Search

Pemilu merupakan sarana yang sifatnya demokratis dalam memilih para wakil rakyat eksekutif dan legislative. Sering kali masalah dalam pemilu menjadi salah satu problem dalam penyelenggaraan pemilu yang efektif efisien, jujur dan adil, karena akan menghasilkan penyelesaian masalah yang tidak kuat dengan adanya beberapa lembaga yang menangani permasalahan pemilu sehingga ada potensi tumpang tindih dalam hal putusan lembaga yang satu dengan yang lainnya. oleh sebab itu diperlukan suatu pelembagaan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan pemilu secara efektif, seperti membentuk peradilan khusus pemilu. Sebelum adanya undang-undang tentang peradilan khusus maka selama itu pula akan terjadi kekosongan hukum. Badan peradilan khusus hanya disebutkan dalam undang-undang Pilkada, tetapi tidak dijabarkan secara lanjut tentang kedudukan serta strukturnya. Oleh sebab itu, pengesahan peraturan tentang badan peradilan khusus sangat diperlukan demi mengisi kekosongan hukum. Pada penelitian ini penulis mengunakan jenis penelitian yuridis Normatif. Yuridis Normatif merupakan studi kasus normatif berupa produk hukum, misalnya mengkaji undang-undang. Pokok kajianya adalah hukum yang dikonsepkan sebagai norma atau kaidah yang berlaku dalam masyarakat dan menjadi acuan perilaku setiap orang. Sehingga penilitian yuridis normatif berfokus pada inventarisasi hukum positif, asas-asas dan doktrin hukum, taraf singkronisasi perbandingan hukum dan sejarah hukum. Oleh sebab itu, maka Perppu merupakan jawaban dari permasalahan. Hal ini yang dapat diharapkan untuk menambah terang solusi atas permasalahan terkait pemilu, maka pentingnya pembentukan badan peradilan khusus pemilu melalui Perppu yang memiliki ruang lingkup serta materi muatan yang sama dengan undang-undang, ditambah lagi waktu pembuatan Perppu yang lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan undang-undang,akan tetapi harus dalam keadaan “kegentingan yang memaksa”.

The source of political rights inherent in human rights and political rights are also closely related to power. Meanwhile, corruptors who abuse their power are only sentenced to an average of 2 years and 2 months in prison during 2016; In 2013 the average sentence was 2 years 11 months; in 2014 2 years 8 months; and 2015 only 2 years 2 months. There needs to be a formulation of the provisions of the regulations as a basis for integrating and harmonizing judges' decisions on the revocation of political rights or it is also necessary to formulate a special criminal system to eradicate corruption crimes. Therefore, this study aims to examine what things underlie the enforcement of the deprivation of the political rights of the convicted of corruption in judge's decision and formulation of the criminal law system regarding the deprivation of political rights of convicted of corruption in judge's decision?. This research was conducted using a type of sociological juridical research approach. The result of the research is the abolition of political rights for corruption convicts, when examined from the juridical, sociological, and human rights aspects. It must become a standard in the punishment of corruption, considering that several formulations of the criminal law system currently exist in the criminal act of corruption which is still relatively light because the several sanctions given to date have not minimized acts of corruption.

The Organization of the Government of the village of terpisakan no peyelenggaraan autonomous region. Through law No. 6 Year 2014 about villages, each village given discretion to set its own kewenanganya, either the authority based on the origin of the local scale, the powers and authority of the village, in the transferred by the Central Government/provinces//kota in accordance with government legislation. This research uses the normative-empirical type. The data used in this research is the primary data, namely data obtained directly from the field in the form of interviews and questionnaires and secondary data, namely data obtained from graphical documents (tables, notes, meeting, meetings, etc), photographs, films, video recordings, and other things that can enrich the primary data. Research results show that implementation of the allocation of Funds in the village of Banabungi Village have been implemented but in pelaksanaanya is not effective. It is based on is Not dilaksanakanya the principle of transparency and participatory in its own ruling, a factor pelaksanaanya i.e. the absence of legal sanctions or force power for the Government when the village does not implement legal norms. While the position of Permendagri NO. 113 Year 2014 about financial management is in compliance as regulations, although the above provision does not mention explicitly the type of legislation in the form of a regulation of the Minister, but the phrase rules set by Ministers at the top, reflecting the existence of ministerial regulation as one of the types of legislation.

