Search

The charged current (anti)neutrino induced eta production from the nucleons is studied in a model based on the effective Lagrangians to evaluate the contribution from the nonresonant and resonant diagrams. The contribution from the nonresonant background terms has been obtained using a microscopic model based on the SU(3) chiral Lagrangians. The contribution from the resonant diagrams due to the low lying S11(1535), S11(1650), and P11(1710) resonances has been evaluated using an effective phenomenological Lagrangian with its parameters determined from the experimental values of their branching ratios and decay widths to the Nη channel. The model is first used to reproduce satisfactorily the experimental data from the MAINZ and JLab on the total cross sections for the photo- and electro- production of η mesons, which fixes the model parameters in the vector current interaction. The partially conserved axial vector current (PCAC) hypothesis and generalized Goldberger-Treiman relation are used to fix the parameters of the axial vector current interaction. The model is then applied to study the weak production of eta mesons induced by the neutrinos and antineutrinos, and predicts the numerical values for the Q2-distribution, η-momentum distribution, and the total cross section for the reactions νμ+n→μ−+p+η and ν¯μ+p→μ++n+η in the energy region up to 2 GeV. It is found that the photo, electro, and (anti)neutrino induced production of eta mesons is dominated by the contribution from the S11(1535) resonance. The results discussed in this work are relevant for the present and future accelerator experiments like MicroBooNE, T2K, NOvA, MINERvA, T2-HyperK, and DUNE as well as for the atmospheric neutrino experiments.

We present a short overview of the importance of the study of "Neutrino Interactions in the Intermediate and High Energy Region", with an introduction to the neutrinos and a very brief description about the collection of invited articles.

We have presented a review of the properties of neutrinos and their interactions with matter. The different (anti)neutrino processes like the quasielastic scattering, inelastic production of mesons and hyperons, and the deep inelastic scattering from the free nucleons are discussed and the results for the scattering cross sections are presented. The polarization observables for the leptons and hadrons produced in the final state, in the case of quasielastic scattering, are also studied. The importance of nuclear medium effects in the low, intermediate and high energy regions, in the above processes along with the processes of the coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, coherent meson production, and trident production, have been highlighted. In some cases the results of the cross sections are also given and compared with the available experimental data as well as with the predictions in the different theoretical models. This study would be helpful in understanding the (anti)neutrino interaction cross section with matter in the few GeV energy region relevant to the next generation experiments like DUNE, Hyper-Kamiokande, and other experiments with accelerator and atmospheric neutrinos. We have emphasized the need of better theoretical models for some of these processes for studying the nuclear medium effects in nuclei., 204 pages, 108 figures; Progress in particle and nuclear physics, Elsevier (in Press)

The nuclear medium effects in the nuclear structure functions and differential cross sections in the deep inelastic scattering (DIS) of charged lepton and neutrino from nuclear targets are studied in the region of large $x$ including $x\ge 1$. The nuclear medium effects due to the Fermi motion and the binding energy of nucleons and the nucleon correlations are included using nucleon spectral function calculated in a microscopic field theoretical model. The numerical results for the nuclear structure functions and the cross sections are obtained using the nucleon structure function evaluated at the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) with the Martin-Motylinski-Harland Lang-Thorne (MMHT) parameterization of the nucleonic parton distribution functions (PDFs) and are compared with the available experimental data on electron scattering from the Jefferson Lab (JLab) and SLAC Nuclear Physics Facility (NPAS). In the case of neutrino scattering the results are relevant for understanding the DIS contributions to the recent inclusive cross sections measured by the Main Injector Neutrino ExpeRiment to study v-A interactions (MINERvA) as well as theoretical predictions are made for Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The importance of isoscalarity corrections in heavier nuclear targets as well as the effect of the kinematic cut on the CM energy $W$ in defining the DIS region have also been discussed., 14 pages, 7 figures and 1 table

We compare different neural network architectures for Machine Learning (ML) algorithms designed to identify the neutrino interaction vertex position in the MINERvA detector. The architectures developed and optimized by hand are compared with the architectures developed in an automated way using the package "Multi-node Evolutionary Neural Networks for Deep Learning" (MENNDL), developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The two architectures resulted in a similar performance which suggests that the systematics associated with the optimized network architecture are small. Furthermore, we find that while the domain expert hand-tuned network was the best performer, the differences were negligible and the auto-generated networks performed well. There is always a trade-off between human, and computer resources for network optimization and this work suggests that automated optimization, assuming resources are available, provides a compelling way to save significant expert time.

