The concentration of the linearity range of the studied antibiotic should allow its determination at the level of MRL values. The limit of detection during HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS determination of OTC in milk samples was 9.9·10 -8  mol L -1 (47.85 µg kg -1 ) and 5.7·10 -9  mol L -1 (2.75 µg kg -1 ), respectively. The precision (1.7%-8.6%) of the methods using LLME isolation of OTC varied depending on the kind of sample and the chromatographic technique used. The developed methods were applied to the analysis of milk and cottage cheese to estimate the presence and detection of OTC content.

Electrocatalytic water splitting for green hydrogen production necessitates effective electrocatalysts. Currently, commercial catalysts are primarily platinum-based. Therefore, finding catalysts with comparable catalytic activity but lower cost is essential. This paper describes spinel-structured catalysts containing nickel cobaltite NiCo 2 O 4 , graphene, and additionally doped with heteroatoms. The structure and elemental composition of the obtained materials were analyzed by research methods such as TEM, SEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical measurements showed that hybrid materials containing nickel cobaltite NiCo 2 O 4 doped with graphene are highly active catalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (Tafel slopes = 91 mV dec -1 , overpotential = 468 mV and onset potential = -339 mV), while in the oxygen evolution reaction (Tafel slopes = 51 mV dec -1 , overpotential = 1752 mV and onset potential = 370 mV), bare NiCo 2 O 4 without the addition of carbon has a worse activity (for HER: Tafel slopes = 120 mV dec -1 , overpotential - does not achieve and onset potential = -404 mV, for OER: Tafel slopes = 54 mV dec -1 , overpotential = 1796 mV and onset potential = 410 mV). In terms of stability, comparable results were obtained for each synthesized compound for both the HER and OER reactions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In this study, we investigate the catalytic performance of molybdenum sulfide (MoS 2 ) modified with either nickel (Ni) or platinum (Pt) nanoparticles as catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The MoS 2 was prepared on the TiO 2 nanotube substrates via a facile hydrothermal method, followed by the deposition by magnetron sputtering of Ni or Pt nanoparticles on the MoS 2 surface. Structural and morphological characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of Ni or Pt nanoparticles onto the MoS 2 support. Electrochemical measurements revealed that Ni- and Pt-modified MoS 2 catalysts exhibited enhanced HER activity compared to pristine MoS 2 . Obtained catalysts demonstrated a low onset potential, reduced overpotential, and increased current density, indicating efficient electrocatalytic performance. Furthermore, the Ni or Pt-modified MoS 2 catalyst exhibited remarkable stability during prolonged HER operation. The improved catalytic activity can be attributed to the synergistic effect between metal nanoparticles and MoS 2 , facilitating charge transfer kinetics and promoting hydrogen adsorption and desorption. Incorporating Ni and Pt nanoparticles also provided additional active sites on the MoS 2 surface, enhancing the catalytic activity., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Systematic data on endocrinopathies in Rett syndrome (RTT) patients remain limited and inconclusive. The aim of this retrospective observational two-center study was to assess the prevalence of endocrinopathies in a pediatric population of RTT patients. A total of 51 Caucasian patients (47 girls, 4 boys) with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of RTT were enrolled (mean age 9.65 ± 5.9 years). The patients were referred from the Rett Center of two Italian Hospitals for endocrinological evaluation. All the study population underwent clinical and auxological assessments and hormonal workups. MeCP2 mutations were detected in 38 cases (74.5%), CDKL5 deletions in 11 (21.6%), and FOXG1 mutations in 2 (3.9%). Overall, 40 patients were treated with anti-seizure medications. The most frequent endocrinological finding was short stature (47%), followed by menstrual cycle abnormalities (46.2%), weight disorders (45.1%), low bone mineral density (19.6%), hyperprolactinemia (13.7%) and thyroid disorders (9.8%). In the entire study population, endocrinopathies were significantly more frequent in patients with MeCP2 mutations ( p = 0.0005), and epilepsy was more frequent in CDKL5 deletions ( p = 0.02). In conclusion, our data highlighted that endocrinopathies are not rare in RTT, especially in patients with MeCP2 deletions. Therefore, in the context of a multidisciplinary approach, endocrinological evaluation should be recommended for RTT patients.

