Search

The aim of the study was to investigate morphofunctional modifications in neurons, glial cells and synaptic terminals in the sensorimotor cortex of the brain in rats after severe traumatic brain injury (STBI).Material and methods. STBI simulation in white rats (main group, n=30) was performed on a device with a special shock mechanism. Intact animals (n=6) were included in the control group. The sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of the brain in rats was studied histomorphologically on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and thionin according to Nissl. Synaptophysin and GFAP were detected immunohistochemically, then morphometry was performed. On serial frontal sections of the SMC, neurons, neuroglia, and interneuronal synapses were studied in animals of the control group and in animals exposed to STBI in 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after STBI simulation. The number density of neurons, neuroglia, and synaptic terminals was determined per a unit area of the section of layers I (terminals only), III, and V of the cerebral SMC. Statistical hypotheses were tested using nonparametric methods in the Statistica 10.0 program.Results. In animals of the control group, typical normochromic pyramidal neurons predominated, synaptic terminals were clearly verified; this was combined with unaltered neuropil. In animals exposed to STBI, there were signs of tinctorial, hydropic, dehydration and necrobiotic changes in neurons, reactive astrogliosis, fields of "loss" of neurons appeared; the overall numerical density of neurons and synapses decreased. The maximally increased content of pycnomorphic neurons was detected in 1 day after STBI (in layer III of the SMC, by 11.6%; in layer V of the SMC, by 18.5%). The peak in the number density of shadow cells and hyperchromic non-wrinkled neurons was noted in 3 days. The numerical density of synaptic terminals in different layers of the SMC decreased by 1.5-2 times. The altered balance of the destruction and restoration processes of the synaptic pool after STBI was evidenced by statistically significant data on the decreased and increased numerical density of terminals during 30 days of the study. There was no complete recovery of the studied parameters of neurons and synapses to control values within 30 days.Conclusion. The SMC of the brain in rats remains functioning after STBI; this occurs in the context of long-term preservation of reversibly and irreversibly damaged neurons, reactive neurogliosis, and permanent reorganization of interneuronal relationships due to activated reparative neuro- and synaptic plasticity. The data obtained will specify reorganization of the components of various neuronal complexes of the SMC (layers I, III, and V) after STBI.

The aim of research was to study changes in neurons, gliocytes and structures of the interneuronal communication system (dendrites, terminals) of the mature white rat sensorimotor cortex (SMC) layer V after the common carotid artery (CCA) bilateral ligation.Material and methods. Acute/chronic incomplete cerebral ischemia was simulated in white Wistar rats by the CCA bilateral ligation. The brain was fixed by perfusion. A comparative histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric evaluation of the related structures in the norm (n=6), and in 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after the common carotid artery bilateral ligation (n=30) was carried out. Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin stains, immunohistochemical reactions for NSE, MAP-2, p38, GFAP and IBA1 were used. The numerical density of pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microgliocytes and the relative area of p38-positive material (synapse terminals) were determined. Statistical hypotheses were tested by nonparametric methods using Statistica 8.0 program.Results. CCA bilateral ligation led to the appearance of destructively altered dark, hypochromic, vacuolated neurons and shadow cells in layer V of the SMC. These changes were accompanied by a decreased overall numerical density of pyramidal neurons, hyperhydration of the neuropil (processes of dendrites, astrocytes, and synapses), and a pronounced reaction (hypertrophy, proliferation) of all neuroglial cell types. One day after the CCA bilateral ligation, the appearance of neurons with both reversible and irreversible changes was accompanied by an increase in the layer V relative area of edema-swelling zones in the neuropil of the rat SMC up to 14.5 (10.6– 16.4) %, in control – 7.2 (6.9–7.5) %. The maximum content of destructively altered neurons (25%) was found in the rat SMC layer V one day after ischemia. The total number density of neurons in layer V of the SMC decreased by 27.9% after 30 days (Mann–Whitney U Test; p=0.0001). In the areas of damaged neuron accumulation, the content of astrocytes, microgliocytes, and oligodendrocytes increased. The neuroglial index in the control group was 1.30; it was 1.37 in 3 days, it was 1.50 in 7 days, it was 1.63 in 14 days, and it was 1.30 in 30 days. The maximum increase in the number density of microgliocytes was noted after 1 day (Mann–Whitney U Test; p=0.001), oligodendrocytes – 7 days after CCA ligation (Mann–Whitney U Test; p=0.02). According to the data of immunohistochemical typing of p38, two peaks of the relative area of the terminals were revealed: in the acute period (days 1 and 3) and after 30 days. These quantitative changes were first associated with an increase (on the 1st and 3rd day) and then a decrease in the degree of the neuropil hydration. Negative statistically significant strong correlations were detected in 3 days (R=-0.90) and 7 days (R=-0.70) after CCA ligation. This can be explained by hydropic changes in the terminals (destruction of synapses according to the light type). The total numerical density of neuropil terminals decreased to 102300±19400 (by 35.0%) in 3 days after CCA ligation in layer V of white rats and partially recovered to 135000±27100 (24.4%) after 30 days, compared to the animals of the control (157500±20500 per 1 mm2).Conclusion. Thus, the CCA ligation resulted in destructive and compensatory-restorative changes in the structures of interneuronal communication associated with preservation of a significant part of pyramidal neurons and compensatory reorganization of neuroglial relationships in layer V of white rats.