Progress in particle and nuclear physics 124, 103947 - (2022). doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103947, This review demonstrates the unique role of the neutrino by discussing in detail the physics of and with neutrinos. We deal with neutrino sources, neutrino oscillations, absolute masses, interactions, the possible existence of sterile neutrinos, and theoretical implications. In addition, synergies of neutrino physics with other research fields are found, and requirements to continue successful neutrino physics in the future, in terms of technological developments and adequate infrastructures, are stressed., Published by Pergamon Press, Frankfurt, M.

The quasielastic production cross sections and polarizations of the hyperons induced by ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ on the free nucleon as well as from $^{40}$Ar in the sub-GeV energy region has been reviewed [1-5]. The effects of the second class currents in the axial vector sector with and without T-invariance as well as the effect of SU(3) symmetry breaking are also studied. We find that the cross sections and the various polarization components can effectively be used to determine the axial vector transition form factors in the strangeness sector and to test the validity of various symmetries of the weak hadronic currents like G-invariance, T-invariance and SU(3) symmetry. These hyperons decay dominantly into pions giving an additional contribution to the weak pion production induced by the antineutrinos. In the case of nuclear targets like $^{40}$Ar, this contribution is shown to be significant when compared with the pion production by the $\Delta$ excitations in the energy range of $E_{\bar{\nu}_{\mu}} \le 0.7$ GeV [1]. This study could be useful for the DUNE experiment where argon will be used as the target material and the electronic imaging of particles is possible and the particle tracks can be identified., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1807.08314

The present status of the field theoretical model studies of the deep inelastic scattering induced by (anti)neutrino on the nuclear targets in a wide range of Bjorken variable $x$ and four momentum transfer square $Q^2$, has been reviewed~\cite{Haider:2011qs,Haider:2012nf,Haider:2016zrk,Zaidi:2019mfd,Zaidi:2019asc,Ansari:2020xne}. The effect of the nonperturbative corrections such as target mass correction and higher twist effects, perturbative evolution of the parton densities, nuclear medium modifications in the nucleon structure functions, nuclear isoscalarity corrections on the weak nuclear structure functions have been discussed. These structure functions have been used to obtain the differential scattering cross sections. The various nuclear medium effects like the Fermi motion, binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contributions, shadowing and antishadowing corrections relevant in the different regions of $x$ and $Q^2$ have been discussed. The numerical results for the structure functions and the cross sections are compared with some of the available experimental data including the recent results from MINERvA. The predictions are made in argon nuclear target which is planned to be used as a target material in DUNE at the Fermilab., 22 pages, 11 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2010.05538

The cross sections and polarization components of the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ leptons produced in the charged current induced quasielastic ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}({\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}})\ensuremath{-}N$ scattering have been studied. The theoretical uncertainties arising due to the use of different vector form factors and the axial dipole mass in the axial vector form factor have been investigated. Due to the high mass of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ lepton, the contributions from the term containing pseudoscalar and second class current form factors are non-negligible and contribute to the uncertainty in the cross section and polarization observables as these form factors are not well known. In view of the currently proposed experiments by DUNE, SHiP, and DsTau collaborations to study the production of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ lepton, an updated calculation of the cross sections and polarizations of tau leptons in the case of quasielastic production have been done and the numerical results have been presented along with a discussion of the theoretical uncertainties.