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of supercapacitor materials derived from pyrolyzed natural compounds. Four compounds were investigated: methylcellulose with lysine (ML), methylcellulose with lysine-graphene composite (MLG), algae (A), and algae-graphene composite (AG). The pyrolysis process was utilized to convert these natural compounds into carbon-based materials suitable for supercapacitor applications. The properties of the resulting materials were analyzed extensively to evaluate their potential as supercapacitor electrodes. The electrochemical performance, including specific capacitance, cyclic stability, and rate capability was measured using various characterization techniques. The effects of incorporating graphene into the lysine-methylcellulose and algae matrices were also studied to explore the enhancements in supercapacitor performance. In both cases, the addition of graphene resulted in a positive effect. Among all the materials investigated, the algae-graphene composite exhibited the most favorable properties, demonstrating a specific capacitance of 192 F g -1 after 10,000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles at a current of 5 A g -1 in K 2 SO 4 electrolyte. This exceptional performance underscores the potential of the algae-graphene composite as a highly efficient and durable electrode material for supercapacitor applications., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Hybrid materials featuring perovskite-type metal oxide in conjunction with heteroatom-doped graphene hold immense promise as alternatives to costly noble metal catalysts for electrochemical water splitting, facilitating the generation of environmentally friendly hydrogen. In this study, perovskite-type oxide containing praseodymium, barium, strontium, cobalt, and iron atoms dispersed in a carbon matrix as a catalyst is synthesized via annealing of the carbon material with substrates for the preparation of perovskite oxide. The mass ratio of reagents regulates the porous structure and elemental composition. The result of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), suggests that the hybrid catalysts exhibit intermediate HER kinetics compared to the commercial Pt/C and the catalyst without carbon. The Tafel slope for HER is lower for materials containing carbon, because of the improved reaction kinetics, facilitated proton transfer, and enhanced electrochemical surface area. Therefore, the study provides an effective strategy for the preparation of catalyst and their use as the active catalyst of water splitting., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The research presented in this paper focused on optimising the process of unconventional plastic forming by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) with post-processing heat treatment of a copper alloy (CuCrZr) for electro-discharge machining (EDM) applications. The treatment was carried out in such a way as to obtain a material with an improved microstructure, characterised by a significant increase in hardness and strength while maintaining a high electrical conductivity, thus achieving the main goal of reducing electrode wear in the EDM process. As part of the research, a material with an ultrafine-grained structure was obtained with an average grain size of d 2 = 320 nm and a much higher strength of UTS = 645 MPa compared to the material in the initial state ( UTS = 413 MPa). The post-processing treatment (ageing) allowed us to obtain a material with a high electrical conductivity after the HE process, at 78% IACS. The electrodes made of CuCrZr subjected to HE had a reduced electrical discharge wear in relation to electrodes made of the initial material. The best results were obtained for electrodes made of the material subjected to a five-stage HE process combined with ageing at 480 °C for 1 h. The electrical discharge wear in these electrodes was reduced by more than 50% compared to electrodes made of non-deformed copper.