Limited studies have investigated the relative influence of both external and internal factors in the implementation of community-based urban agriculture (UA) (ICUA). Furthermore, little research exists explaining how different mechanisms might influence urban residents&rsquo, decision to participate in UA. Our research tested the direct effect of several predictors on ICUA using structural equational modelling. In addition, we tested the mediation effect between the predictors and the ICUA that may exist as well. Results are based on data from 200 agricultural professionals in the Zanjan province in northwest Iran. We found that &ldquo, personal characteristics&rdquo, &ldquo, UA positive and negative consequences&rdquo, sociocultural&rdquo, and &ldquo, economic&rdquo, factors affect ICUA. Among all factors, &ldquo, had the strongest direct effect on ICUA. The indirect model incorporating &ldquo, attitude&rdquo, provided support for the mediation model. We found &ldquo, influenced ICUA indirectly through &ldquo, attitude.&rdquo, Among all factors, &ldquo, had the strongest indirect effect on ICUA. This information is of use to policy-makers and program planners in identifying points of policy interventions and mechanisms for promoting UA.

We explored Google Street View (GSV) as a street-level, urban greenery assessment tool. Street-level greenery has long played a critical role in the visual quality of urban landscapes. This living landscape element can and should be assessed for the quality of visual impact with the GSV information, and the assessed street-level greenery information could be incorporated into urban landscape planning and management. Information on street-level views of urban greenery assessment, however, is rare or nonexistent. Planners and managers’ ability to plan and manage urban landscapes effectively and efficiently is, therefore, limited. GSV is one tool that might provide street-level, profile views of urban landscape and greenery, yet no research on GSV for urban planning seems available in literature. We modified an existing Green View Index (GVI) formula and conducted a case study assessment of street greenery using GSV images in the area of East Village, Manhattan District, New York City. We found that GSV to be well suited for assessing street-level greenery. We suggest further that the modified GVI may be a relatively objective measurement of street-level greenery, and that GSV in combination with GVI may be well suited in guiding urban landscape planning and management.

Urban agriculture (UA) has been receiving significant attention from researchers in agricultural production, yet there has been less attention focused on volunteering intention within UA that has the potential of resulting in effective volunteer recruitment and development. Our research tested the relationship between various predictors from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and volunteering intentions in UA with a sample of 890 undergraduate students from across a university in Malaysia. In addition, we tested potential moderators between the predictors and volunteering intention. Our structural equation modelling showed that the predictors affect students’ intention to volunteer in the program. Further, age, gender, participation in campus-based activities, and academic achievement moderated the effect of moral obligation on volunteering intention. We found that the effect of social norms on volunteering intention was higher for female students. The effect of perceived behavioral control on volunteering intention was higher for students involved in campus-based activities. Our findings provide support for future interventions to promote volunteer recruitment and development for UA. Interventions, therefore, should focus on moderators, while increasing the strength of TPB constructs with volunteering intention. Suitable techniques include segmenting target audiences of students to reach those who are a good fit for the program could be strengthened.

An online survey was developed to investigate Master Gardener perceptions of and preferences for a novel horticultural product, “Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Living Structures Kits,” which include live willow (Salix sp.) stems, instructions on how to build various forms, ties, and cultural guidelines. The survey consisted of 37 items to assess the interest level in this product, to examine the likelihood of consumers’ interest in purchasing this product, and to evaluate preferred designs and potential price points. A total of 249 Connecticut Master Gardeners completed the survey. The respondents provided valuable insights on product popularity and potential. The majority of them were between the ages of 56 and 65 years, female, Caucasian, married, without children in the household, and own a house with a yard in suburban areas. Most of the respondents represented plant purchasers and experienced gardeners. The two most popular structures were the decorative fence and the arbor, and Master Gardeners indicated specific preferred price ranges for the products. Aesthetic appeal was perceived as the main attractive aspect of the product. Among the major factors affecting their decision to purchase DIY Living Structures Kits, most respondents indicated design/type and price as “very important.” Forty-four percent of people were interested in buying one of these kits as a gift for someone. Results revealed that there is potential for a niche market as this group of consumers was enthusiastic about the new product: 74.1% of Master Gardeners responded positively that DIY Living Structures Kits have potential to become new horticultural products. More in-depth product evaluation studies using trial kits and marketing research targeting additional segments of consumers should be conducted in future.

To assess the current state of willow (Salix) cultivation for specialty cut flower production, a mail survey following the tailored design method polled willow growers in North America (n = 52). The instrument posed questions on business identity and cultural practices, including plant spacing, fertilization, irrigation, and pruning methods. A 69% response rate was achieved. The general grower profile was of a specialty cut flower producer with multiple years of experience growing willows. For the majority of respondents, willow was a supplemental source of income, complementing a larger product selection of woody and herbaceous species for cut flower production with annual sales for the crop of less than $25,000. The majority of producers had a generally positive outlook on this crop as growers expressed strong support for the importance of willow in their product selection, for customer satisfaction, as well as for future intentions to increase production acreage, and even to extend seasonal markets. However, the non-scientific nature of willow production was revealed by wide variations in basic cultural practices and by very limited use of scientific plant names by the growers and frequent inability to accurately identify their selections, as well as the identification of growers' own personal experience as a main source of knowledge. The results of this survey helped researchers to identify a set of questions to improve the understanding of the fundamentals of willow production through the development of precise commercial production practices, standardization of variety names, and stimulation of further development of this crop through market expansion.

The first state-legislated and mandated municipal urban forestry officials in the United States were tree wardens. Massachusetts state law enabled municipalities to appoint tree wardens first in 1896 and mandated their appointment beginning in 1899; five other states passed similar legislation shortly thereafter. These municipal officials have jurisdiction over most, and sometimes all, public trees in the municipality they serve. This study used a structured mail survey to explore ways tree wardens acquire professional information, what modes of learning they prefer, how they interact with their communities, and what urban forestry tasks they do. Results suggest that New England tree wardens acquire information in several ways, including the Internet, yet prefer traditional outreach education tools such as workshops and conferences, especially those that involve more than one speaker, informational handouts, and both indoor and outdoor lectures and exercises. Tree wardens value highly interacting with other tree wardens and depend on peers and colleagues for information and assistance in decision making. They also value other organizations, such as the Cooperative Extension System, state forestry agencies, and state tree warden associations, for information. Results further suggest that public safety is their primary motivation and that they spend most of their time on associated tasks such as risk tree assessment and removal. They recognize the value of tree replacement and certain urban forestry planning practices such as tree risk assessment and inventories. Tree wardens place less importance on municipal shade tree ordinances and shade tree or urban forest committees or commissions. It is recommended that people and organizations responsible for tree warden education conduct activities that bring tree wardens together frequently and combine social and educational activities and emphasize traditional outreach education delivery systems.

Since 1918, Connecticut state law has required the appointment of a tree warden who assumes responsibility for public trees in that municipality. A major, if not the primary, responsibility of municipal government is public safety and yet local government is also charged with protecting and enhancing the economic, social, and environmental well-being of the community. As a result, the tree warden has to balance public safety and conservation. This is only possible when tree wardens are well trained. However, state statutes do not require a tree warden to posses any relevant qualifications or to participate in continuing education. Following a 1991 needs assessment, several educational initiatives were started to increase tree warden knowledge. To increase tree warden participation, two approaches were considered. One was to amend existing state law to mandate training. A second was to encourage participation in educational programs through voluntary certification. The second approach was taken when a Tree Warden School and Tree Warden Certification Program was initiated in 1998. Results from a statewide needs assessment found that tree wardens participated in more continuing education opportunities in 2001 than they did in 1991, with a large percentage becoming Connecticut Certified Tree Wardens.

(Manuscrit recu le 9 juillet 2004, accepte le 27 decembre 2004) RESUME L’article dresse le bilan des etudes presentees lors des journees scientifiques francophones co-organisees le 2-3 octobre 2003 a Sochaux par la SFRP (Societe francaise de radioprotection), la SFPM (Societe francaise de physique medicale) et la FIRAM (Association francophone pour le developpement et l’utilisation des logiciels de simulation d’interaction rayonnement matiere). L’article s’attache tout particulierement a restituer de ces journees internationales, la synthese des tendances actuelles dans le domaine du developpement et de l’utilisation des codes de calculs en radioprotection, en radiophysique et en dosimetrie.

The development of a hand-held /spl gamma/ imaging probe for inside body localization of small tumors is of first interest for radio-guided operative cancer surgery. In that context, we have developed a sub-millimeter spatial resolution, small field of view, /spl gamma/ per-operative compact imager (POCI). It consists of a head module composed of a high resolution tungsten collimator and a YAP:Ce crystal plate, optically coupled to an intensified position sensitive diode (HSD). We report here the essential imaging performance characteristics of the POCI camera (spatial resolution, position linearity, efficiency and energy response). These were obtained by studying the influence of the collimator and the crystal design to evaluate the optimal configuration. The present version of POCI has a 24 mm diameter usable field of view and an intrinsic spatial resolution of 0.9 mm to 1.2 mm FWHM at 120 keV. These good detection performance characteristics combined with the small size of the camera make the device well suited to provide intra-operative monitoring in several medical procedures, such as thyroid and breast tumor removal.

The authors have developed a multi-functional portable /spl gamma/-radio-imager (RITM) based on a position sensitive photo-multiplier tube (PSPMT) in order to evaluate the potential of such a mini /spl gamma/-camera concept in radio-pharmacology and nuclear medicine. The authors report here an evaluation of their RITM device for bone surgery. It concerns localization of the Osteoid Osteoma (benign bone tumor) performed in the theater block before skin incision and during the surgical lesion extraction. In the over 13 cases the authors studied, the diagnosis furnished by RITM was always confirmed by post-operation anatomopathological analysis. This shows how RITM can be used as an additional indicator to monitor the operation. Following RITM experience, the authors are developing a new small field of view /spl gamma/-per-operative compact imager (POCI) with submillimeter spatial resolution performance. It consists of a high resolution collimator and a YAP:Ce crystal assembly coupled to an intensified position sensitive diode (IPSD). This hand-held imaging probe is first dedicated to intra-operative monitoring for thyroid tumor and neuroblastoma removal. Characteristics of the POCI device and preliminary results are briefly presented.

Airport employees are vital to the operation of an airport. They staff the airport on a daily basis from well before the first flight operation until after the last flight operation, which at many airports is 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Airport employees generate a significant number of vehicle trips to and from the airport each day, which impacts air quality, airport traffic conditions, and traffic in the communities surrounding the airport and on the freeway system. The purpose of this report was to determine what is known about airport employee commute patterns and commute modes, what programs are being offered to airport employees by the airport operator or a transportation management association (TMA) to provide them with alternatives to the drive alone commute to work, how progress is being monitored, what is known about the effectiveness of airport employee commute options (ECO) programs, what the challenges are for the providers of such programs, and to research some ECO programs offered by non-airport employers for program elements that may have applicability in the airport environment. This report was accomplished through a literature search of airport employee commute programs, commute programs offered by non-airport employers that may have applicability in the airport environment, and through interviews with four U.S. and one U.K. airport operators (of 16 airports and 3 TMAs identified, 84% interviewed) that offer comprehensive airport ECO programs. Each of the five case studies provides an example of how ECO strategies are applied in the airport environment.

A classification of known marine phytoplanktonic organisms is presented. The list is arranged according to class, family and genus, and represents an updated review of extant genera included in the Atlas du Phytoplancton Marin. Nomenclature follows the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the full authority citations are given at each taxonomic level. Intended for taxonomists, teachers and researchers, explanatory notes and references to previously published taxonomic studies are provided where necessary.

The development of conformal radiotherapy techniques (CRT) and intensity modulated CRT requires an accurate delineation of target structures and organs at risk. Thus, additional information provided by anatomical and/or functional imaging modalities can be used for volume of interest determination combined with traditionally used Computed Tomography imaging (CT): for instance, functional or morphological Magnetic Resonance Imaging (f MRI or m MRI) or Positron Emission Tomography (PET). A prerequisite to the simultaneous use of this information is image registration. Due to the differences between the images and the information they provide, a quality control of image registration process for radiotherapy is mandatory. The purpose of this article is to present the difficulties in implementing such controls and to show the necessity for a clinical validation on patient's images. The last part of this work presents the possible interest in using f MRI to help radio-oncologists in the treatment planning for gliomas associated to image coregistration and quality control considerations.

Therapeutic ultrasound is an effective deep heating modality commonly applied alone or after cooling or heating of the treatment area. The purpose of this study was to examine the tissue temperature rise in the human triceps surae muscle group after ultrasound with prior heating via a silicate gel hot pack.This study was designed as a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial with repeated measures on two factors (depth and time). Independent variables were temperature of pack (hot and room temperature), depth of measurement (1 cm and 3 cm), and time (beginning, after pack application, and after ultrasound). The dependent variable was tissue temperature. Subjects were assigned to one of two treatment groups: ultrasound preceded by a 15-minute hot pack treatment or ultrasound preceded by a 15-minute application with a silicate gel pack at room temperature. Measurements were taken while subjects were treated in a university training room.Twenty-one uninjured male and female college student volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the two pack groups.The hot packs were stored in 75 degrees C water. A 1-MHz ultrasound treatment was administered for 10 minutes at an intensity of 1.5 W/cm(2). Tissue temperature was measured every 30 seconds using 23-gauge hypodermic microprobes interfaced with a telethermometer and inserted 1 and 3 cm below the surface of anesthetized triceps surae muscle.At both tissue depths, there was a 0.8 degrees C greater increase in tissue temperature with hot packs and ultrasound. At 1 cm, ultrasound increased temperature 3.5 degrees C after a 0.5 degrees C rise during the room temperature-pack application, but only 0.6 degrees C after a 3.8 degrees C increase during hot-pack application. At 3 cm, ultrasound increased temperature 3.85 degrees C following a slight (-0.26 degrees C) decrease during the room temperature-pack application and 3.68 degrees C after a 0.74 degrees C increase during hot-pack application.Vigorous increases in deep muscle temperature (/=4 degrees C) can be reached with 2 to 3 minutes less total sonation time when preheated with a hot pack. Thus, ultrasound and hot packs have an additive effect on intramuscular temperature, but the characteristics of the additive effect are different, primarily because there appears to be a tissue temperature plateau.

Urban forestry is generally defined as the art, science and technology of managing trees and forest resources in and around urban community ecosystems for the physiological, sociological, economic, and aesthetic benefits trees provide society. First mentioned in the United States as early as in 1894, the concept underwent a revival during the 1960s as a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to the specific challenges related to growing trees in urban environments. Later, urban forestry evoked the interest of scientists and practitioners in other parts of the world. However, harmonization of urban forestry terminology has been complicated by, for example, the involvement of different disciplines and translation difficulties. In many European languages, for example, the direct translation of ‘urban forestry’ relates more to forest ecosystems than to street and park trees. Efforts in North America and Europe defining ‘urban forest’, ‘urban forestry’ and related terms are introduced. A comparative analysis of selected urban forestry terminology in both parts of the world shows that urban forestry has a longer history in North America, based on traditions of shade tree management. Moreover, urban forestry has become more institutionalized in North America. Urban forestry in Europe has built strongly on a century-long tradition of ‘town forestry’. In both parts of the world, definitions of urban forestry and urban forest have become more comprehensive, including all tree stands and individual trees in and around urban areas. Agreement also exists on the multifunctional and multidisciplinary character of urban forestry. These similarities offer opportunities for international harmonization of terminology.

We have developed new DNA extraction and purification procedures for investigation of mycorrhized seedlings and canned truffles. Use of these procedures on approximately 100 mg initial material enabled good sample representation. For mycorrhized seedlings, Taq polymerase inhibitors were discarded irrespective of tree species. In routine analysis we systematically used consensus primers ITS1/ITS4 to check the absence of Taq polymerase inhibitors and the presence of fungus DNA. Positive response with ITS validates other positive or negative PCR results. Absence of amplification with ITS prevents validation of other results. For canned truffles, DNA harvested from ascocarps sterilized for one and a half hours at 115 degrees C was amplified with specific primers. We have developed consensus primers, named R12/F12, to check for the presence of amplifiable fungus DNA and the absence of Taq polymerase inhibitors. Here also, positive response with consensus R12/F12 validates other positive or negative PCR results. We have developed one primer pair specific for T. brumale and another specific for T. melanosporum. We can then characterize these two taxa, which enables the use of "truffle or truffled" French designations. We can also characterize T. indicum, the Asiatic black truffle that might fraudulently be sold as T. melanosporum and T. brumale. These three specific primer pairs were used independently of DNA extraction from tree seedlings or canned truffles. Our process is specific, sensitive, convenient, and quick.

Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive cutaneous neoplasm with a high propensity for nodal metastases. Regional lymph node involvement develops in 45 to 65 p. 100 of patients. We evaluated in Merkel cell carcinoma the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy which allows the identification of occult nodal metastases.Eleven patients diagnosed with Merkel cell carcinoma without clinical nodal involvement underwent pre-operative lymphoscintigraphy followed by sentinel lymphadenectomy with histologic analysis. Identification of microscopic nodal metastases led to complete lymph node dissection and adjuvant radiation therapy to the lymph node basin.The sentinel lymph node was successfully identified in 9 patients. Two patients demonstrated metastatic disease in their sentinel lymph nodes. At subsequent complete node dissection, one of two patients had an additional metastatic lymph node. None of the eleven patients experienced recurrent disease at a follow-up varying from 1 to 42 months. One patient with a negative sentinel lymph node experienced lymphoedema.Our results are consistent with the 14 published studies which totalled 93 patients with Merkel cell carcinoma and identified 29 patients (30 p. 100) with nodal involvement. Metastatic disease was identified only after immunohistochemical analysis in 20 p. 100 of these patients (n=6). Lymph node involvement appears to be a bad prognostic factor with 29.6 p. 100 of disease recurrence, as opposed to 3 p. 100 in patients with an uninvolved sentinel lymph node. Although the prognostic significance of this technique seems interesting, there is no optimal therapeutic approach to sentinel lymph node involvement.

Canned truffle products labeled Tuber melanosporum, the famous Perigord truffle, may contain other less tasty and cheaper truffle species. To protect consumers from fraud, a PCR DNA-based method was used to unequivocally identify the nature of the product. Several rapid and simple cell lysis procedures, used in conjunction with a commercially available DNA purification kit, were evaluated for their effectiveness in recovering DNA from canned truffle. In parallel, a marker for T. melanosporum was tested on the mitochondrial rDNA. These two techniques were then combined to differentiate T. melanosporum from other truffle species like T. aestivum, T. brumale or T. indicum up to the legal threshold in canned products. These findings not only allow a comparison of the effectiveness of the different DNA extraction methods but also provide a preliminary indication of the specificity and sensitivity of the detection with the mitochondrial marker that might be attainable for truffle species in a quantitative PCR-based analysis method.

We have developed a multi-functional portable /spl gamma/ radio-imager (RITM) based on a position sensitive photo-multiplier tube (PSPMT) in order to evaluate the potential of such miniature /spl gamma/ camera concept in radio-pharmacology and nuclear medicine. We report here an evaluation of our RITM device for cancer surgery. It concerns localization of the osteoid osteoma (bone benign tumor) performed in theater block before skin incision and during the surgical lesion extraction. Over 13 cases we studied, the diagnosis furnished by RITM was always confirmed by postoperation anatomo-pathological analysis. This shows how RITM can be used as an additional indicator to monitor the operation. Following this first experience, we are developing a new small field of view /spl gamma/ per operative compact imager (POCI) performing a sub-millimeter spatial resolution. It consists of a high resolution collimator and a YAP:Ce crystal assembly coupled to an intensified position sensitive diode (IPSD). This hand held imaging probe is first dedicated to intra-operative monitoring for thyroid and neuroblastoma tumor removal. Characteristics of the POCI device and preliminary results are presented.

Summary form only received as follows: Intra-operative gamma imagers developed for small tumor localizations are of first interest for radio guided operative cancer surgery. In this context, the authors previously developed and evaluated a compact high resolution gamma imager POCI (Per Operative Compact Imager). This evaluation prototype has a 24 mm diameter field of view. The successful clinical evaluation of this device in theater block (sentinel node protocol for melanoma and breast cancers staging) led the authors to start the development a second prototype. Essentially, this device offers a larger sensitive area by coupling a 60 mm diameter head module (which associates crystal plate and a high resolution collimator) to a 40 mm diameter intensified position sensitive diode (IPSD). It has been designed in order to improve compactness and exploration efficiency during surgery. Measurements of basic detection parameters such as detection efficiency, spatial resolution, position linearity are reported. Characterization with phantoms are also presented and discussed.

Summary form only received as follows: The main application of radio-guided surgery concerns sentinel node detection for breast and melanoma cancer staging. In that context, when used as complementary tools of gamma probes, compact cameras are very attractive to provide more efficient node localization. The authors report on Monte Carlo simulations designed to compare performances of a standard commercially available counter to those of the POCl compact gamma camera they developed. A 3-D phantom patient with 8 mm diameter node embedded in a scattering medium (including background activity from the injection site) were generated for various node-to-tumor distances and activity ratios. Other parameters considered included detector energy resolution and acquisition time. Detection performances were compared in terms of contrast and statistical fluctuations. Simulations demonstrate that compact cameras have significant advantages over counters when sentinel node is placed close to the injection site. For a 1/100 activity ratio, the minimum node-to-tumor distance required to identify the node is 11.5 and 1 cm for the probe and the camera respectively. In order to evaluate experimentally the interest of intra-operative imaging, eight patients included in sentinel node protocol have been also investigated with POCl. Clinical results show the reliability of the camera which ensures localization of sentinel node in all patients.

The Navy's next generation unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV) missions include (1) long-range intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (2) tactical oceanography and (3) antisubmarine warfare. To support the vision to perform these missions with unmanned platforms, significant increases in the levels of system autonomy and on-board autonomous processing are required. The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), Division Newport and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory have teamed to perform research and development in the area of autonomy and autonomous processing necessary to support next-generation UUV missions. The paper outlines the autonomy requirements of these missions with respect to the capabilities of UUVs that are fielded or currently under development. The approach taken to develop the autonomous processing capabilities required of these missions is outlined. The paper also discusses the progress that has been made in the development of the Navy's next generation autonomous, unmanned undersea vehicle testbed, the Manta Test Vehicle (MTV), The MTV is a non-traditionally shaped UUW that is being designed and fabricated by NUWC. The vehicle has the dimensions of 34 ft/spl times/16 ft/spl times/8 ft which allows significant payload capability for sensing elements and related processing equipment. MTV was conceived to help push the envelope on what could be achieved in an unmanned system and will serve as the testbed for Intelligent Autonomy R&D.

Although authorized for the French market, the Asiatic black truffle, Tuber indicum, may potentially be sold as T. melanosporum, the ”Perigord black truffle’’, due to difficulties in distinguishing between them by morphological criteria. A molecular method using a DNA extraction kit and specific primers based on the interspecific polymorphism of the internal transcript spacer DNA region has allowed us to amplify T. indicum samples (mycorrhizas, fresh, dried, and frozen ascocarps) and even to detect as little as 1% of Asiatic truffle in a mixture of ground ascocarps or mycorrhizas containing T. melanosporum. Our process is specific, sensitive, convenient and quick, so it could be used for the rapid detection of T. indicum in non-cooked food products and commercialized mycorrhizal seedlings to avoid the ecological damage which would result from its accidental introduction.

MIRDOSE3 software is currently the main tool available in clinical practice to evaluate absorbed dose in nuclear medicine. Because MIRDOSE3 provides dosimetric parameters for specific anatomic models that cannot be modified by the user, it cannot be used to obtain information concerning metastases or to consider patients whose anatomy differs significantly from that of the standard models.To address some of these inconveniences, we developed an original program based on the EGS4 Monte Carlo code, DOSE3D, which calculates dosimetric parameters for anthropomorphic phantoms defined with combinatorial geometry. DOSE3D allows the user to add spheres within the phantom for simulating tumors, to change the shape of one or more organs and, for organs defined by pair, to calculate individual dosimetric parameters for each organ. The program was validated for 131I and 99mTc by calculating S values for the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) adult male phantom and comparing these results with data provided by MIRDOSE3. Moreover, two studies were performed to illustrate DOSE3D features. The first one concerned the evaluation of the individual influence of two bone metastases (located in the pelvis and in the lower spine and containing 131I) on testes in terms of S values compared with the influence on testes of other source organs (kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen, thyroid gland and urinary bladder contents). The second study determined the differences of S values between right and left lungs and right and left kidneys when 131I is contained in the liver.The DOSE3D S values were on average within 20% of the MIRDOSE3 results for both radionuclides. Regarding the bone metastases study, S(testes--metastases) and S(testes--any source organs) were of the same order of magnitude. In the second study, the S values ratio between right and left organs was 7.7 for the lungs and 5.2 for the kidneys.The agreement between DOSE3D and MIRDOSE3 results for most organs shows the validity of DOSE3D. The presented examples of calculation show that DOSE3D could provide additional data to dosimetric parameters given by MIRDOSE3 for a more patient-specific dosimetric approach.

The principal primary endocrine tumors may be visualized scintigraphically by injection of highly specific radiopharmaceuticals. When surgery is indicated, the surgeon may be assisted in difficult cases by a probe detecting the radioactivity concentrated in tumoral tissue. A radiopharmaceutical consists of a vector molecule labeled with a radioactive isotope. Only radioactive emissions with a certain half life and energy are suitable for intraoperative detection; this limits the number of usable radionuclides. In practice, one uses iodine 123 (123I), iodine 125 (125I), and iodine 131 (131I) labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine mIBG or indium 111 (111In) labeled pentetreotide (Octreoscan) or bi-specific anti CEA antibody. During intra-operative detection, the probe is closely positioned to the tumor-tissue which is surrounded by radioactive background activity due to the non-specific binding in adjacent organs. In order to work with probes that are easily handled, and sensitive at the same time, one can opt for technology which uses either diodes or scintillating crystals. These probes can be used at room temperature and their choice depends upon the energy to be detected. Interesting results begin to be published concerning pheocyromocytomas, differentiated thyroid carcinomas, gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors and medullary thyroid carcinoma, especially for reintervention when conventional imaging modalities fail to localize tumors.

The toxic effects of the phenylurea herbicide Isoproturon were studied on the colonization of periphytic diatom communities, within indoor microcosms consisting of a mixed biotope and two biological species-rooted macrophyte cuttings. The periphyton, essentially composed of diatoms, was collected on artificial substrata in the upper layers of the water column, after two periods of exposure. Data treatment based on factorial discriminant analysis enabled us to distinguish the different contamination conditions, with only 11 species from the 130 taxa identified., Les effets toxiques de l'herbicide à base de phénylurée Isoproturon ont été étudiés sur la colonisation de communautés de diatomées périphytiques dans des microcosmes intérieurs consistant en un biotope mixte et deux boutures macrophytes à racines d'espèce biologique. Le périphyton, essentiellement composé de diatomées, a été collecté sur des substrats artificiels dans les couches supérieures de la colonne d'eau après deux périodes d'exposition. Le traitement des données basé sur l'analyse des facteurs discriminants nous a permis de distinguer les différentes conditions de contamination avec uniquement 11 espèces parmi les 130 classes identifiées.

The mother is the principal care-giving partner of the infant and an important source for the development of self-awareness and self-esteem. The importance of the early relational experiences of the nursing infant with its mother has been widely emphasized by the psychoanalytical approach. Through this special interaction with the parent, the infant gradually internalized images leading to the individuated self and to self-love. The purpose of this paper is to present succinctly some of the broad theoretical positions regarding the forming of the self in the nursing infant, first within the "classical" psychoanalytical current, then under the impact of more recent research in experimental psychology which have given rise to new syntheses. Empirically, the capacity for self-recognition may be observed during early childhood by means of a child's reactions in front of the mirror; therefore, the work dealing with this phenomenon will be discussed briefly.

We describe a biodistribution study using a radiolabelled anti-tumor murine monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 in XF-8 in 6 patients with colorectal carcinoma. One patient had an isolated rectal carcinoma. Five patients had hepatic metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. Among them three had also the primary colorectal carcinoma. Double-label method using simultaneous injection of 131-Iodine monoclonal antibody XF-8 F(ab')2 and 125-Iodine control monoclonal antibody was performed to evaluate the specificity of monoclonal antibody localization in the tumor. Each patient received 4-8 mCi of 131-I XF-8 F(ab')2 infused at doses 0.5-5 mg. Simultaneously 200 microCi of 125-I non relevant antibody were infused. Before each administration, immunoreactivity of antibodies preparations was checked before labelling by immunohistological methods and, after labelling, by cell-binding tests. In biodistribution studies, patients were scanned with a scintillation camera each day since the infusing day to the surgery day (3-6 days). To study specificity of XF-8 F(ab')2 antibody localization we measured by means of scintillation counting in tumors and normal tissues recovered after surgery. In vitro immunoreactivity of monoclonal antibody batches was safe. All our data in vivo are negative but correlated. We concluded that criteria for screening the monoclonal antibodies considered for detection of human tumors are not really known.