The effect of nonperturbative and higher order perturbative corrections to all the free nucleon structure functions [${F}_{iN}(x,{Q}^{2});i=1--5$] in the deep inelastic scattering (DIS) of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}/{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ on nucleon is studied. The target mass correction and higher twist effects are incorporated following the works of Kretzer et al. and Dasgupta et al., respectively. The evaluation of the nucleon structure functions has been performed by using the Martin--Motylinski-- Harland-Lang--Thorne 2014 parametrization of the parton distribution functions. The calculations have been performed at the next-to-leading order. These nucleon structure functions are used to calculate the DIS cross section by further including the kinematical corrections due to $\ensuremath{\tau}$-lepton mass. Due to the inclusion of lepton mass two additional structure functions ${F}_{4N}(x,{Q}^{2})$ and ${F}_{5N}(x,{Q}^{2})$ become non-negligible. The results for the nucleon structure functions, differential and total scattering cross sections are presented. The various effects considered in this work are effective in the different regions of $x$ and ${Q}^{2}$, and quite important in the energy region of ${E}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}/{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}l15\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. A comparative study of our results with the existing results in the literature for the cross sections is made in the energy region of interest for the DUNE, SHiP, DsTau and HyperK experiments proposed to be done in the near future.

The study of neutrinos and their interaction with matter has made many important contributions to our present knowledge of physics. This advanced text introduces neutrino physics and presents a theoretical framework for describing relativistic particles. It gives a pedagogical description of the neutrino, its properties, the standard model of electroweak interactions, and neutrino scattering from leptons and nucleons. Focusing on the role of nuclear effects, the discussion extends to various processes of quasielastic, inelastic, and deep inelastic scattering from nucleons and nuclei. Neutrino sources, detection and oscillation, along with the role of neutrinos in astrophysics and motivation for the need of physics beyond the standard model are discussed in detail. This topical book will stimulate new ideas and avenues for research, and will form a valuable resource for advanced students and researchers working in the field of neutrino physics.

We study the effect of various perturbative and nonperturbative QCD corrections on the free nucleon structure functions [${F}_{iN}^{WI}(x,{Q}^{2});i=1--3$] and their implications in the determination of nuclear structure functions. The evaluation of the nucleon structure functions has been performed by using the MMHT 2014 parton distribution functions (PDFs) parametrization, and the target mass correction (TMC) and higher twist (HT) effects are incorporated following the works of Schienbein et al. and Dasgupta et al., respectively. These nucleon structure functions are taken as input in the determination of nuclear structure functions. The numerical calculations for the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{l}/{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{l}\text{\ensuremath{-}}A$ deep inelastic scattering (DIS) process have been performed by incorporating the nuclear medium effects like Fermi motion, binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contributions, shadowing, and antishadowing in several nuclear targets such as carbon, polystyrene scintillator, iron, and lead, which are being used in $\mathrm{MINER}\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{A}$, and in argon nuclei, which is relevant for the ArgoNeuT and DUNE experiments. The differential scattering cross sections $\frac{{d}^{2}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{A}^{WI}}{dxdy}$ and $(\frac{d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{A}^{WI}}{dx}/\frac{d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{CH}^{WI}}{dx})$ have also been studied in the kinematic region of the $\mathrm{MINER}\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{A}$ experiment. The theoretical results are compared with the recent experimental data of $\mathrm{MINER}\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{A}$ and the earlier data of the NuTeV, CCFR, CDHSW, and CHORUS Collaborations. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the present results for the ratio $(\frac{d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{A}^{WI}}{dx}/\frac{d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{CH}^{WI}}{dx})$, and the results from the Monte Carlo (MC) generator GENIE and other phenomenological models of Bodek and Yang, and Cloet et al., has been performed in the context of the $\mathrm{MINER}\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{A}$ experiment. The predictions have also been made for the ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{l}\text{\ensuremath{-}}A$ cross section relevant for the $\mathrm{MINER}\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{A}$ experiment.