The paper presents an analysis of the impact of plastic deformation using hydrostatic extrusion (HE) on the structural, mechanical and functional properties of pure copper for use as electrodes in the process of electro discharge machining (EDM). As part of the research, copper was subjected to the HE process with the maximum cumulative true strain equal to ɛ cum  = 3.89 obtained in 5 stages. The result was, a refinement of the microstructure with the grains elongated in the direction of extrusion, with a cross-sectional size of d 2  = 228 nm. As the obtained material can be potentially used in the process of electro discharge machining, the copper specimens after the HE process were subjected to a comprehensive analysis to determine the mechanical, physical and functional properties of the material. A significant increase in strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) of the HE-processed copper was obtained, reaching respectively UTS = 464 MPa and YS = 456 MPa at the maximum strain of ɛ = 3.89. Despite the clear strain-induced strengthening of the material, a very high electrical conductivity of not less than 97% was obtained. The electrodes made of copper after HE process have reduced erosion wear while maintaining a comparable or better quality of the machined surface. The best results were obtained for finish machining, where the electrical discharge wear was lower by 60% compared to the electrode made of non-processed copper. In addition, an improvement in the surface quality after the EDM process by 25% was observed when using the HE-processed electrodes., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Gelatine and chitosan were used as natural precursors for nitrogen-doping of the graphene foam structure, creating specific types of active sites. The quantitative and qualitative content of nitrogen groups in the carbon structure was determined, which, under the influence of high temperature, were incorporated and transformed into forms of functional groups favorable for electrochemical application. Electrochemical studies proved that the form of pyridine-N, pyrrole-N, and quaternary-N groups have favorable electrochemical properties in the oxygen reduction reaction comparable to commercial platinum-based electrode materials. Using these materials as electrodes in metal-air batteries or fuel cells may eliminate the use of noble metal-based electrodes., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

This article presents the influence of severe plastic deformation by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) on the thermal and structural properties of polyamide 6 (PA6). During the hydrostatic extrusion process, a fibrous structure oriented along the extrusion direction is formed, which was visualized during microscopic observations. The degree of crystallinity was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Wide-angle X-ray scattering diffraction (WAXS) analysis was used to partially characterize the PA6 structure after the HE process. The contents of various forms of the crystalline phase in PA6 samples before and after the HE process were analyzed in fragments of spectroscopy in infrared (FTIR). The favorable properties of PA6 after the HE process were obtained after deformation under conditions generating an adiabatic temperature higher than the glass transition temperature and lower than the temperature of the onset of melting of the crystalline phase. Thermal analysis using DSC allowed us to conclude that in the PA6 after the HE process generating deformations in the range of 0.68-1.56, the proportion of the crystalline phase α increases in PA6. As the deformation increases in the HE process, the crystalline phase proportion increases by 12% compared to the initial material (before HE). The glass transition temperature of PA6 is ca. 50.6 °C, reduced for the sample after the HE process at a small deformation of 0.68 (PA6_0.68) to ca. 44.2 °C. For other samples, T g is ca. 53.2-53.5 °C. As a result of the analysis of WAXS diffractograms of PA6 samples after various deformations in the HE process, the presence of typical peaks of phases α 1 and α 2 and γ was observed. The results of the FTIR spectroscopic analysis confirm these observations that as the deformation increases, the proportion of the crystalline phase α increases.