The aim of the study was to present structural and morphometric changes in the sensorimotor cortex neurons of the rat brain after ligation of the common carotid arteries (LCCA).Material and methods. Cerebral ischemia was modeled in white Wistar rats by irreversible bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries (2-vessel model of incomplete global ischemia, without hypotension). For morphological studies, histological (hematoxylin–eosin, thionin staining according to the Nissl method), immunohistochemical (NSE, GFAP) and morphometric methods were used. The control group consisted of intact animals (n=6), the material was taken 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after the experimental modeling of LCCA (n=30). Morphometric analysis was performed on preparations of frontal sections of the brain using the ImageJ 1.53; statistical hypotheses were tested using the Statistica 8.0.Results. It was found that the number density of normochromic neurons decreased throughout the study period and reached its minimum values 30 days after LCCA: the decrease in layer III was 75.9%, and in layer V it was 72.6%. There was a decrease in the total number density of neurons. After 1 and 3 days, in layers III and V, the content of hyperchromic neurons with intact shape of perikarya increased. The numerical density of hyperchromic neurons with a spindle-shaped perikaryon, a deformed nucleus, as well as neurons with a homogeneous cytoplasm had maximum values after 30 days.Conclusion. After irreversible bilateral LCCA, together with an increase in the number density of hyperchromic pycnotic neurons, as well as neurons with homogenization of the cytoplasm and nucleus, a decrease in the NSE content in the cytoplasm of pyramidal neurons was noted, which may indicate a decrease in the expression of this protein and a decrease in the functional activity of neurons by the end of the study period. An increase in hyperchromic pycnotic neurons and shadow cells against the background of a decrease in the number density of normochromic and hyperchromic non-pycnotic neurons may indicate a significant severity of the processes occurring after LCCA and the irreversibility of destructive changes in nerve cells.

The development of new methods for the study of agricultural products is an actual task. A large number of studies on the electrical properties of biological objects are performed today for scientific and industrial purposes. Distortions of electric signals are considered conventionally as harmful. The authors performed test-bench analysis of harmonic distortion, produced by different agricultural products. Apple, banana, tomato, tangerine were tested. The digital source of sinusoidal signals and a computed spectrum analyzer were main components of the test-bench circuit. Results of measurements of harmonics, from first to tenth, were presented in a graphic form. Each kind of agricultural products created harmonic distortion with an authentic set and a level of harmonics. So, the authors have shown the ability of analyzing harmonic distortions to determine properties of agricultural products.

Background. At present time there are few works throwing some light on the details of solving a problem in a field of experimental medicine by the "how to do it" principle which after having studied them give readers a good grasp of reproducing the offered technique on their own. It also concerns blood sampling with the aim of assessing certain indicators at small laboratory animals. Objectives. To work out the technique of carotid artery catheterization for detecting the referential meanings of biochemical and complete blood tests coagulogram on Wistar male rats. To define more precisely the obtained values by the bootstrap method and to compare them with the data to have published before. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on Wistar male rats (n=42) weighing 270-380 g. The access to the left carotid artery was implemented with taking into account some anatomic features of an animal being anesthetized with tiletamin/zolazepam (20-40 mg/kg intramuscularly) + xylazine (5-10 mg / kg. intramuscularly). Statistical treatment has been conducted in the programming language R with using the statistical packages "boot", "car", "sm", "coin", "VIM" and "mice". The referential meanings have been defined by the bootstrap method. Comparing with literature data was executed by the permutational test with p-level correction for multiple comparisons by using the Benjamini-Yekutieli method, the level α was accepted as equal 0,05. Results and Discussion. The rational access to a carotid artery and its catheterization way have been developed. The referential meanings of biochemical and complete blood tests coagulogram were developed and defined by using the bootstrap method on Wistar male rats. While comparing the indicators to have received earlier from Wistar male rats by other researchers, the statistically significant differences were received in all indicators, except the quantity of leucocytes, thrombocytes, and indicators of hematocrit and total bilirubin. The received differences are likely to be connected with different climatic conditions, the character of anesthesia care, accessing to blood sampling, and wide range of the compared rats’ age. Clinically differences are insignificant. Conclusion. The developed algorithm for obtaining referential meanings of blood tests samplings from rats can be considered to be rational and reproduced and the received indicators’ values should be considered to be referential.

This work aimed to reveal the statistically reliable clinical and laboratory markers, which are associated with fatal outcomes in patients with hemorrhagic shock of the III degree on the stage of hospital treatment. It was stated that decrease of body temperature (till 35,9 °C), pH of venous blood (till 7,19) and content of ionized calcium (till 0,32 mmole/l) in venous blood and increase of lactate content (up to 4,1 mmole/l) in venous blood and rise of activated partial thromboplastin time (up to 59 sec) are connected with fatal outcomes.

The paper deals with the management of cicatricial stenoses of the trachea, which is a topical problem of modern thoracic surgery. Surgical techniques and endoscopic operations aimed at expanding and maintaining the lumen of the airways have been employed. Original types of surgical operations and new endoscopic tools are proposed.

The authors made an analysis of the application of a plasma jet with the help of an apparatus of original construction used for treatment of wounds of the liver in 36 patients. This apparatus has a number of advantages as compared with others. The plasma jet gives a reliable homostasis and minimum heat injuries to the liver tissues.