The associated photoproduction of $K\Lambda$ from the proton in the low energy region is studied using an isobar model in which the non-resonant contributions are obtained from the non-linear sigma model with chiral SU(3) symmetry which predicts, in a natural way, the contact term with its coupling strength along with the coupling strengths of the various Born terms predicted by the non-linear sigma model. The present model is an extension of the non-linear sigma model with chiral SU(2) symmetry, used earlier to study the photo, electro, and neutrino productions of pions. In the resonance sector, the contributions from the well established nucleon resonances ($R$) in the $s$ channel, the hyperon resonances ($Y^{*}$) in the $u$ channel, and the kaon resonances ($K^{*}$ and $K_{1}$) in the $t$ channel having spin $\le \frac{3}{2}$ and mass $, Comment: 40 pages, 10 figure

We examine the uncertainty of the calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux and present a way to reduce it using accurately measured atmospheric muon flux. Considering the difference of the hadronic interaction model and the real one as a variation of hadronic interaction, we find a quantitative estimation method for the error of the atmospheric neutrino flux calculation from the residual of the reconstruction of the atmospheric muon flux observed in a precision experiment, by the study of atmospheric neutrino and muon fluxes response to the variation of hadronic interaction. However, the efficiencty of this method is largely dependent on the observation site of the atmospheric muon flux, as the relation of the error of the atmospheric neutrino flux calculation and the residual of the reconstruction of the atmospheric muon flux is also largely dependent on the muon observation site, especially for the low energy neutrinos. We calculate several observation sites, near Kamioka at sea level, same but 2770m a.s.l.., Hanle India (4500m a.s.l.), and at Balloon altitude ($\sim$ 32km). Then we estimate how stringently can the atmospheric muon reduce the error in the calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux. We also discuss on the source of error which is difficult to reduce by only the observation of atmospheric muon., 14 pages, 30 fugures

Using a semi-analytic formulation, we study the varations of the atmospheric neutrino and muon fluxes calculated with the variations of a hadronic interaction model. Considering the difference of the hadronic interaction model from the true one as variation of hadronic interaction model, we can estimate the the calculation error of the atmospheric neutrino flux by comparing of the atmospheric muon flux calculated and the observed one in a presition experiment. We find a relation between the reconstruction residual of the observed muon flux and the error of the atmospheric neutrino flux prediction. Then we studied the atmospheric muon flux at sevaral candidate of the observation site, Tsukuba (sea level), Mt. Norikura (2770m a.s.l.), Hanle India (4500m a.s.l.), and Balloon altitude ($\sim$ 32km a.s.l.) near South Pole, to ind a proper observation site for this study. We find the muon flux observed at high mountain is most useful to reduce the error of the atmospheric neutrino flux prediction.

We have studied the nucleon structure functions $F_{iN}^{EM} (x,Q^2);~i=1,2$, by including contributions due to the higher order perturbative QCD effect up to NNLO and the non-perturbative effects due to the kinematical and dynamical higher twist (HT) effects. The numerical results for $F_{iN}^{EM}(x,Q^2)$ are obtained using Martin, Motylinski, Harland-Lang, Thorne (MMHT) 2014 NLO and NNLO nucleon parton distribution functions (PDFs). The dynamical HT correction has been included following the renormalon approach as well as the phenomenological approach and the kinematical HT effect is incorporated using the works of Schienbein et al. These nucleon structure functions have been used as an input to calculate the nuclear structure functions $F_{iA}^{EM} (x,Q^2)$. In a nucleus, the nuclear corrections arise because of the Fermi motion, binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contribution, shadowing and antishadowing effects. These nuclear corrections are taken into account in the numerical calculations to obtain the nuclear structure functions $F_{iA}^{EM} (x,Q^2)$, for the various nuclear targets like $^{12}C$, $^{27}Al$, $^{56}Fe$, $^{64}Cu$, $^{118}Sn$, $^{197}Au$ and $^{208}Pb$ which are of experimental interest. The effect of isoscalarity correction for nonisoscalar nuclear targets has also been studied. The results for the $F_{iA}^{EM} (x,Q^2)$ are compared with nCTEQ nuclear PDFs parameterization as well as with the experimental results from JLab, SLAC and NMC in the kinematic region of $0.1 \le x \le 0.8$ for several nuclei., arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.09903