The aim of the conducted research was to develop hybrid nanostructures formed from MnCo 2 O 4 and exfoliated graphite. Carbon added during the synthesis allowed for obtaining a well-distributed MnCo 2 O 4 particle size with exposed active sites contributing to the increased electric conductivity. The influence of the weight ratios of carbon to a catalyst for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions was investigated. The new bifunctional catalysts for water splitting were tested in an alkaline medium with excellent electrochemical performance and very good working stability. The results for hybrid samples show better electrochemical performance compared to the pure MnCo 2 O 4 . The highest electrocatalytic activity was for sample MnCo 2 O 4 /EG (2/1), where the value of the overpotential was 1.66 V at 10 mA cm -2 , and also for this sample a low value of Tafel slope (63 mV dec -1 ) was denoted., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Herein, we demonstrate that modification of TiO 2 nanotubes with graphene-strontium and cobalt molybdate perovskite can turn them into active electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). For this purpose, a simple method of hydrothermal synthesis of perovskites was developed directly on the TiO 2 nanotubes substrate. Moreover, the obtained hybrids were also decorated with graphene oxide (GO) during one-step hydrothermal synthesis. The obtained materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Catalytic properties were verified by electrochemical methods (linear voltammetry, chronopotentiometry). The obtained hybrids were characterized by much better catalytic properties towards hydrogen evolution reaction compared to TiO 2 and slightly worse than platinum. The optimized hybrid catalyst (decorated by GO) can drive a cathodic current density of 10 mA cm -2 at an overpotential of 121 mV for HER with a small Tafel slope of 90 mV dec -1 in 0.2 M H 2 SO 4 ., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The reason why marginal bone loss (MBL) occurs after dental implant insertion without loading has not yet been clearly investigated. There are publications that confirm or reject the notion that there are factors that induce marginal bone loss, but no research investigates what exactly occurs in the bone surrounding the implant neck. In this study, 2196 samples of dental implant neck bone radiographs were analyzed. The follow-up period was 3 months without functional loading of the implant. Marginal bone loss was evaluated in relation to the torque used during the final phase of implant insertion. Radiographic texture features were also analyzed and evaluated. The analyses were performed individually for the anterior and posterior part of the alveolar crest in both the mandible and maxilla. After 3 months, an MBL relation with higher torque (higher than 40 Ncm; p < 0.05) was observed, but only in the lower jaw. The texture features Sum Average (SumAverg), Entropy, Difference Entropy (DifEntr), Long-Run Emphasis (LngREmph), Short-Run Emphasis (ShrtREmph), and discrete wavelet decomposition transform features were changed over time. This study presents that MBL is related to the torque value during dental implant insertion and the location of the procedure. The increasing values of SumAverg and LngREmph correlated with MBL, which were 64.21 to 64.35 and 1.71 to 2.01, respectively. The decreasing values of Entr, DifEntr, and ShrtREmph also correlated with MBL, which were 2.58 to 2.47, 1.11 to 1.01, and 0.88 to 0.84, respectively. The analyzed texture features may become good indicators of MBL in digital dental surgery.

The study aimed to examine the effect of the hydrostatic extrusion (HE) process on the machinability of Ti grade 2 (Ti) in the turning process. After the deformation with true strain ɛ = 2.28, the microstructure was significantly refined to a grain size of 100 nm, resulting in an increase in the mechanical properties, UTS strength by 190%, YS yield strength by 230%Cutting forces for Ti in the initial state and after HE were analyzed at cutting depths a p  = 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm, the variables were cutting speed V c (20, 30 and 50 m/min) and feed rate f (0.08 and 0.13 m/s).The impact of the microstructure refinement in Ti after HE on the high cutting depth machinability deterioration (a p  = 0.7 mm) was identified. This phenomenon is particularly noticeable at lower cutting speeds V c  = 20 and 30 m/min at which cutting forces are higher. Application tests of Ti after HE showed a significantly lower susceptibility to buckling during threading. As a result of the tests carried out for the Ti in the initial state, it was not possible to achieve the tolerance of pitch diameter of the thread required by standards, d 2 at two of the three cutting depths tested. In turn, for the Ti after HE, the thread tolerances required by the standards were achieved for all tested cutting depths., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

In this paper, we present the results of the gamma irradiation method to obtain N-doped mesoporous activated carbons. Nitrogen-enriched mesoporous carbons were prepared from three chosen commercial activated carbons such as Carbon Black OMCARB C-140, KETJENBLACK EC-600JD and PK 1-3 Norit. HRTEM, SEM, Raman spectra, elemental analysis, XPS studies and widely approved N 2 adsorption-desorption measurements allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of N atom insertion and its influence on the BET surface area and the pore structure of modified carbons. The obtained materials have an exceptionally high N content of up to 3.2 wt.%. Additionally, selected N-doped activated carbons were fully characterized to evaluate their applicability as carbon electrode materials with particular emphasis on Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). The proposed method is a relatively facile, efficient and universal option that can be added to the already known methods of introducing heteroatoms to different carbons.

