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Linear increase in crystallite size (16–24 nm) of MnxZn1−xFe2O4 nanostructures and mixed behavior of lattice constant (8.429–8.462 Å) is reported. The system exhibits considerable promise for microwave applications due to its elevated dielectric constants and minimal dispersion losses from 20 Hz to 20 MHz. With x = 0.75, sample is good for energy storage devices like supercapacitors due to large specific surface area (53 m2/g) and dielectric constant. These samples exhibit maximum relaxation times ranging from 1.97 × 10−7 s to 2.43 × 10−4 s, with corresponding relaxation energy values spanning from 159.22 meV to 341 meV for x = 0 and x = 1 samples. The Cole-Cole plots reveal that grains exhibit conductive behavior at lower frequencies, while grain boundaries contribute significantly to the resistive behavior. Additionally, we have introduced Bode diagrams and equivalent electronic circuit models for the first time, offering valuable insights into the electrical behavior of the nanomaterial samples.

Abstract The entropy generation analysis for the nanofluid flowing over a stretching/shrinking curved region is performed in the existence of the cross-diffusion effect. The surface is also subjected to second-order velocity slip under the effect of mixed convection. The Joule heating that contributes significantly to the heat transfer properties of nanofluid is incorporated along with the heat source/sink. Furthermore, the flow is assumed to be governed by an exterior magnetic field that aids in gaining control over the flow speed. With these frameworks, the mathematical model that describes the flow with such characteristics and assumptions is framed using partial differential equations (PDEs). The bvp4c solver is used to numerically solve the system of non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that are created from these equations. The solutions of obtained through this technique are verified with the available articles and the comparison is tabulated. Meanwhile, the interpretation of the results of this study is delivered through graphs. The findings showed that the Bejan number was decreased by increasing Brinkman number values whereas it enhanced the entropy generation. Also, as the curvature parameter goes higher, the speed of the nanofluid flow diminishes. Furthermore, the increase in the Soret and Dufour effects have enhanced the thermal conduction and the mass transfer of the nanofluid.

The current flow model is prepared to explore the characteristics of heat and mass transfer through a time-dependent bio-convection slip flow of viscous nanofluid moving over a porous radiative stretched surface model. The outset of bio-thermal convection in a suspension comprising gyrotactic microorganisms and nanoparticles is considered along with radiation and velocity slip. The presence of these nanoparticles and their motion within the nanofluid gives rise to thermophoresis as well as the Brownian motion phenomena and the consideration of these aspects in the model gives realistic results. Moreover, the present model includes the collective influence of the aligned magnetic field, heat source, and mass suction on the boundary. The similarity analysis has been carried out to transform the basic model equations into nonlinear dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which are solved numerically using the bvp4c technique in MATLAB. Some reasonable values have been assigned to the flow parameters based on the above different conditions which provide various graphical results. Certain finding states that velocity and temperature respectively decrease and increase as the aligned magnetic field angle is scaled up, whereas the nano particles concentration strengthens with the amplifying values of convection diffusion and thermophoresis parameter and slumps with the rising values of Brownian motion parameter and Schmidt number respectively. Moreover, the concentration of microorganism and nano particles diminishes with the rising values of Schmidt number, as well as the improvement of convection diffusion parameter and Schmidt number magnifies the Sherwood number. The local density of motile microorganisms reduces with the improvement of stretching parameter and bio-convection Schmidt respectively. The obtained results have been validated by comparing them with the published literature.

Abstract The primary goal of this article is to explore the radiative stagnation point flow of nanofluid with cross-diffusion and entropy generation across a permeable curved surface. Moreover, the activation energy, Joule heating, slip condition, and viscous dissipation effects have been considered in order to achieve realistic results. The governing equations associated with the modeling of this research have been transformed into ordinary differential equations by utilizing appropriate transformation variable. The resulting system of equations was solved numerically by using Bvp4c built-in package in MATLAB. The impact of involved parameters have been graphically examined for the diverse features of velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. Throughout the analysis, the volume fraction is assumed to be less than $$5\%$$ 5 % while the Prandtl number is set to be $$6$$ 6 . In addition, the entropy generation, friction drag, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers have been plotted for describing the diverse physical aspects of the underlying phenomena. The major outcomes reveal that the curvature parameter reduces the velocity profile and skin friction coefficient whereas the magnetic parameter, temperature difference parameter, and radiation parameter intensify the entropy generation.