Carpal coalitions are uncommon and are frequently asymptomatic. 15 Patients with persistent symptomatic scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) carpal coalitions unresponsive to six months of conservative treatment with no history of trauma went for further investigations. CT scans and bone scans revealed that coalition was the only abnormality to account for the patient’s ongoing problems. The senior authors explored the carpal coalition surgically excising the affected region and interposing capsular fibrous tissue. Histologically partial bony and cartilaginous bridging was evident with no features of degenerative arthritis being noted. Good or excellent subjective results were achieved in all patients at final review an average of 2.7 (1.0 - 4.2) years after surgery. All patients described significant reduction in visual analogue pain scores from an average of 71.5 to 18.4 points. The Green and O’Brien wrist scores improved from a mean of 58.2 to 94.2, with all patients returning to work with improved function. Normally carpal coalition is treated with arthrodesis or excision of part of the carpus. A further treatment option is outlined here with recreation of the joint space in symptomatic, isolated, nonsyndromic scaphotrapezio-trapezoidal coalition.

Recent phenomenological analysis of experimental data on DIS processes induced by charged leptons and neutrinos/antineutrinos beams on nuclear targets by CTEQ collaboration has confirmed the observation of CCFR and NuTeV collaborations, that weak structure function F 2 A Weak ( x , Q 2 ) is different from electromagnetic structure function F 2 A EM ( x , Q 2 ) in a nucleus like iron, specially in the region of low x and Q 2 . In view of this observation we have made a study of nuclear medium effects on F 2 A Weak ( x , Q 2 ) and F 2 A EM ( x , Q 2 ) for a wide range of x and Q 2 using a microscopic nuclear model. We have considered Fermi motion, binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contributions from pion and rho mesons and shadowing effects to incorporate nuclear medium effects. The calculations are performed in a local density approximation using a relativistic nucleon spectral function which includes nucleon correlations. The numerical results in the case of iron nucleus are compared with the experimental data.

In ν / ν ̄ –nucleon/nucleus interactions shallow inelastic scattering (SIS) is technically defined in terms of the four-momentum transfer to the hadronic system as non-resonant meson production with Q 2 ⪅ 1 GeV2. This non-resonant meson production intermixes with resonant meson production in a regime of similar effective hadronic mass W of the interaction. As Q 2 grows and surpasses this ≈1 GeV2 limit, non-resonant interactions begin to take place with quarks within the nucleon indicating the start of deep inelastic scattering (DIS). To essentially separate this resonant plus non-resonant meson production from DIS quark-fragmented meson production, a cut of 2 GeV in W of the interactions is generally introduced. However, since experimentally mesons from resonance decay cannot be separated from non-resonant produced mesons, SIS for all practical purposes in this review has been defined as inclusive meson production that includes non-resonant plus resonant meson production and the interference between them. Experimentally then for W ⪅ 2 GeV inclusive meson production with W ⪆ (M N + M π ) and all Q 2 is here defined as SIS, while for W ⪆ 2 GeV, the kinematic region with Q 2 ⪆ 1 GeV2 is defined as DIS. The so defined SIS and DIS regions have received varying degrees of attention from the community. While the theoretical/phenomenological study of ν–nucleon and ν–nucleus DIS scattering is advanced, such studies of a large portion of the SIS region, particularly the SIS to DIS transition region, have hardly begun. Experimentally, the SIS and the DIS regions for ν–nucleon scattering have minimal results and only in the experimental study of the ν–nucleus DIS region are there significant results for some nuclei. Since current and future neutrino oscillation experiments have contributions from both higher W SIS and DIS kinematic regions and these regions are in need of both considerable theoretical and experimental study, this review will concentrate on these SIS to DIS transition and DIS kinematic regions surveying our knowledge and the current challenges.

We study the effect of T-violation on the total scattering cross section and the polarization observables in the electron- and antineutrino-induced hyperon production off the free proton target. The assumption of T-violation requires the second class current form factors to be imaginary, which implies the transverse component of the hyperon polarization perpendicular to the plane of production to be nonzero. The observation of hyperons in the final state through their decay products, i.e., \(\varLambda /\varSigma \longrightarrow N \pi \) and the structure of the angular distribution of pion will give information about the polarization of hyperons. The experimental observation of the transverse component of the polarization can be used to study the underlying physics of T-violation.