The study presents an analysis of the influence of the plastic strain rate on the mechanical and structural properties of pure zinc. Thanks to the use of unconventional methods of plastic processing, the process of the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and the process of hydrostatic extrusion (HE), the tests were performed in a wide range of plastic strain rates, between 0.04 s -1 and 170 s -1 . Plastic strain rate changes were carried out in the course of the significant plastic strain processes, and not on previously deformed samples. All tests were carried out at a constant value of plastic strain rate, ε ~ 2. A strong influence of the plastic strain rate on changes in the microstructure in zinc was observed during the tests. For the rates in the range of 0.04 s -1 to 0.53 s -1 its bimodal nature was observed, and in the range of 7 s -1 to 170 s -1 high homogeneity and evenness of grains related to the processes of continuous dynamic recrystallization was noticed. The effect of the strong homogenization of the microstructure was the increase in mechanical properties, yield point and tensile strength to the maximum values of UTS = 194 MPa, YS = 145 MPa at a strain rate of 170 s -1 . Compared to the material with a bimodal microstructure, an over seven-fold increase in the elongation value was observed.

The phenomenon of peri-implant bone corticalization after functional loading does not yet have a definite clinical significance and impact on prognosis. An attempt was made to assess the clinical significance of this phenomenon. This prospective study included 554 patients. Standardized intraoral radiographs documenting the jawbone environment of 1556 implants were collected. The follow-up period was 10 years of functional loading. Marginal alveolar bone loss (MBL) and radiographic bone structure (bone index, BI) were evaluated in relation to intraosseous implant design features and prosthetic work performed. After five years, bone structure abnormalities expressed by a reduction of BI to 0.47 ± 0.21 and MBL = 0.88 ± 1.27 mm were observed. Both values had an inverse relationship with each other (p < 0.0001). Reference cancellous bone showed BI = 0.85 ± 0.18. The same relationship was observed after ten years of functional loading: BI = 0.48 ± 0.21, MBL = 1.49 ± 1.94 mm, and again an inverse relationship (p < 0.0001). Increasing corticalization (lower BI) is strongly associated with increasing marginal bone loss and increasing corticalization precedes future marginal bone loss. Marginal bone loss will increase as corticalization progresses.

The production of effective catalysts in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) continues to be a great challenge for scientists. A constant increase in demand for energy storage materials is followed by a proportionate increase in the number of reports on electrocatalyst synthesis. The scientific world focuses on environmentally friendly materials synthesized in accordance with the safest possible. In this work, we developed a facile method of obtaining heavy-metal-free electrode materials that are effective in ORR. Graphene-based catalysts were doped using azodicarbonamide (ADC) as the source of nitrogen, then carbonized at high temperatures in the range of 700-900 °C under inert gas flow. The produced materials were tested as catalysts for ORR, which is the most important reaction for Zn-air batteries and fuel cells. All obtained nitrogen-doped graphene foams showed increased catalytic activity in ORR owing to active sites created by nitrogen functional groups on the graphene surface. This paper shows that carbonization temperature has a significant impact on nitrogen content and that a small percentage of nitrogen may have a positive effect on the catalytic activity of the obtained materials. The number of transferred electrons in ORR was found to range from three to the maximal theoretical value, i.e., four., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The manuscript presents results on the influence of external pressure on graphene exfoliation and subsequent 3D structuring by means of liquid-phase exfoliation. In contrast to known and applied exfoliation methods, the current study exploits the enhancement of splitting forces caused by the application of high pressure. The manufacturing pathway allowed to increase the surface area from 750 m 2 /g (nanoplatelets) to ca. 1100 m 2 /g (after 3D structuring). Electrochemical studies revealed that the 3D graphene materials were active in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The outstanding ORR activity of 3D structured graphene materials should not be ascribed to heteroatom catalytic centers since such heteroatoms were successively removed upon increasing the carbonization temperature. XPS data showed that the presence of transition metals and nitrogen (usually regarded as catalytic centers) in G-materials was marginal. The results highlight the importance of structural factors of electrodes in the case of graphene-based materials for Zn-air batteries and ORR., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