Abstract The important feature of the current work is to consider the pressure variation, heat transport, and friction drag in the hydromagnetic radiative two-dimensional flow of a hybrid nanofluid depending on the viscous dissipation and Joule heating across a curved surface. The curved surface has been considered with the binary heating process called as prescribed heat flux and surface temperature. The basic partial differential equation (PDEs) has been converted into the non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by applying some specified dimensionless transformations. The bvp4c built-in package in MATLAB has been considered to find the numerical solution of the consequential equations. The graphical results have been plotted in terms of pressure, friction drag, velocity, temperature, and heat transport. Several important results have also been plotted for the plan level surface $$($$ ( The condition of $$K\to \infty )$$ K → ∞ ) . It is found that the heat transport rate respectively reduces and enhances with the enhancement of radiation parameter and Hartmann number as well as the friction drag is enhancing with the high-volume fraction of nanoparticles and Hartmann number. Moreover, enhancing curvature parameter, enhances the friction drag and declines the heat transport rate. The current work renders uncountable applications in several engineering and industrial systems like electronic bulbs, electric ovens, geysers, soil pollution, electric kettle, fibrous insulation, etc. Moreover, the heating as well as the cooling systems of electrical, digital, and industrial instruments, are controlled by the heat transport in fluids. Thus, it is important to use such flows in these types of instruments.

In the present study, we develop a fractional Zika virus model with mutation, which causes new birth problems in infected pregnant women and further spread in society. As a consequence, we apply this notion to the fractional dynamics of the Zika virus. We also use fractional derivatives to gain a better understanding of biological processes and their crossover behavior. The model simulation is based on realColombia data. Mathematical modeling of an infectious disease helps out us in predicting the future spread. Recently, many mathematical models describe the dynamics of infectious disease based on classical integer-order and non-integer order models. Therefore, we study the dynamics of the Zika virus based on non-integer order derivatives for better understanding seen and deeper insight into several biological models. We also describe the different properties of the model like the positivity of the model solution, equilibrium points, and invariant property of the proposed model. The reproduction number is computed with the next-generation technique. The parameters are estimated from confirmed infected cases in Colombia for the year 2016 seems that the model is appropriate for this data set. Moreover, the sensitivity of R0 on the parameters calculated by the direct differentiation approach. The local and global stability analysis at disease-free and endemic states are investigated. The numerical approach generalized predictor–corrector is implemented for the validation of theoretical results and analyzing the effects of sensitive factors that might be helpful in reducing the infection. From graphical results, it is observed that the fractional model gives more insight and a better understanding of disease dynamics. These findings assist us in controlling the virus through contact precautions and recommended therapy, as well as projecting its future spread.

An unsteady Casson nanofluid with a stagnation point is considered along a radiated stretching surface depending on the heat source and convective condition. Moreover, the influence of magnetic field and the wall suction is considered with the slip condition. In view of these assumptions, a system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs), have been formulated which are primarily converted to the dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The MATLAB function bvp4c has been used to solve the resulting system of the ODEs. The resulting solutions have been determined as expressed by the velocity, friction drag, concentration, temperature, mass transfer and heat transfer of the nanofluids which are obtained under the influence of associated flow parameters. It is observed that the Sherwood number and the fluid concentration respectively enhances and decreases for the escalating values of the Brownian motion parameter and the Schmidt number although a reverse of these cases have been observed for the escalation of Thermophoresis parameter. In the same way, the skin friction coefficient enhances for the escalation of Casson parameter, suction parameter, and the Hartmann number whereas the rate of heat transfer declines for the growing values of Eckert number and enhances for the higher values of suction and thermal radiation. Additionally, the fluid temperature is boosting for the growing values of Biot number, Eckert number and heat generation parameter, whereas the velocity is diminishing for the growing values of Casson parameter and unsteadiness parameter though it is boosting for the growing values of suction parameter.

The advancement in the thermal engineering presented the idea of nanomaterials with stable thermal consequences and performances. The importance of hybrid nanomaterials attributes importance in solar energy production, electronics devices, heating systems, mechanical processes etc. The hybrid model is classified as a distinct thermal phenomenon with different tiny particles. The thermal evaluation of hybrid nanofluid containing four types of nanoparticles subject to the non-uniform heat source/sink and inclined magnetic field for two-dimensional unsteady flow due to permeable stretched surface has been numerically investigated. Four different types of nanoparticles, copper, titanium dioxide, silver and aluminum oxide have been considered with water base fluid. With the help of similarity transformation, we convert the governing partial differential equation into the ordinary differential equation. To solve these similarity equations a numerical technique known as Keller box method is used. The results are shown graphically and in tabular form. For special cases, comparison of numerical results to the previous results is presented with excellent agreement. The physical onset of parameters due to fluctuated heat transfer rate, wall shear force and Nusselt number is observed. It is observed that change in magnetic field inclination angle declines the velocity profile. The temperature profile can be effectively controlled with interaction of titanium oxide nanoparticles. The presence of heat source enhanced the nanoparticles temperature more effectively.

One of the attractive and practical techniques to transform the domain integrals to equivalent boundary integrals is the dual reciprocity method (DRM). The success of DRM relies on the proper treatment of the non-homogeneous term in the governing differential equation. For this purpose, radial basis functions (RBFs) interpolations are performed to approximate the non-homogeneous term accurately. Moreover, when the interpolation points are large, the global RBFs produced dense and ill-conditioned interpolation matrix, which poses severe stability and computational issues. Fortunately, there exist interpolation functions with local support known as compactly supported radial basis functions (CSRBFs). These functions produce a sparse and well-conditioned interpolation matrix, especially for large-scale problems. Therefore, this paper aims to apply DRM based on multiquadrics (MQ) RBFs and CSRBFs for evaluation of the Poisson equation, especially for large-scale problems. Furthermore, the convergence analysis of DRM with MQ and CSRBFs is performed, along with error estimate and stability analysis. Several experiments are performed to ensure the well-conditioned, efficient, and accurate behavior of the CSRBFs compared to the MQ-RBFs, especially for large-scale interpolation points.

The objective of this research is to evaluate the heat and mass transfer in a water-based Darcy–Forchheimer hybrid nanofluid (HNF) flow across an expanding cylinder. The fluid flow has been studied under the influence of a magnetic field, viscous dissipation, heat source, thermal radiation, concentration stratification, and chemical reaction. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and iron ferrite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) are added to the water, for the purpose of synthesizing the HNF. The fluid flow has been induced in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms and the non-Fick’s model. Microorganisms are used to stabilize scattered nanoparticles through the hybrid nanofluid. The phenomena have been modeled in the form of a nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs). The modeled equations are reduced to a dimensionless system of ODEs by using similarity substitution. The numerical solution of the derived sets of nonlinear differential equations is obtained by using the parametric continuation method. The impact of physical constraints on temperature, velocity, concentration, and microorganism profiles is presented through figures and tables. It has been observed that the heat and mass transport rates increase with the rising effect of the curvature parameter, while declining with the effect of the thermal stratification parameter.

Background: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are predominant cause of gastrointestinal tract illnesses. The main objective of the study was to determine antibiotic resistance in various types of DEC isolated from chicken broilers farmed in Pakistan. Methods: A total of 200 feces and 200 meat samples from broiler chickens were collected from the slaughtering shops in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The confirmed fecal (n=150) and meat (n=150) E. coli isolates were investigated against 16 antibiotics. Fourteen virulence genes specific for Enteropathogenic (EPEC), Shiga Toxin-producing (STEC), Enteroinvasive (EIEC), Enteroaggregative (EAEC), and Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) E. coli were identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: EPEC was the most detected pathotype in both feces (76%) and meat (90%) samples, followed by STEC, EIEC, and ETEC. The highest resistance (40-90%) was observed against penicillin, oxytetracycline, and nalidixic acid in fecal isolates. More than 50% EPEC and EAEC fecal isolates, and 60% EAEC meat isolates were simultaneously resistant to 6 or more antibiotics. Conclusion: Conclusively, the broiler meat sold in open markets of Pakistan was considerably contaminated with multi-drug resistant DEC. To mitigate the issue, the government should regulate the use of antibiotics at poultry farms and monitor slaughtering practices in slaughterer houses. DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.8.2.6472

Abstract The key purpose of the existing article is to discuss the effects of various hybrid nanofluids and a simple nanofluid over the heat transfer and friction drags along a stretched surface. The various kinds of hybrid nanofluids and a simple nanofluid together with the effects of aligned magnetic field, nonlinear radiation and suction have been taken into consideration. These hybrid nanofluids are prepared by suspending a couple of distinct nanoparticles $$Cu$$ Cu and $$A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}$$ A l 2 O 3 into the base fluids $${H}_{2}O$$ H 2 O and $${C}_{2}{H}_{6}{O}_{2}$$ C 2 H 6 O 2 . The comparison of various graphical results of skin friction coefficient, rate of heat transfer, velocity and temperature for two different hybrid nanofluids $$Cu{-}A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}$$ C u - A l 2 O 3 / $${H}_{2}O$$ H 2 O , $$Cu{-}A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}$$ C u - A l 2 O 3 / $${H}_{2}O{-}{C}_{2}{H}_{6}{O}_{2}$$ H 2 O - C 2 H 6 O 2 and a simple nanofluid $$A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}$$ A l 2 O 3 / $${H}_{2}O$$ H 2 O is considered. Moreover, the impact of surface stretching, aligned magnetic field and thermal radiation over the velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are also considered. The outcomes drawn from this modern research is that the hybrid nanofluid $$Cu{-}A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}$$ C u - A l 2 O 3 / $${H}_{2}O{-}{C}_{2}{H}_{6}{O}_{2}$$ H 2 O - C 2 H 6 O 2 is quite effective in cooling and heating in comparison to the other hybrid nanofluids $$Cu{-}A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}$$ C u - A l 2 O 3 / $${H}_{2}O$$ H 2 O , $$Cu{-}A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}$$ C u - A l 2 O 3 / $${C}_{2}{H}_{6}{O}_{2}$$ C 2 H 6 O 2 and a simple nanofluid $$A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}/{H}_{2}O$$ A l 2 O 3 / H 2 O . Based on these findings we could say that the suspension of multiple particles in the composition of two or more base fluids provides a better rate of heat transfer and limits the friction drag.

Due to excessive use of antibiotics, resistance against microorganisms is developed. An alternative use of antibiotics, natural remedies from plants have been used against infectious diseases. In the current study, bioactive compounds from Calotropis procera (C. procera) root were extracted and chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (CS-PVA) were used asa carriers and for the delivery to treat induced infection. Different concentration of C. procera extracts (25–75 mg/mL) were loaded on CS-PVA membrane and applied on the induced wounds in rabbits. Wound reduction was recorded for 12 days. On 6th day, small tissue from healing area were collected and subject to histopathology for tissue regeneration. The antioxidant activity (DPPH, TPC and TFC) was also investigated of CS-PVA loaded C. procera root extract. The DPPH free radical inhibition for 75 mg/mL were recorded up to 66.37%. The TPC and TFC contents were recorded to be 36.52 ± 5.12 GAE mg/g of DW (dry weight) and 24.49 ± 6.27 CE mg/g of DW (dry weight), respectively. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to control (Rifampicin). The zones of inhibition were recorded to be 18.50 ± 2.30 and 20.40 ± 4.20, respectively for CS-PVA membrane loaded with 75 mg extracts along with Rifampicin 28.50 ± 2.5 and 30.50 ± 1.38. The CS-PVA membranes were also studied for swelling and biodegradability. The biodegradability was increased, while swelling was decreased of CS-PVA membranes loaded with extract. The bioactive compounds from the CS-PVA loaded with extract released in controlled and sustainable way. Result revealed that CS-PVA loaded C. procera root extract has promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and could possibly be employed for the treatment of infectious diseases.

The primary goal of this work seems to be to investigate the numerical results of the steady 2-D MHD stagnation point flow of an incompressible nanofluid along a stretching cylinder. This paper also investigates the effects of radiation and convective boundary conditions. Brownian motion and thermophoresis are included into the nanofluid model. Similarity transformations are used to modify the obtained momentum, energy, and nanoparticle volume fraction equations. The distributions of velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle fractions are all numerically computed using bvp5c inbuilt MATLAB tool. The diagrammatic representation of the effect of physical important flow fields on velocity, temperature, species concentration, heat transfer coefficient rates, and nanoparticle fraction. In this study as Bi and Nr increases the result in temperature profile and volume fraction of nanoparticles rises and the rate of heat transfer diminishes as Nb & Nt values enhances.

Purpose: The Extensively Drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella isolates exhibiting resistance to the first line and the second-line antibiotic options are presently a grave public health concern in Pakistan. Here, we report the first large-scale emergence and spread of an XDR S. Typhi in Peshawar, Pakistan during Coronavirus disease (CoVID-19) pandemic. Initially XDR typhoid cases were reported during post rainy season but now the disease has become endemic during winter months. Methods & Materials: From December 2020 till January 2021, we reported the high level of emerging resistance to different groups of antibiotics among Salmonella isolates from paediatric age group with enteric fever. A total of 548 blood cultures from symptomatic patients were submitted to Microbiology section of Pathology Laboratory, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar. All samples were incubated in BACTEC 9240 and processed according to standard guidelines (sub-cultured on Blood and MacConkey's agar and non-lactose fermenting colonies were biochemically tested for Salmonella typhi and confirmed by Salmonella specific anti-sera. Demographic data including age, gender, address and clinical features were also recorded. Results: Salmonella Typhi was isolated in 71 and 548 blood samples during December 2020 and January 2021, out of which 66 (92.9%) and 5% (7%) were MDR, respectively. All isolates revealed high level of resistance to co-trimaxazole (93%) and complete resistance to chloramphenicol (100%), ampicillin (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%), ceftriaxone (100%), cefixime (100%). All XDR typhoid isolates were sensitive to azithromycin and carbapenems. The children under 15 years’ age (88%) has a significantly high prevalence among children as compared to adults (p=0.0016), males (76%) were affected more than females (24%). Conclusion: The emergence of XDR S. typhi with high level of resistance is quite alarming. With inadequate treatments options, the present situation calls for immediate effective preventive measures including food and water safety, improved sanitation, public awareness sessions and typhoid vaccination campaigns.

This article explores an unsteady radiative two-dimentional stagnation point flow of a Casson fluid along a stretching and shrinking sheet which is depending on the mixed convection, convective condition, and the slip condition. Additionally, the effect of heat generation and Joule heating is deemed. This study formulates the nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), that are initially transformed into the non-dimensional Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) based on the dimensionless variables. The bvp4c function in MATLAB has been employed to find the dual solutions for the dimensionless ODEs. These solutions have been determined with regards to the fluid velocity, skin friction coefficient, temperature, and the local Nusselt number which have been found under the influence of the related fluid parameters. It has been found that the friction drags respectively enhances and declines in the stable and unstable flows caused by rising values of Casson parameter, mixed convection, and slip parameter. The heat transfer rate respectively improves with the improvement of radiation, Biot number and Prandtl number although it declines with the improvement of heat generation parameter. According to our deep knowledge, the outcomes of the existing effort are innovative and had not been previously evaluated by someone. Our work can produce a paradigm considering forthcoming analyses of non-Newtonian fluids.

This article investigates the flow properties of two-dimensional steady incompressible Williamson nanofluid moving over a stretched exponential surface with the features of both suction/injections. The coupled boundary conditions introduce the influence of thermophoresis boundary as well as the Brownian motion. The assessment of heat transfer is conducted for the two conditions of prescribed exponential order heat flux (PEHF) and prescribed exponential order surface temperature (PEST). The fundamental laws of heat transfer and motion have been implemented mathematically to model the existing flow situations. The non-dimensional variables have been assigned to put the main equations of the current problem into a dimensionless ordinary differential equation (ODEs). This dimensionless system of nonlinear ODEs has been solved on the basis of Homotopy analysis method (HAM). The results under various flow parameters have been graphically plotted in the form of temperature, velocity, and concentration profiles. The three profiles correspondingly modify for the increase in suction/injection parameter, thermophoresis parameter, and Lewis number both in PEST and PEHF case. Moreover, the escalation in the values of Brownian motion parameter, and the thermophoresis parameter respectively causes to enhance and decline the temperature and concentration profile only in case of PEST whereas a respective drop and development is detected in case of PEHF.

The present study investigates the rate of heat and mass transfer in MHD Williamson nanofluid flow over an exponentially porous stretching surface subject to the heat generation/absorption and mass suction. The analysis has been carried out for the two different conditions of heat transfer stated as prescribed exponential order surface temperature (PEST) and prescribed exponential order heat flux (PEHF). Moreover, an exterior magnetic field is applied with an inclined angle along the stretched surface. Mathematically, the existing flow problem has been configured in accordance with the fundamental laws of motion and heat transfer. The similarity transformations have been used to transform the governing equations into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The numerical solution to the resulting nonlinear ODEs with the associated boundary conditions have been obtained with the utilization of bvp4c package in MATLAB. The behavior of the resulting equations of the problem is checked graphically under the influence of various flow parameters which ensures that the rate of heat transfer decreases with the increase of Brownian motion parameter as well as it increases with the increase of thermophoresis parameter. Moreover, the Sherwood number increases with the rising values of the Prandtl number and Lewis number.

The current work aims to study heat transfer properties within the flow. A newly developed idea regarding hybrid nanofluid is utilized to obtain the desired outcomes. This study focused on hybrid base nano liquid flow past an exponentially stretching rotating surface in the presence of the convective condition. Ethylene glycol-water (50%–50%) mixture is taken as base fluid. Thermophysical properties are discussed. The probe of emerging parameters indicates that hybrid base nanofluid gives a preferable rating as compared to nanofluid. Appropriate choice of composition plays a vital role. Physical characteristics of essential parameters such as Prandtl number, convective parameter, stretching ratio, rotation parameter, and temperature exponent are evaluated. Graphical depiction reveals that the velocity curve decline by increasing rotation parameter for CuO-hybrid base fluid and TiO2 hybrid base fluid. By expanding the values of the stretching ratio the velocity profile p′(η) is decreasing while the velocity curve q′(η) increased for CuO as well as TiO2 hybrid base fluid. Concentration boundary layer thickness growing by enlarging rotation parameters for both types of nanofluid. Moreover, the influence of various parameters on skin friction factor and Nusselt numbers are also evaluated.

The existing article explores the attributes of convection and Joule heating across a magnetohydrodynamics two-dimensional stagnation point flow of a nano liquid depending on the permeable curved stretching/shrinking surface and mass suction. Applying the non-dimensional variables, the basic model of partial differential equations (PDEs) is converted to the dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are solved through the bvp4c method (bult-in function in MATLAB). Multiple graphical results have been examined to observe the effect of diverse flow parameters against temperature, friction drag, velocity and heat transfer. From these results, it has been determined that the temperature profile escalates with the escalation of Hartmann, Eckert and Biot number, nanoparticles concentration and curvature parameter, although the velocity of fluid reduces with escalating values of nanoparticle concentration parameter, curvature parameter, and Hartmann number. It is equally important to indicate that the friction drag reduces with large curvature and rises with greater suction however the rate of heat transfer declines with least value of Eckert number and improves with strong suction, Hartmann, and Biot number.

The two-dimensional unsteady radiative stagnation point flow of a Casson fluid is considered across a permeable stretching surface subject to a non-uniform heat source. Furthermore, the association of wall suction and aligned magnetic field have been examined with the slip velocity. These condition leads to the mathematical model of the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs), which are initially changed to the dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the use of similarity transformations. The MATLAB function bvp4c was used to resolve the subsequent nonlinear ODEs and the solution has been estimated in terms of temperature, friction drag, Nusselt number and velocity of fluid which are determined under the influence of smallest suitable values of the relevant flow parameters. It appears that the friction drag escalates with the strength of suction, Casson parameter and magnetic field, while the Nusselt number decays with the escalation of Eckert number, however it improves with the higher values of the radiation and suction parameter. Additionally, the flow velocity decreases with the rising values of porosity parameter and inclination angle however it enhances with the boosting values of slip parameter. The temperature profile correspondingly enhances with the rising values of radiation parameter, Boit number, and Ecker number.

Agglomeration economies are the external benefits earned from clustering of industries and people in cities. The study assumes unbridled clustering of population in emerging urban agglomerations turning economies into diseconomies. This study empirically investigates the heterogeneous socioeconomic impacts of agglomeration economies in selected cities of Punjab, Pakistan, from 1998 to 2018, using the Pooled Mean Group and the Mean Group techniques of Panel ARDL. Agglomeration economies are determined by population density, number of registered factories, employment size, and housing, in the cities of Punjab. The study designed four indices for socioeconomic conditions using principal component analysis. These include: education-index, healthcare-index, water & sanitation-index, and economic conditions-index. Research findings reveal pressures of high population density, unemployment, and costly housing on educational & healthcare facilities, poor sanitation & waste management, in cities of Punjab, Pakistan. The study suggests that policy makers and urban planners to develop short term and long term policies and development plans for villages and secondary cities to uplift wellbeing of the local population. Nonetheless, cities need to decentralize for sustainable development and management.

Worth of wetland sites lies in their ecological importance. They enhance ecosystem via provision of ecological services like improving water quality, groundwater infiltration, flood risk reduction and biodiversity regulation. Like other parts of the world Pakistan is also facing wetlands degradation. Ecological and economic significance of wetlands was recognized officially in 1971 as Pakistan became signatory of Ramsar wetland convention. Wetlands provide habitat to species of ecological and economic importance. Despite being recognized for international importance, Ramsar figures state that almost half of Pakistan’s wetlands are at moderate or prominent level threat. Wetlands ecosystems are deteriorating at a rapid rate, if uncontrolled this trend may lead to substantial losses. Therefore, management of these resources demands regular monitoring. Present study is dedicated to assessing levels of change overtime in three distinct types of wetlands in Pakistan i.e. Indus delta a coastal wetland, Uchhali complex an inland wetland which are both protected sites while another site Nurri Lagoon which is not sheltered under any category of protected areas. Remotely sensed data has remarkable applications in change detection. Multitemporal Landsat images were used to map changes occurring from 2006 to 2016. Results reveal that wetland area has considerably decreased for all types. Both protected sites have experienced degradation though impact is comparatively lesser than unprotected Nurri lagoon. Significance of protection strategies cannot be denied, it is recommended that mere declaration of a site protected area is not sufficient. It is equally important to control non-point pollutants and ensuring the compliance of conservation strategy.

Landslide is among one of the most important natural hazards that lead to modification of the environment. It is a regular feature of a rapidly growing district Mansehra, Pakistan. This caused extensive loss of life and property in the district located at the foothills of Himalaya. Keeping in view the situation it is concluded that besides structural approaches the non-structural approaches such as hazard and risk assessment maps are effective tools to reduce the intensity of damage. A landslide susceptibility map is base for engineering geologists and geomorphologists. However, it is not easy to produce a reliable susceptibility map due to complex nature of landslides. Since 1980s, several mathematical models have been developed to map landslide susceptibility and hazard. Among various models this paper is discussing the effectiveness of fuzzy logic approach for landslide susceptibility mapping in District Mansehra, Pakistan. The factor maps were modified as landslide susceptibility and fuzzy membership functions were assessed for each class. Likelihood ratios are obtained for each class of contributing factors by considering the expert opinion. The fuzzy operators are applied to generate landslide susceptibility maps. According to this map, 17% of the study area is classified as high susceptibility, 32% as moderate susceptibility, 51% as low susceptibility and areas. From the results it is found that the fuzzy model can integrate effectively with various spatial data for landslide hazard mapping, suggestions in this study are hope to be helpful to improve the applications including interpretation, and integration phases in order to obtain an accurate decision supporting layer.

Due to the rapid increase in human population, the use of energy in daily life is increasing day by day. One solution is to increase the power generation in the same ratio as the human population increase. However, that is usually not possible practically. Thus, in order to use the existing resources of energy efficiently, smart grids play a significant role. They minimize electricity consumption and their resultant cost through demand side management (DSM). Universities and similar organizations consume a significant portion of the total generated energy; therefore, in this work, using DSM, we scheduled different appliances of a university campus to reduce the consumed energy cost and the probable peak to average power ratio. We have proposed two nature-inspired algorithms, namely, the multi-verse optimization (MVO) algorithm and the sine-cosine algorithm (SCA), to solve the energy optimization problem. The proposed schemes are implemented on a university campus load, which is divided into two portions, morning session and evening session. Both sessions contain different shiftable and non-shiftable appliances. After scheduling of shiftable appliances using both MVO and SCA techniques, the simulations showed very useful results in terms of energy cost and peak to average ratio reduction, maintaining the desired threshold level between electricity cost and user waiting time.

Nanomaterials have achieved considerable prominence owing to their numerous applications such as thermal transport, heat exchangers, nuclear reactor cooling, paper production, microelectronics, thermal power plants, and architecture. Because of such thermal applications, the prime objective of the present analysis is to scrutinize the unsteady Darcy–Forchheimer flow of nanoliquid with Lorentz force. Stretching of the surface creates flow motion. Here three different types of nanoparticles, aluminum oxide ( $ \textrm{A}{\textrm{l}_\textrm{2}}{\textrm{O}_\textrm{3}} $ A l 2 O 3 ), copper ( $ \textrm{Cu} $ Cu ), and titanium dioxide ( $ \textrm{Ti}{\textrm{O}_\textrm{2}} $ Ti O 2 ), are used. Furthermore, water ( $ {\textrm{H}_\textrm{2}}\textrm{O} $ H 2 O ) is used as a base fluid. Heat expression is discussed through dissipation, radiation, heat generation, and Joule heating. Physical interpretation of entropy generation is discussed. The nonlinear partial system is reduced to a dimensionless ordinary system by appropriate dimensionless parameters. The resultant system is then solved by a numerical scheme (bvp4c technique). The influences of various involved parameters on entropy rate, velocity profile, and temperature are graphically examined. Drag force and thermal transport rate against flow variable are discussed. A larger Forchheimer number reduces velocity profile. A reverse trend is noted for temperature and velocity against volume fraction variable. An increment in magnetic variable augments entropy rate and temperature.. An improvement in entropy analysis is noted for Reynold number. Thermal transport rate declines for a higher stretching variable. An enhancement in entropy rate and temperature is noticed for radiation variable. An amplification in drag force is observed through volume fraction. An augmentation in magnetic effect leads to decline the thermal transport rate. Comparative studies for different nanoparticles are done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation focuses on the magneto-nanofluid mixed convective boundary-layer flow of nanofluid caused by a vertical permeable plate with nonlinear thermal radiation. Furthermore, heat and mass transfer for water-base fluids influenced by heat generation/absorption and viscous dissipation have been analyzed. The convective boundary condition is also imposed on the vertical sheet. The main aim of the study is to investigate the five different types of nanoparticles, namely, silver $ ({\hbox{Ag}}) $ (Ag) , copper $ ({\hbox{Cu}}) $ (Cu) , alumina $ ({\hbox{A}{\hbox{l}_{\rm 2}}{\hbox{O}_{\rm 3}}})\hbox{,} $ (A l 2 O 3 ) , copper oxide $ ({\hbox{CuO}}) $ (CuO) , and titanium dioxide $ ({\hbox{Ti}{\hbox{O}_{\rm 2}}}) $ (Ti O 2 ) in the base fluid water. Moreover, the governing partial differential equations are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations via Sparrow–Quack–Boerner local nonsimilarity method. Additionally, nonlinear ODEs are successfully tackled by the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method. Physical parameters are examined graphically along with the velocity, temperature, and concentration distribution. Further, the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood numbers are also studied in detail using graphs. The results show that increasing the value of buoyancy parameter and magnetic parameter fluid exhibits more resistance in the fluid, thereby fluid velocity and momentum boundary layer reduce. Moreover, the radiation parameter transmitted more heat from the surface to the fluid; as a result, the fluid temperature is boosted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic objective of this article is to highlight the impact of Joule heating, thermal radiation, and viscous dissipation on heat transfer rate and friction drag in the flow of viscous nanofluid subject to the curved stretching sheet. Moreover, the effects of magnetic field and two-heating process termed as prescribed surface temperature and prescribed heat flux is considered on the surface. The nanofluid is addressed as a mixture of alumina ( $ Al_2O_3 $ A l 2 O 3 ) nanoparticle and ethylene glycol ( $ C_2H_6O_2 $ C 2 H 6 O 2 ) base fluid. Initially, certain dimensionless variables have been addressed to modify the governing partial differential equation (PDEs) and the associated boundary condition into non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs) coupled with boundary conditions. Subsequently, the resulting equations are solved numerically by implementing bvp4c package in MATLAB. Multiple graphical results for heat transfer rate, friction drag, velocity, and temperature are obtained under the influence of several flow parameters like radiation parameter, Eckert number, curvature parameter, stretching parameter, Hartmann number, and volume fraction of nanoparticles. Moreover, several interesting results for the flat surface ( $ K \to \infty $ K → ∞), with prescribed heat flux and surface temperature have been determined. The current radiative and dissipative flow coupled with the Joule heating process have countless applications in various industrial and engineering techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]