The effect of the second class currents with and without time reversal invariance has been studied in the quasielastic production of nucleons and hyperons induced by neutrinos and antineutrinos from the nucleons. The numerical results are presented for the total scattering cross section~($\sigma$) as well as for the longitudinal, perpendicular and transverse components of the polarization of the final baryons ($p$, $n$, $\Lambda$, $\Sigma^-$, $\Sigma^0$) and muon produced in the quasielastic (anti)neutrino-nucleon scattering induced by the weak charged current. In the case of the production of $\Lambda$ hyperon, which is the most suitable candidate for making the polarization measurements, we have also calculated the $Q^2$ dependence of the polarization observables and the differential scattering cross section ($d\sigma/dQ^2$). The measurement of the polarization observables and their $Q^2$ dependence provides an independent way to determine the nucleon-hyperon transition form factors at high $Q^2$ which can provide tests of the symmetries of the weak hadronic currents like G-invariance, T invariance and SU(3) symmetry., Comment: 29 pages, 17 figures, 1 table

Recent experiments performed on inclusive electron scattering from nuclear targets have measured the nucleon electromagnetic structure functions $F_1(x,Q^2)$, $F_2(x,Q^2)$ and $F_L(x,Q^2)$ in $^{12}C$, $^{27}Al$, $^{56}Fe$ and $^{64}Cu$ nuclei. The measurements have been done in the energy region of $1 GeV^2 < W^2 < 4 GeV^2$ and $Q^2$ region of $0.5 GeV^2 < Q^2 < 4.5 GeV^2$. We have calculated nuclear medium effects in these structure functions arising due to the Fermi motion, binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contributions from pion and rho mesons and shadowing effects. The calculations are performed in a local density approximation using relativistic nucleon spectral function which include nucleon correlations. The numerical results are compared with the recent experimental data from JLab and also with some earlier experiments., 20 pages, 13 figures

Recently parity violating asymmetry ( A PV ) in the Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) of polarized electrons ( e → ) from deuterons has been measured at JLab and there exist future plans to measure this asymmetry from nuclear targets. In view of this we study nuclear medium effects in A PV in the DIS of e → from some nuclear targets like 12C, 56Fe and 208Pb. The effects of Fermi motion, binding energy and nucleon correlations are taken into account through the nucleon spectral function calculated in a local density approximation for nuclei. The pion and rho cloud contributions have also been taken into account. This model has been earlier used to study nuclear medium effects in the electromagnetic and weak interaction induced processes. The results are presented and discussed in view of the future JLab experiments.

In this work, we have studied the total scattering cross section ($\sigma$), differential scattering cross section ($d\sigma/dQ^2$) as well as the longitudinal ($P_L(E_e,Q^2)$), perpendicular ($P_P(E_e,Q^2)$), and transverse ($P_T(E_e,Q^2)$) components of the polarization of the final hadron ($n$, $ \Lambda$ and $\Sigma^0$) produced in the electron proton scattering induced by the weak charged current. We have not assumed T-invariance which allows the transverse component of the hadron polarization perpendicular to the production plane to be non-zero. The numerical results are presented for all the above observables and their dependence on the axial vector form factor and the weak electric form factor are discussed. The present study enables the determination of the axial vector nucleon-hyperon transition form factors at high $ Q^2$ in the strangeness sector which can provide test of the symmetries of the weak hadronic currents like T-invariance and SU(3) symmetry while assuming the hypothesis of conserved vector current and partial conservation of axial vector current., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures and regular paper

International audience; The precise measurement of neutrino properties is among the highest priorities in fundamental particle physics, involving many experiments worldwide. Since the experiments rely on the interactions of neutrinos with bound nucleons inside atomic nuclei, the planned advances in the scope and precision of these experiments require a commensurate effort in the understanding and modeling of the hadronic and nuclear physics of these interactions, which is incorporated as a nuclear model in neutrino event generators. This model is essential to every phase of experimental analyses and its theoretical uncertainties play an important role in interpreting every result.In this White Paper we discuss in detail the impact of neutrino–nucleus interactions, especially the nuclear effects, on the measurement of neutrino properties using the determination of oscillation parameters as a central example. After an Executive Summary and a concise Overview of the issues, we explain how the neutrino event generators work, what can be learned from electron–nucleus interactions and how each underlying physics process – from quasi-elastic to deep inelastic scattering – is understood today. We then emphasize how our understanding must improve to meet the demands of future experiments. With every topic we find that the challenges can be met only with the active support and collaboration among specialists in strong interactions and electroweak physics that include theorists and experimentalists from both the nuclear and high energy physics communities.