This paper presents the effect of severe plastic deformation obtained using the cold hydrostatic extrusion (HE) method on the mechanical and structural properties of polyamide 6 (PA6). As a result of the plastic strain, a significant increase in ultimate tensile strength and tensile modulus were observed. Tensile strength rose by almost 500%, up to the level of 508 MPa, whereas the tensile modulus rose by about 65%. Flexural modulus increase was also observed to 3230 MPa, i.e., by approx. 160%. As a result of high plastic deformation, the structure of the polyamide 6 changed significantly, as evidenced by its fibrous nature as presented in the results of the scanning electron microscopy inspection (SEM). The surface quality of products investigated was tested using profilometry.

In this work, nitrogen-doped porous carbons obtained from chitosan, gelatine, and green algae were investigated in their role as supercapacitor electrodes. The effects of three factors on electrochemical performance have been studied-of the specific surface area, functional groups, and a porous structure. Varying nitrogen contents (from 5.46 to 10.08 wt.%) and specific surface areas (from 532 to 1095 m 2  g -1 ) were obtained by modifying the carbon precursor and the carbonization temperature. Doping nitrogen into carbon at a level of 5.74-7.09 wt.% appears to be the optimum for obtaining high electrochemical capacitance. The obtained carbons exhibited high capacitance (231 F g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 ) and cycle durability in a 0.2 mol L -1  K 2 SO 4 electrolyte. Capacitance retention was equal to 91% at 5 A g -1 after 10,000 chronopotentiometry cycles. An analysis of electrochemical behaviour reveals the influence that nitrogen functional groups have on pseudocapacitance. While quaternary-N and pyrrolic-N nitrogen groups have an enhancing effect, due to the presence of a positive charge and thus improved electron transfer at high current loads, the most important functional group affecting energy storage performance is graphite-N/quaternary-N. The study points out that the search for the most favourable organic precursors is as important as the process of converting precursors to carbon-based electrode materials., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The development of effective catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a significant challenge in energy conversion systems, e.g., Zn-air batteries. Herein, green-algae- and gelatine-derived porous, nitrogen-rich carbons were extensively investigated as electrode materials for electrochemical catalytic reactions. These carbon-based catalysts were designed and optimized to create a metal-free catalyst via templating, carbonization, and subsequent removal of the template. The additional incorporation of graphene improved electronic conductivity and enhanced the electrochemical catalytic reaction. Porous carbons with heteroatoms were used as effective platinum-free ORR electrocatalysts for energy conversion; the presence of nitrogen in the carbon provided more active sites for ORR. Our catalyst also displayed notable durability in a rechargeable Zn-air battery energy system. More importantly, the nitrogen-containing porous carbons were found to have comparable ORR performance in alkaline media to commercially available electrocatalysts. The manuscript demonstrates that nitrogen atom insertion is an appropriate approach when aiming to eliminate noble metals from the synthesis route. N-doped carbons are competitive materials compared to reference platinum-based catalysts.

This paper addresses the problem of improving electrochemical energy storage with electrode materials obtained from common raw ingredients in a facile synthesis. In this study, we present a simple, one-pot route of synthesizing microporous carbon via a very fast reaction of sucrose and graphene (carbon source), chitosan (carbon and nitrogen source), and H 3 PO 4 . Porous carbons were successfully produced during high temperature carbonization, using nitrogen as a shielding gas. Samples were characterized using X-ray powder diffractometry, elemental analysis, N 2 adsorption-desorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The developed carbon material possessed a high surface area, up to 1313 m 2 g -1 , with no chemical or physical activators used in the process. The structural parameters of the microporous carbons varied depending on the ratio of reagents and mass composition. Samples were prepared both with and without chitosan. The present synthesis route has the advantages of being a single-step approach and only involving low-cost and environmentally friendly sources of carbon. More importantly, microporous carbon was prepared without any activators and potentially offers great application in supercapacitors. Cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge-discharge tests show that sucrose-based porous carbons show excellent electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of up to 143 F g -1 at a current density of 1 A g -1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte.