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Group-based parent-training (PT) is one of the most common and well-established approaches for strengthening parenting skills and reducing child behavior problems. When offered in school settings, the social connections formed among participants may generate additional benefits for parents, schools, and children. However, to date there has been limited research on the potential benefits or harms associated with social connectedness (SC) in group-based PT. This paper describes the study protocol for an ongoing National Institute of Nursing Research-funded mixed-methods study that aims to examine the extent to which group-based PT, delivered in elementary schools serving families from predominantly low-resource communities, generates SC among parents and if SC is associated with greater (a) reduction in child behavior problems and (b) engagement in their child's education. Using a prospective descriptive design, the study is nested within an ongoing quasi-experimental parent study evaluating the group-based PT intervention, the Chicago Parent Program (CPP) in Baltimore City schools. Challenges for this study include recruitment and retention of parents with constraints caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses multiple methods and informants to understand the potential mechanisms underlying PT group effects and results have the potential to serve as an important foundation for future studies focused on SC, its impacts on parent-child outcomes in low-resource settings, and strategies for strengthening SC in health promotion interventions. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Chicago Parent Program was developed with input from an advisory board of parents. Additionally, the parent study protocol was written and is co-led in partnership with a community organization.

Social isolation has been linked to numerous health risks, including depression and mortality. Parents raising children in low-income and under-resourced communities are at an increased risk for experiencing social isolation and its negative effects. Social connectedness (SC), one's sense of belongingness and connection to other people, or a community, has been linked to reduced social isolation and improved health outcomes in the general population, yet little is known about the impact SC has on parents with low incomes. This integrative review aims to describe the current state of the science surrounding SC in parents with low incomes, summarize how SC is being defined and measured, evaluate the quality of the science, and identify gaps in the literature to guide future research. Five electronic databases were searched, yielding 15 articles for inclusion. Empirical studies meeting the following criteria were included: population focused on parents who have low incomes or live in low-income communities and have dependent children, outcomes were parent-centered, SC was a study variable or a qualitative finding, and publication date was before March 2021. Findings emphasize SC as a promising construct that may be protective in the health and well-being of parents and children living in low-income communities. However, a lack of consensus on definitions and measures of SC makes it difficult to build a strong science base for understanding these potential benefits. Future research should focus on understanding the mechanisms by which SC works to benefit parents and their children.

Background There is a well-documented gap between the need for and availability of mental health services for children nationwide. To address this gap, over 30 regional Child Psychiatry Access Programs (CPAPs) provide psychiatric consultation and other services to primary care providers. Objectives Summarize the methods used to evaluate CPAPs in the U.S. Data Sources PubMed, PsychInfo, CINAHL, and reference checking. Study Appraisal Methods A systematic literature review was conducted searching three databases. The search produced 307 unique articles, 278 were excluded for irrelevance, leaving 29 for data extraction. Data extracted included author(s), publication year, provider types, CPAP formats, study sample, design, outcomes examined, results, and limitations. Articles were also appraised for quality using the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice Evidence Level and Quality Guide. Results The 29 articles evaluated 13 unique CPAPs. Most evaluations used non-experimental observational designs (68.9%), 6.9% used quasi-experimental designs, and none used true experimental designs. Evaluations examined the following outcomes: usage of program services (82.8%), provider satisfaction (48.3%), provider comfort/confidence with managing mental health concerns (31.0%), provider practice change (24.1%), patient outcomes (13.7%), family satisfaction (6.9%). Outcomes were measured using surveys, qualitative interviews, or insurance claims data. Limitations Review was limited to articles published in English in three databases or identified by reference checking. Conclusions Evaluations of CPAPs have largely been descriptive in nature, focusing primarily on program usage and provider satisfaction. Few studies have examined the impact of CPAPs on patients, families, or health systems. Future studies should evaluate the broader impacts of CPAPs.

This study examined associations between four indicators of social determinants of health (SDOH; parent education, poverty, material hardships, and child health problems), chronic school absence, and teachers’ ratings of parents’ engagement in their children's education. Surveys were collected from 304 parents and 26 teachers from eight Baltimore City Public Schools. Results revealed that teachers’ ratings of parent engagement were consistently lower among families experiencing adverse SDOH and/or whose children were chronically absent; however, there was no significant relationship between teachers’ ratings of parent engagement and child health problems. Additionally, chronic absence partially mediated the relationship between three SDOH indicators (total material hardships, parent education level, and child health problems) and teacher-rated parent engagement. Poverty was excluded from mediation analysis due to evidence of multicollinearity suppressive effects. Addressing the SDOH assessed in this study may be an effective strategy to reduce chronic absence, promote parent engagement, and foster equity in education.

Breast engorgement is an uncomfortable and sometimes painful component of the postpartum period. The effective treatment of breast engorgement may provide an avenue for clinicians to improve postpartum care for women and promote breastfeeding. This case report presents one woman's experience with breast engorgement in the early postpartum period. The etiology, evidence-based practices for treatment, clinical implications, and recommendations for practice are reviewed. The importance of interprofessional care to minimize conflicting information a lactating woman receives is highlighted. Interprofessional teamwork can optimize care to resolve breast engorgement and facilitate a woman achieving her breastfeeding goals.

Bacterial infection is the most common complication in paediatric oncological patients during cancer treatment. A suitable tool for early prediction of unfavourable course of infection is still needed. We performed a prospective longitudinal observational study to evaluate of the role of serum biomarkers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, presepsin) in the early diagnosis of bacteraemia (gram-negative versus gram-positive) in patients with haematological malignancies. We observed 69 febrile episodes in 33 patients (17 male, 16 female; 1.5-18.9 years, mean 7.31 years, median 5 years). Within this sample, there were 22 cases of positive blood cultures, 16 cases of sepsis, 38 cases of fever with no signs or symptoms of sepsis, and two deaths from infectious complications. All markers tested had good negative predictive value (73% - 93%). CRP was characterized by good specificity for registration bacteraemia (96%, 95% CI: 85% - 99%), but other results were inconclusive. We identified comparably balanced sensitivity (64% - 81%) and specificity (61% - 88%) for interleukin-6 and procalcitonin, and we proved their quality to predict positive blood culture and clinical signs of sepsis as well. Patients with gram-negative bacteraemia had significantly elevated levels of PCT and IL-6 in comparison with a group of patients with gram-positive bacteraemia (p = 0.04 for PCT and p = 0.005 for IL-6). Presepsin was characterized by poor specificity (27%, 95% CI: 15% - 43%) and positive predictive value (24%, 95% CI: 12 - 39%) for predicting bacteraemia, and by better sensitivity (84%, 95% CI: 55% - 98%) and specificity (58%, 95% CI: 42% - 73%) for predicting clinical signs of sepsis.

The present study examined affect- and self-based explanatory models of relationships between daily events and daily well-being. Twice a week for up to 10 weeks, participants described the events that occurred each day and provided measures of their daily affect, self-esteem, and depressogenic thinking. Participants also provided trait-level measures of affect, depression, and self-esteem. Measures of daily well-being representing each model covaried jointly and independently with daily negative and positive events. Positive events buffered the effects of negative events on daily self-esteem and daily depressogenic thinking, whereas there was no buffering effect for daily affect. More depressed people were more reactive to positive events, and those higher in trait PA were less reactive to negative events. Buffering effects for self-esteem were more pronounced for those with lower trait self-esteem, and buffering effects for daily depressogenic adjustment were more pronounced for those with higher trait negative affect. The results suggest that affect- and self-based models provide complementary perspectives on relationships between psychological well-being and daily events.

This manuscript contains a detailed description of the PHOBOS experiment as it is configured for the Year 2001 running period. It is capable of detecting charged particles over the full solid angle using a multiplicity detector and measuring identified charged particles near mid-rapidity in two spectrometer arms with opposite magnetic fields. Both of these components utilize silicon pad detectors for charged particle detection. The minimization of material between the collision vertex and the first layers of silicon detectors allows for the detection of charged particles with very low transverse momenta, which is a unique feature of the PHOBOS experiment. Additional detectors include a time-of-flight wall which extends the particle identification range for one spectrometer arm, as well as sets of scintillator paddle and Cherenkov detector arrays for event triggering and centrality selection.

Despite broad agreement that understanding a personality construct requires integrating trait and state levels of analysis, few studies have explicitly attempted such an integration. The present study did this by examining the relationships between trait and state measures of empathy. State measures were taken daily, with a focus on the day level (within-person) covariation between empathy and daily mood and events. Twice a week for up to 10 weeks, 103 participants provided measures of their daily empathy and mood (NA and PA) and described the events that occurred each day. Multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses found that daily empathy covaried positively with the impact of daily positive and negative social events and with daily positive and negative affect. Empathy did not covary with achievement-related events. Analyses that simultaneously included empathy, mood, and events suggested that daily NA mediated relationships between daily empathy and daily negative social events. Although mean daily empathy was positively related to trait empathy, trait empathy did not moderate relationships between daily empathy and events nor between daily empathy and mood. Moreover, daily empathy did not covary with daily depressogenic thinking, need for cognition, nor self-esteem, suggesting that empathy is distinct from these constructs. Possible mechanisms linking social events and empathy, such as emotional contagion, are discussed.

The early summer of 2000 saw the start of the RHIC experimental programme. The PHOBOS collaboration used data from the beginning of the running period to extract the first physics information about this exciting new regime. This first measurement consisted of pseudorapidity densities of primary charged particles near mid-rapidity in central Au + Au collisions at beam energies which gave centre-of-mass energies per pair of colliding nucleons of √snn = 56 and 130 GeV. The observed densities are higher than those observed previously in any collisions in the laboratory. In addition, the rate of increase in density between the two energies is significantly larger than that for nucleon-nucleon collisions at comparable beam energies. This paper will briefly describe the PHOBOS experiment (including the subset of the full detector installed for the early period of the RHIC beam), discuss the results of the first physics measurement and conclude with the prospects for the future, especially in the area of strangeness production.

Twice a week for up to 10 weeks, 103 participants provided measures of their daily self-concept clarity (SCC), mood (negative affect [NA] and positive affect [PA]), and self-esteem (SE), and they described the events that occurred each day. Multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses found that daily SCC covaried with daily positive and negative events, with daily NA, and with daily SE. None of these relationships was moderated by trait levels of SE, SCC, PA, NA, or measures of depressogenic self-concept, anxiety, or depressive symptoms. Analyses that simultaneously included SE, mood, and events suggested that relationships between daily SCC and daily events were mediated by daily NA and daily SE. Such mediation suggests that daily events lead to changes in mood and SE, which in turn lead to changes in SCC. Additional analyses found that temporal variability of SE, PA, NA, and SCC was negatively correlated with trait SCC.

We present the first measurement of pseudorapidity densities of primary charged particles near midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 56 and 130 GeV. For the most central collisions, we find the charged-particle pseudorapidity density to be dN/deta|(|eta

Angstrom Source Karlsruhe (ANKA), a new 2.5 GeV synchrotron light source, is under construction at the Research Center Karlsruhe, Germany (FZK) [1] . This source is dedicated to the fabrication of microstructures (LIGA-technique) and X-ray analysis. It has a circumference of 110.4 m and an emittance of 50 nm rad can be reached. ANKA has four long (6 m) and four short (2.2 m) straight sections. One short section hosts the injection, two the RF cavities. One short section and the four long sections are then free for installation of insertion devices. The injector is a 53 MeV microtron and a 500 MeV booster synchrotron with a repetition rate of 1 Hz.

PHOBOS is a compact silicon detector designed to study the physics of Au - Au collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 200 A GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The main goal of the PHOBOS experiment is a comprehensive study of various hadronic observables that should reveal the onset of new phenomena expected to occur in central collisions of gold nuclei. In this paper the detector and the physics program of the PHOBOS experiment is presented.

Background: Since previous studies have shown that self-reports may not be as accurate as medical record data, this secondary analysis investigated the agreement between maternal self-report (SR) and medical

A modified quadruple bend achromat (QBA) optics as a lattice for a low emittance storage ring is presented. The novel feature of this lattice is the use of horizontally defocusing bending magnets with different bending angles to keep the radiation integrals low. A realistic storage ring with six achromats, non-dispersive straight sections of 4.6 m each and a total circumference of 124.8 m is studied. At an energy of 2.5 GeV the emittance yields only 20π nm rad. The chromaticities and the sextupole strengths are moderate, the dynamic aperture is large and the momentum acceptance is more than ± 9% relative. A similar 3 GeV storage ring with 12 achromats and a circumference of 300 m yields an emittance of 3π nm rad. Possible applications and extensions of the QBA structure for diffraction limited storage rings are discussed.

Three Gas-Electron-Multiplier tracking detectors with an active area of 10 cm x 10 cm and a two-dimensional, laser-etched orthogonal strip readout have been tested extensively in particle beams at the Meson Test Beam Facility at Fermilab. These detectors used GEM foils produced by Tech-Etch, Inc. They showed an efficiency in excess of 95% and spatial resolution better than 70 um. The influence of the angle of incidence of particles on efficiency and spatial resolution was studied in detail., 8 pages, 9 figures, accepted by Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A

We propose to construct a Heavy Flavor Tracker (HFT) for the STAR experiment at RHIC. The HFT will bring new physics capabilities to STAR and it will significantly enhance the physics capabilities of the STAR detector at central rapidities. The HFT will ensure that STAR will be able to take heavy flavor data at all luminosities attainable throughout the proposed RHIC II era.

The STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is in the process of designing and constructing a forward tracking system based on triple GEM technology. This upgrade is necessary to give STAR the capability to reconstruct and identify the charge sign of W bosons over an extended rapidity range through their leptonic decay mode into an electron (positron) and a neutrino. This will allow a detailed study of the flavor-separated spin structure of the proton in polarized p + p collisions uniquely available at RHIC. The Forward GEM Tracker FGT will consist of six triple GEM disks with an outer radius of ~39 cm and an inner radius of ~10.5 cm, arranged along the beam pipe, covering the pseudo-rapidity range from 1.0 to 2.0 over a wide range of collision vertices. The GEM foils will be produced by Tech-Etch, Inc. Beam tests with test detectors using 10 cm x 10 cm Tech-Etch GEM foils and a two dimensional orthogonal strip readout have demonstrated a spatial resolution of 70 um or better and high efficiency., Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures, submitted to the Conference Record of the IEEE NSS 2008, Dresden, Germany

RPCs are in use for many high energy physics applications where there is no need for fine spatial resolution. However, there are applications such as digital calorimetry where the dimension of the induced charge at pick-up pads is of interest. Such calorimetry is proposed for eg, Particle flow calorimetrey at the ILC. While there are both experiments and calculations which address this to some extent, we have been able to read out a single gap RPC using fine pitch laser etched two-dimensional strip readout as used in GEM tracking. This measurement was made in the Fermilab test beam in conjunction with the GEM tracking test for the STAR upgrade. We discuss both data and electrostatic simulations of the signal from a single gap glass RPC.

Injection-involved synchronization timing system must provide synchronization triggers and clocks with the jitter values in the range of few tens of ps. A well-thought-out system-level design approach was necessary, splitting a design into several sub-modules, each addressing the specific synchronization issue. Tight synchronization between the unrelated RF signal and external trigger is based on a PLL phase-shifted over-sampling technique. Beam-monitoring instrumentation synchronization is also handled. An emphasis was put into a design, offering an installation without calibration. Utilizing state-of-the art FPGA circuits we designed a purely digital system, without analogue components (i.e. delay lines) that would require a time-consuming calibration and lead to increasing jitter for long delay ranges. Finally, regardless of its complexity the timing solution has to provide seamless integration into the accelerator facility. To leverage the performance, offered by a dedicated state-of- the-art HW, with flexibility, offered by a SW solution, we used a standard device for peripheral CS integration, based on an embedded processor running OS - a part of a microIOC family of products.

Future measurements of the flavor-separated spin structure of the proton via parity-violating W boson production at RHIC require an upgrade of the forward tracking system of the STAR detector. This upgrade will allow the reconstruction of the charge sign of electrons and positrons produced from decaying W bosons. A design based on six large area triple GEM disks using GEM foils produced by Tech-Etch Inc. has emerged as a cost-effective solution to provide the necessary tracking precision. We report first results from a beam test of three test detectors using Tech-Etch produced GEM foils and a laser etched two dimensional strip readout. The detectors show good operational stability, high efficiency and a spacial resolution of around 70 um or better, exceeding the requirements for the forward tracking upgrade. The influence of the angle of incidence of the particles on the spatial resolution of the detectors has also been studied in detail., Comment: 5 pages, 8 figures, presented at the IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium in Honolulu, HI, USA, October 27 - November 3, 2007

The ALMA Common Software (ACS) provides the software infrastructure used by ALMA and by several other telescope projects, thanks also to the choice of adopting the LGPL public license. ACS is a set of application frameworks providing the basic services needed for object oriented distributed computing. Among these are transparent remote object invocation, object deployment and location based on a container/component model, distributed error, alarm handling, logging and events. ACS is based on CORBA and built on top of free CORBA implementations. Free software is extensively used wherever possible. The general architecture of ACS was presented at SPIE 2002. ACS has been under development for 6 years and it is midway through its development life. Many applications have been written using ACS; the ALMA test facility, APEX and other telescopes are running systems based on ACS. This is therefore a good time to look back and see what have been until now the strong and the weak points of ACS in terms of architecture and implementation. In this perspective, it is very important to analyze the applications based on ACS, the feedback received by the users and the impact that this feedback has had on the development of ACS itself, by favoring the development of some features with respect to others. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of this analysis and discuss what we would like to do in order to extend and improve ACS in the coming years, in particular to make application development easier and more efficient.

The Phobos experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory uses silicon pad detectors to measure charged particles from Au-Au collisions. We describe here the front-end electronics which instruments the 135,000-channel silicon partition of the detector. The system records pad "hits" and 12-bit pulse height data for later reconstruction of charged-particle trajectories, and for identification of particle species using the dE/dx method. The compactness of the detector puts challenging spatial and power dissipation constraints on the design of the electronics; the proximity of the silicon sensors and front-end chips to the heavy ion collisions presents a challenge in terms of dealing with latchup. We describe the design features of the principal elements of the front-end including the silicon detector modules, the front-end controller, and the data concentrator. The performance of the system and our experience with the latchup protection during the first two physics runs are presented.

Large experimental facilities, like telescopes and focal plane instrumentation in the astronomical domain, are becoming more and more complex and expensive, as well as control systems for managing such instruments. The general trend, as can be learned by realizations carried out in the most recent years, clearly drives to most cost-effective solutions: widespread, stable standards in the software field, COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) components and industry standards in the hardware field. Therefore a new generation of control system products needs to be developed, in order to help the scientific community to minimize the cost and efforts required for maintenance and control of their facilities. In the spirit of the aforementioned requirements and to provide a low-cost software and hardware environment we present a working prototype of a control system, based on RTAI Linux and on ACS (Advanced Control System) framework ported to an embedded platform. The hardware has been chosen among COTS components: a PC/104+ platform equipped with a PMAC2A motion controller card and a commercial StrongARM single board controller. In this way we achieved a very powerful, inexpensive and robust real-time control system which can be used as a general purpose building block in the design of new instruments and could also be proposed as a standard in the field.

The ALMA Common Software (ACS) is a set of application frameworks built on top of CORBA. It provides a common software infrastructure to all partners in the ALMA collaboration. The usage of ACS extends from high-level applications such as the Observation Preparation Tool [7] that will run on the desk of astronomers, down to the Control Software [6] domain. The purpose of ACS is twofold: from a system perspective, it provides the implementation of a coherent set of design patterns and services that will make the whole ALMA software [1] uniform and maintainable; from the perspective of an ALMA developer, it provides a friendly programming environment in which the complexity of the CORBA middleware and other libraries is hidden and coding is drastically reduced. The evolution of ACS is driven by a long term development plan, however on the 6-months release cycle the plan is adjusted based on incoming requests from ALMA subsystem development teams. ACS was presented at SPIE 2002[2]. In the two years since then, the core services provided by ACS have been extended, while the coverage of the application framework has been increased to satisfy the needs of high-level and data flow applications. ACS is available under the LGPL public license. The patterns implemented and the services provided can be of use also outside the astronomical community; several projects have already shown their interest in ACS. This paper presents the status of ACS and the progress over the last two years. Emphasis is placed on showing how requests from ACS users have driven the selection of new features.

LISA, a Light Source for industrial and Scientific Application, has been proposed to be built in the Bonn region of Germany. For the lattice a modified "Quadrupole Bend Achromat" (QBA) will be used. The novel feature of this lattice is the application of two types of bending magnets with a vertical focusing component and different deflection angles to keep the radiation integrals small. The long bending magnets (20/spl deg/) will be used in the are of the achromat and the small (10/spl deg/) are foreseen to perform the matching of the twiss functions from the are to the straight sections without blowing. Up the emittance determined by the magnets in the arcs. With a sixfold symmetry, a circumference of 125 m an emittance smaller than 20 nm rad can be obtained. The natural chromaticities and the sextupole strength are moderate, the dynamic aperture is +/- 30 mm (100 /spl sigmasub x/ and 170 /spl sigmasub y/), the momentum acceptance is more than +/- 9% and the tune shift with amplitude is very promising. >

ROSY, a synchrotron light source dedicated to material research has been proposed to be built at the research Center Rossendorf in the Dresden region of Germany. At a early stage of the project the idea was to build ROSY in two steps: ROSY I as an compact light source and as an injector for ROSY II. ROSY II shall be a high brilliance light source (3rd generation) serving photons with energies up to 30 keV. For the design of ROSY II a modified QBA-lattice was taken. With an energy of 3.2 GeV and a magnetic field of 1.33 T in the bending magnets the critical photon energy is 9.0 keV. With 12 achromats and a circumference of 310 m, the emittance yields 3 nm rad. The dynamic aperture is +/- 10 mm in both directions. >

The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) is a joint project between astronomical organizations in Europe and North America. ALMA will consist of at least 64 12-meter antennas operating in the millimeter and sub-millimeter range, with baselines up to 14 km. It will be located at an altitude above 5000m in the Chilean Atacama desert. The ALMA Common Software (ACS) provides a software infrastructure common to all partners and consists of a documented collection of common patterns and of components that implement those patterns. The heart of ACS is an object model based on Distributed Objects (DOs), implemented as CORBA objects. The teams responsible for the control system development use DOs as the basis for components and devices such as an antenna mount control. ACS provides common CORBA-based services such as logging, error and alarm management, configuration database and lifecycle management. A code generator creates a Java Bean for each DO. Programmers can write Java client applications by connecting those Beans with data-manipulation and visualization Beans. ACS is based on the experience gained in the astronomical and particle accelerator domains, and reuses and extends proven concepts and components. Although designed for ALMA, ACS can be used in other new control systems, since it implements proven design patterns using state of the art, stable and reliable technology. This paper presents the architecture of ACS and its status, detailing the object model and major services.

ANKA is a low budget light source. It has to be built with minimal cost. This includes a short construction period to keep the personnel cost low. The use of ANKA as an industrial light source on the other hand places tight constraints on the reliability of its components and its operation. In the creation of the control system one has to minimise in-house development and maximise the use of commercial-quality products. Here, the term commercial-quality applies equally to off-the-shelf-products and to products in the public domain or from other accelerator centres that are field proven and are documented at a level equal to commercial products. It has been our goal to search for the simplest model and thus the most reliable one. Our extensive investigations have shown that none of the actions and responses of the control system for ANKA need a real-time operating system. Therefore, we have disposed of the whole middle layer of the control system including VME crates in favour of a fieldbus network which connects the individual devices directly to the console computers. The consoles will be PCs running Windows NT. The fieldbus candidate is LonWorks from Echelon which provides plug-and-play and requires almost no additional development. On the software side we have opted for TACO, an object oriented control system environment developed at the ESRF.

17th IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, PAC 97, Vancouver, USA, 12 May 1997 - 16 May 1997; 65 pp. (1997)., For the SB-Linear-Collider project (SBLC) at DESY a redesign of the damping ring has been performed, mainly in order to optimise the dynamic aperture. The lattice of the proposed damping ring has a DBA structure, similar to the 3rd generation light sources ESRF, APS and SPRING-8. The damping ring is build up with 6 superperiods. The straight sections between these periods are used for the injection,ejection and rf-cavities. In turn, each superperiod consists of 6 DBA cells. The straight sections of these cells are used for the installation of the wigglers, which are needed for the damping. With the installation of overall 150 m of wigglers (B$_0$ = 2 T and $\lambda_0$ = 0.2 m) the equilibrium emittances are $\epsilon_{x,0}$ = 6.5 $\centerdot$ 10$^{−10}$ m $\centerdot$ rad and $\epsilon_{y,0}$ = 1.3 $\centerdot$ 10$^{−11}$ m $\centerdot$ rad (the corresponding normalised emittances are : $\epsilon_{x,n}$ = 3.8 $\centerdot$ 10$^{−6}$ m $\centerdot$ rad and $\epsilon_{y,0}$ = 7:6 $\centerdot$ 10$^{−8}$ m$\centerdot$rad . The damping time results in $\tau_y$ $\leq$ 3.4 ms. The dynamic acceptance including misalignment and magnet errors is in the range of A$_x$ $\leq$ 72 mm $\centerdot$ mrad and A$_y$ $\leq$ 80 mm $\centerdot$ mrad.

ANKA, a 2.5 GeV synchrotron light source will be built within the next three years at the Research Centre Karlsruhe, Germany. This source is dedicated to the fabrication of microstructures (LIGA-technique) and X-ray analysis. With four double-DBA structures, a magnetic field of 1.5 T and a circumference of 110.4 m, an emittance of 39 nm/spl middot/rad can be reached. ANKA has four long (6 m) straight sections for the installation of insertion devices. Additional four short (2.2 m) straight sections host the injection scheme, four ELETTRA-type cavities (two cavities per section) and one short insertion device. The RF power will be provided by two 250 kW klystron. The pre-acceleration will be done with a 22-50 MeV linac or microtron. As injector a 500 MeV booster synchrotron with a repetition rate of 3 to 10 Hz is foreseen. The ramping from 0.5 GeV to 2.5 GeV will be done in around one minute. Eleven out of thirty-two available bending magnet radiation ports will be equipped with beam lines in the first phase.

Fabrication of microstructures by X-ray deep lithography (XRDL), galvanoforming, and plastic molding (German acronym LIGA) has made its way from Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe to many labs throughout the world. The acronym ANKA stems from Angstrom and Karlsruhe to indicate the main spectral range and the location. ANKA is designed to satisfy the needs of XRDL as well as of X-ray analysis, in particular, of microstructures. Industrial demand of service in both fields will play a major role for ANKA. The main design parameters of the storage ring are an electron energy of 2.5 GeV, magnetic field of 1.5 T, and an ensuing characteristic wavelength of 0.2 nm. The lattice has fourfold symmetry with four dispersion-free straight sections, each about 4 m long. The optics is a double DBA structure with four 22.50 bending magnets per cell resulting in a compact medium-emittance design with a circumference of 97.2 m and an emittance in the range of 40 to 80 nmrad. Four 500 MHz RF cavities are placed one in the middle of each cell. In this way, only one straight section is needed for injection leaving three for optional insertion devices. Electron current will be 200 mA in a first phase. Lifetime will exceed 17 h. Dynamic aperture is large enough to insert wigglers and wavelength shifters and to double the current when upgrading the RF system. 14 out of 32 available bending magnet radiation ports will be equipped with beamlines in the first phase.

Macmon is a program entirely developed at ELETTRA that monitors and stores all the relevant machine parameters like beam position, beam current, vacuum, rf, injection, insertion devices, magnet current etc. during machine runs. Storage and retrieval of the data, their graphical display and correlations are some of the tasks that Macmon successfully performs. The methods used, its performance and some results are presented and discussed.

The PHOBOS experiment at RHIC has measured the charged-particle density dN/dη at mid-rapidity for central Au+Au collisions at center of mass energies of sNN=56, and 130 GeV. We deduce that dN/dη=408±12(stat)±30(syst) and 555±12(stat)±35(syst) for collision energies of 56 GeV and 130 GeV, respectively. These numbers suggest energy densities that are some 70% higher than have been achieved in any heavy-ion collisions previously studied, and also 25–40% higher than nucleon-nucleon collisions at comparable center of mass energies.

We present the first measurement of pseudorapidity densities of primary charged particles near midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 56 and 130 GeV. For the most central collisions, we find the charged-particle pseudorapidity density to be dN/deta|(|eta|1) = 408+/-12(stat)+/-30(syst) at 56 GeV and 555+/-12(stat)+/-35(syst) at 130 GeV, values that are higher than any previously observed in nuclear collisions. Compared to proton-antiproton collisions, our data show an increase in the pseudorapidity density per participant by more than 40% at the higher energy.

ANKA is a 2.5 GeV synchrotron radiation light source being built in Karlsruhe, Germany. The control system for the accelerator is based on the three-tier standard model architecture. However, modern products based on standards in distributed objects and networking are applied in addition to low-cost hardware including PCs. We use the LonWorks field bus network with intelligent nodes and standard I/O modules to connect the individual devices directly to PCs that run device servers under Windows NT. Those PCs act as WWW servers for data transmission, application distribution and documentation retrieval. Applications in the control room run also on Windows NT hosts as WWW clients. However, they could run in any Web-browser on any platform, because all operator control is performed through a Web-browser with Java applets/applications. The communication with the control system data servers is done through CORBA. CORBA objects are wrapped in JavaBeans which are simply connected with commercial data-manipulation and visualization Beans into full-fledged applications or applets. First experiences with this control system during the operation of the ANKA microtron are presented.

ANKA is a 2.5 GeV synchrotron light source under construction in Karlsruhe. ANKA will offer full service in X-ray lithography, mainly for micro- and nanofabrication, and in analyzing, and investigating non-destructively various properties of samples. During the first operational period only the light from the bending magnets (1.5 T) will be used, later four long straight sections and one short straight section can be equipped with insertion devices. The light source is scheduled to get into operation in the year 2000. At present, the 53 MeV racetrack microtron as pre-injector is already commissioned. The 500 MeV booster synchrotron is being assembled, a 500 MeV electron beam is expected during the summer period. The girders, the cooling pipes as well as the cable trays are already installed. The assembly of the magnets, the RF and the vacuum system will take place up to September 99 and we expect to get a 2.5 GeV accelerated beam at the end of 1999.

A lot of synchrotron light sources (SLS) of the third generation have been commissioned (ESRF, ALS, ELETTRA, APS, PLS, SRRC ). All machines have reached their target specifications ( emittance 6 nmrad, current 200 mA etc) without any problems. Hence it should be possible to run light sources with a smaller emittance to get a higher brilliance and emitting coherent radiation. The brilliance of a 4th generation light source should be determined by diffraction effects and not by the cross section of the beam. A design of a Diffraction Limited Light Source (DIFL) has been performed. It is a 3 GeV storage ring which is comprimised of a DBA-structure with 4 degree bending magnets and alternatively a modified multiple bend achromat (MBA) optics as a lattice leading to a normalized emittance of x= 0.5 nmrad. The novel feature of this MBA-lattice is the use of horizontally defocussing bending magnets with different bending angles to keep the radiation integrals low. The circumference is 400 m including 12 straight sections with a length of 6 m. The dynamical behaviour should allow to store a beam of 100 mA with a lifetime larger than 3 hours.

The pure insertion device (PID) lattice is a novel concept for a sinchrotron light source, where all possible light ports are irradiated by insertion devices. Up to 40% of the ring circumference is available for insertion devices. The lattice has been obtained by giving up the constraint of zero dispersion in the straight sections. However, for many SR experiments, the resulting reduction in brilliance is not of importance. An application of the PID structure for a 3 GeV storage ring is presented and discussed. With 202 m of circumference and an emittance of 14 nm.rad, it has 24 straight sections of over 3m each. Tracking studies show excellent dynamic properties of the lattice.

Ultraviolet-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis was studied as a function of age in hepatocytes isolated from 6- to 32-months-old rats. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was measured by both DNA specific activity and autoradiography. Using both procedures, a significant decline in unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed after 14 months of age.

We have found that butyrate selectively inhibits hormonal induction of a few specific proteins and messenger RNAs in hepatoma cells. The fatty acid salt reversibly abolishes induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by dexamethasone and dibutyryl cyclic AMP in HTC cells by inhibiting the production of tyrosine aminotransferase messenger RNA. Half-maximal inhibition of enzyme induction occurred in 0.9 mM butyrate. This effect is highly specific, since 4 h after the addition of butyrate to induced HTC cells, the relative abundance of only five messenger RNA species out of several hundred observable on two-dimensional gels of translational products is changed. Upon removal of the butyrate from cell cultures pretreated with dexamethasone, tyrosine aminotransferase activity begins to increase more rapidly than if dexamethasone is added to control cultures, indicating that part of the induction process occurs in the presence of butyrate. A dose-dependent reduction of fast histone acetylation by butyrate was demonstrated by treating cells with butyrate followed by a short pulse with [3H]acetate and chase in a high concentration of butyrate. The butyrate concentration test range over which rapid histone acetylation is inhibited is similar to that which inhibits enzyme induction to the same extent. In contrast, the slow form of histone acetylation is unaffected in the concentration range examined. The induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by dexamethasone is delayed in hypoacetylated cells. This lag is consistent with the time required to initiate the recovery of the fast form of histone acetylation after its transient disappearance (Covault, J., Perry, M., and Chalkley, R. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 13433-13440). We conclude that sodium butyrate interferes with the ability of dexamethasone and dibutyryl cyclic AMP to increase production of several specific species of messenger RNA in hepatoma cells. This effect correlates well with its ability to reduce rapid acetylation of histones in HTC cells; we discuss potential roles of rapid histone acetylation in modulating hormonal stimulation of transcription.

We have found that butyrate selectively inhibits hormonal induction of a few specific proteins and messenger RNAs in hepatoma cells. The fatty acid salt reversibly abolishes induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by dexamethasone and dibutyryl cyclic AMP in HTC cells by inhibiting the production of tyrosine aminotransferase messenger RNA. Half-maximal inhibition of enzyme induction occurred in 0.9 mM butyrate. This effect is highly specific, since 4 h after the addition of butyrate to induced HTC cells, the relative abundance of only five messenger RNA species out of several hundred observable on two-dimensional gels of translational products is changed. Upon removal of the butyrate from cell cultures pretreated with dexamethasone, tyrosine aminotransferase activity begins to increase more rapidly than if dexamethasone is added to control cultures, indicating that part of the induction process occurs in the presence of butyrate. A dose-dependent reduction of fast histone acetylation by butyrate was demonstrated by treating cells with butyrate followed by a short pulse with [3H]acetate and chase in a high concentration of butyrate. The butyrate concentration test range over which rapid histone acetylation is inhibited is similar to that which inhibits enzyme induction to the same extent. In contrast, the slow form of histone acetylation is unaffected in the concentration range examined. The induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by dexamethasone is delayed in hypoacetylated cells. This lag is consistent with the time required to initiate the recovery of the fast form of histone acetylation after its transient disappearance (Covault, J., Perry, M., and Chalkley, R. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 13433-13440). We conclude that sodium butyrate interferes with the ability of dexamethasone and dibutyryl cyclic AMP to increase production of several specific species of messenger RNA in hepatoma cells. This effect correlates well with its ability to reduce rapid acetylation of histones in HTC cells; we discuss potential roles of rapid histone acetylation in modulating hormonal stimulation of transcription.