Recently, experiments are being performed using high intensity antineutrino beam on nuclear targets at Fermilab and JPARC. The experiments planned with liquid argon TPC (LArTPC) detectors at MicroBooNE, ArgoNeut and the proposed DUNE experiment at the Fermilab can detect pions and protons in coincidence. A measurement of the angular distribution of pions will make it possible to measure the polarization of the hyperons in addition to the cross section measurements. We have presented the results of longitudinal and perpendicular components of polarization of the final hyperon(\(\varLambda \) and \(\varSigma \)) produced in quasielastic(QE) antineutrino reactions on nucleons and nuclei. The measurement of polarization components will provide us an alternative method to make precise measurements of axial dipole mass, electric neutron form factor and pseudoscalar form factor in strangeness sector.

The upcoming 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is designed to study the atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos separately over a wide range of energies and path lengths. The primary focus of this experiment is to explore the Earth matter effects by observing the energy and zenith angle dependence of the atmospheric neutrinos in the multi-GeV range. This study will be crucial to address some of the outstanding issues in neutrino oscillation physics, including the fundamental issue of neutrino mass hierarchy. In this document, we present the physics potential of the detector as obtained from realistic detector simulations. We describe the simulation framework, the neutrino interactions in the detector, and the expected response of the detector to particles traversing it. The ICAL detector can determine the energy and direction of the muons to a high precision, and in addition, its sensitivity to multi-GeV hadrons increases its physics reach substantially. Its charge identification capability, and hence its ability to distinguish neutrinos from antineutrinos, makes it an efficient detector for determining the neutrino mass hierarchy. In this report, we outline the analyses carried out for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and precision measurements of atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters at ICAL, and give the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of runtime. We also explore the potential of ICAL for probing new physics scenarios like CPT violation and the presence of magnetic monopoles.

With the availability of high luminosity electron beam at the accelerators, there is now the possibility of studying weak quasielastic hyperon production off the proton, i.e. $e^-p \to \nu_e Y(Y=\Lambda,\Sigma^0)$, which will enable the determination of the nucleon-hyperon vector and axial-vector transition form factors at high $ Q^2$ in the strangeness sector and provide test of the Cabibbo model, G-invariance, CVC, PCAC hypotheses and SU(3) symmetry. In this work, we have studied the total cross section, differential cross section as well as the longitudinal and perpendicular components of polarization of the final hyperons ($ \Lambda$ and $\Sigma^0$ produced in these reactions) and presented numerical results for these observables and their sensitivity to the transition form factors., Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables

The inclusive neutrino/antineutrino-induced charged and neutral current reaction cross-sections in $^{12}C$, $^{16}O$, $^{40}Ar$, $^{56}Fe$ and $^{208}Pb$ in the energy region of supernova neutrinos/antineutrinos are studied. The calculations are performed in the local density approximation (LDA) taking into account the effects due to Pauli blocking, Fermi motion and the renormalization of weak transition strengths in the nuclear medium. The effect of Coulomb distortion of the lepton produced in the charged current reactions has also been included. The numerical results for the energy dependence of the cross-section $\sigma(E)$ as well as the flux averaged cross-section and event rates for the charged lepton production in the case of some supernova neutrino/antineutrino fluxes recently discussed in the literature have been presented. We have also given the flux-averaged angular and energy distributions of the charged leptons corresponding to these fluxes., Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables

By the study of the variations of the atmospheric neutrino and muon fluxes, due to that of the hadronic interaction, we find that when have accurate atmospheric muon flux data, we can estimate the prediction error of the atmospheric neutrino flux calculating with the same interaction model from the residual. However, the relation of the residual of the muon flux and the error in the neutrino flux is largely dependent on the observation site of the muon flux. We study this relation at several observation sites, near Kamioka at sea level, same but 2770m a.s.l.., Hanle India (4500m a.s.l.), and at Balloon altitude (~ 32km).

High intensity monoenergetic muon neutrinos of energy 236 MeV from kaon decay at rest (KDAR) at the medium energy proton accelerator facilities like J-PARC and Fermilab are proposed to be used for making precision measurements of neutrino-nucleus cross sections in $^{12}C$ and $^{40}Ar$ and perform neutrino oscillation experiments in $\nu_\mu \to \nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ modes. In view of these developments, we study the theoretical uncertainties arising due to the nuclear medium effects in the neutrino-nucleus cross sections as well as in the angular and energy distributions of the charged leptons produced in the charged current (CC) induced reactions by $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_e$ in $^{12}C$ and $^{40}Ar$ in the energy region of $E_{\nu_e(\nu_\mu)}, Comment: 14 Pages, 12 Figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1704.04582

We present the calculation of the atmospheric neutrino fluxes for the neutrino experiments proposed at INO, South Pole and Pyh\"asalmi. Neutrino fluxes have been obtained using ATMNC, a simulation code for cosmic ray in the atmosphere. Even using the same primary flux model and the interaction model, the calculated atmospheric neutrino fluxes are different for the different sites due to the geomagnetic field. The prediction of these fluxes in the present paper would be quite useful in the experimental analysis., Comment: 12Pages,9Figs

We have studied the differential cross section as well as the longitudinal and perpendicular components of polarization of final hyperon($\Lambda$,$\Sigma$) produced in the antineutrino induced quasielastic charged current reactions on nucleon and nuclear targets. The nucleon-hyperon transition form factors are determined from the experimental data on quasielastic $(\Delta S =0)$ charged current (anti)neutrino--nucleon scattering and the semileptonic decay of neutron and hyperons assuming G--invariance, T--invariance and SU(3) symmetry. The vector transition form factors are obtained in terms of nucleon electromagnetic form factors for which various parameterizations available in literature have been used. A dipole parameterization for the axial vector form factor and the pseudoscalar transition form factor derived in terms of axial vector form factor assuming PCAC and GT relation extended to strangeness sector have been used in numerical evaluations. The flux averaged cross section and polarization observables corresponding to CERN Gargamelle experiment have been calculated for quasielastic hyperon production and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations. The numerical results for the flux averaged differential cross section$\frac{d\sigma}{dQ^2}$ and longitudinal(perpendicular) polarization $P_L(Q^2)(P_P(Q^2))$ relevant for the antineutrino fluxes of MINER$\nu$A, MicroBooNE, and T2K experiments have been presented. This will be useful in interpreting future experimental results on production cross sections and polarization observables from the experiments on the quasielastic production of hyperons induced by antineutrinos and explore the possibility of determining the axial vector and pseudoscalar form factors in the strangeness sector., Comment: 23 Pages, 23 Figures

We study the nuclear effects in the electromagnetic structure function F 2 ( x , Q 2 ) in the deep inelastic lepton–nucleus scattering process by taking into account Fermi motion, binding, pion and rho meson cloud contributions. Calculations have been done in a local density approximation using relativistic nuclear spectral functions which include nucleon correlations. The ratios R F 2 A ( x , Q 2 ) = 2 F 2 A ( x , Q 2 ) A F 2 D ( x , Q 2 ) are obtained and compared with recent JLab results for light nuclei with special attention to the slope of the x distributions. This magnitude shows a non-trivial A dependence and it is insensitive to possible normalization uncertainties. The results have also been compared with some of the older experiments using intermediate mass nuclei.

In this work, we study the influence of nuclear medium effects on various parton model sum rules in nuclei and compare the results with the free nucleon case. We have used relativistic nucleon spectral function to take into account Fermi motion, binding and nucleon correlations. The pion and rho meson cloud contributions have been incorporated in a microscopic model. The effect of shadowing has also been considered., Published in Journal of the Physical Society of Japan (NuInt-2015)