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Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs), often regarded as the simplest one-dimensional (1D) van der Waals moiré superlattices, are the ideal structures to explore the interlayer coupling, including mechanical and electronical coupling, at the nanoscale in 1D systems. By combining spatial modulation spectroscopy (SMS) and resonant Raman scattering (RRS) experiments on well-identified individual free-standing DWNTs with the calculations of their optical absorption by using the recursion method with non-orthogonal tight-binding (NTB) basis functions, we are able to unambiguously assign the nature, namely mirror transition or cross transition, of each optical transitions in DWNTs. Our study identifies and allows to determine the conditions of the mixing of the electronic states leading to the appearance of cross transitions in the optical absorption of DWNTs, beyond of the so-called Koshino's criteria previously derived. On the other hand, the striking behavior of the resonant excitation profile (REP) of the Raman active modes around the cross transition reveals the strong sensitivity of the modes intensity on the electronic interlayer coupling in DWNTs, emphasizing the relevance of Raman spectroscopy for studying the electronic and mechanical coupling at the nanoscale., We acknowledge the Dr. T. X. Tinh for the synthesis of individual nanotubes. HNT, RP, AAZ, JLS and MP acknowledge financial support by the ANR GAMBIT project, grant ANR-13-BS10-0014 of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche. The TEM studies were performed in the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain). R.A. acknowledges support from Spanish MICINN (PID2019-104739 GB-100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), Government of Aragon (projects DGA E13-20R (FEDER, EU)) and from EU H2020 “ESTEEM3” (Grant number 823717). VNP acknowledges financial support for NTB calculations from the National Science Fund of Bulgaria under grant KP-06-N38/10 from December 06, 2019.

Resume Introduction La bande dessinee Tintin a deja ete etudiee sur les problemes de sante, mais pas specifiquement de facon approfondie sur les aspects medicamenteux. Objectif Caracteriser les interactions, reelles ou manquees, entre les personnages de Tintin et le medicament. Methode Collationner toutes les interactions entre les personnages de Tintin et le medicament dans tous les albums parus. Analyse descriptive des interactions : par annees de parution des albums, par personnage interagissant, par type de situation, par type de professionnel interagissant, par classe medicamenteuse, par adequation. Resultats Quarante-huit interactions explicites ont ete relevees. Elles concernent 18 des 24 albums. Les interactions explicites les plus frequentes concernent le personnage du Capitaine Haddock et les albums de la periode classique. Les circonstances d’apparition les plus frequentes sont l’administration par un non-professionnel et les intoxications. Les medicaments industriels identifies sont la quinine, l’aspirine, le chloroforme anesthesique, l’oxygene et le Gastralgyl ® , ainsi que des preparations (alcool camphre, alcool iode). Discussion-conclusion Les Aventures de Tintin presentent une image riche du medicament, mais datee et deconnectee de la realite. Marque par l’epoque coloniale meme pour les albums les plus recents, le medicament semble d’action immediate, quasi-magique, et releve davantage d’une invention geniale que d’une recherche systematisee. Sa representation quasi-parodique oscille entre un produit banal et un objet de recherche, entre un emploi detourne comme toxique et un usage d’antidote, n’ayant au fond qu’un role limite dans le traitement des veritables maladies.

The photodegradation of an active substance during treatment is a rare drug-related adverse event which can sometimes have serious consequences. Health professionals must be aware of the specific storage and administration instructions with regard to chlorpromazine and ensure that they are respected.

Current chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting management guidelines recommend taking into account the emetogenic potential of the chemotherapy employed as well as individual risk factors to such effects. We performed an interventional prospective study to assess the impact of an innovating therapeutic optimization strategy. The latter combines current guidelines application to a specific consultation in order to individualize the treatment. This study included 170 patients and covered a total of 1,746 days of various chemotherapies. Among these patients, 86.5% never vomited and 53.8% never had any nausea or vomiting. These results seem generally better than the ones found in the literature with all kinds of chemotherapies. Regarding them, we have attempted to highlight the determining criteria for a successful antiemetic treatment.

Resume Objectifs Ce travail a consiste a realiser et decrire la mise en œuvre pour la premiere fois d’une revue des erreurs medicamenteuses (REMED) a la suite d’une erreur medicamenteuse survenue dans un service de reanimation, et a pour objectif de faire un bilan et une analyse. Type d’etude Etude descriptive. Methodes L’analyse de l’erreur medicamenteuse, administration de Clottafact® a la place d’Aclotine®, a ete realisee a l’aide de la methode REMED lors de concertations pluriprofessionnelles. Resultats L’erreur medicamenteuse analysee a ete caracterisee comme averee et non interceptee avant administration. La recherche des causes a l’aide de la methode REMED a permis d’en isoler quatre principales dont : le rangement des deux medicaments incrimines, l’homophonie entre les deux noms de specialites, le non-respect des bonnes pratiques et la mise en place de l’hemofiltration chez le patient. Cette analyse approfondie a abouti a la mise en place de quatre mesures d’amelioration. Conclusion L’aspect pedagogique de la demarche a ete adopte par le personnel soignant. Cette experience a permis de montrer que la methode s’inscrit clairement dans l’objectif de reduction du risque iatrogene evitable lie aux medicaments. L’erreur est certes inherente a l’activite humaine, mais l’utiliser comme un outil engage les equipes vers une amelioration des pratiques.

A l’hopital, la preparation des cytotoxiques est communement centralisee au sein de la pharmacie a usage interieur. Une telle preparation est validee par une etape finale de liberation engageant la responsabilite du pharmacien. Bien que moins performant pour s’assurer de l’exactitude des doses a preparer, le controle ponderal peut etre une alternative aux methodes spectrales et chromatographiques. Simple, non destructif et facile a integrer dans une chaine de fabrication, il est realisable avant l’etape de dispensation et capable de reveler de grosses derives de dosages. L’etude presentee porte sur le choix d’un procede de pesee, puis tire des enseignements en termes d’avantages et d’inconvenients suite a la mise en place de ce type de controle liberatoire.

Nurses, the main caregivers to administer medications, often find themselves lacking the information which is nevertheless essential for the preparation of injectable antibiotics. This problem, frequent in hospitals, impacts on patient safety. On the initiative of the pharmacy and nursing staff, a tool has been created in the Percy Army Teaching Hospital in Clamart.

The dynamic properties of suspensions of rodlike cellulose microcrystallites (whiskers) are investigated using polarized and depolarized dynamic light scattering (DLS, DDLS) and transient electric birefringence (TEB). The whiskers were prepared by controlled sulfuric acid hydrolysis from cotton and tunicate cellulose fibers. Translational (D) and rotational (ϑ) diffusion coefficients in dilute suspensions were measured. For the cotton system, D = 5.5 × 10-8 cm2/s, ϑDDLS = 552 s-1, and ϑTEB = 536 s-1. With the use of Broersma's relations, the rotational and translational diffusion coefficients lead to values of the length L = 255 nm and the cross-section diameter d = 15 nm. For the tunicate-derived whiskers, D = 1.5 × 10-8 cm2/s, ϑDDLS = 11 s-1, and ϑTEB = 14 s-1. These values and Broersma's relations give L = 1160 nm and d = 16 nm. The DDLS and TEB techniques are in good agreement for the rotational diffusion coefficients, especially for the cotton whiskers. These results provide validation for using DDLS...

The interfacial properties of polystyrene/regenerate cellulose fiber composite materials are characterized using micromechanical tests such as the single fiber fragmentation and microbond (“microdrop test”). The cellulose fibers were grafted with different copolymers of different chemical structures as well as different molar masses ranging from 300 to 18,000 (ASA, jeffisocyanate, commercial poly)styrene-co-maleic anhydride and “home-made” poly(styrene-co-TMI). The two polystyrene based copolymers have been shown to be miscible with polystyrene. It was found that the higher improvement of the interfacial shear strength was obtained when the fiber is grafted with the higher molecular weight, i.e., the poly(styrene-co-TMI).

In a previous article, the processing of nanocomposite materials of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (pPVC) reinforced by cellulose crystalline whiskers was presented as well as preliminary dynamic mechanical measurements. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the possible change of molecular dynamic of poly(vinyl chloride (PVC) at the interface with cellulose whiskers. The analysis, based on the quasi-point defect (qpd) theory for the anelastic deformation of amorphous polymer, confirms that PVC is heterogeneous. Thus, the matrix is described as a parallel assembly of phases with different plasticizer concentration (i.e., different glass transition temperature). It is shown that the whiskers do not lead to supplementary relaxation in the matrix, at least in the time-temperature window of the study, but, the satisfying modeling of the composite supports the assumption of a thin layer of immobilized phase around the whiskers.

The authors conducted for the first time a medication error review (REMED) following a medication error occurred in an intensive care unit. The aim of this study was to assess this first REMED.Descriptive study.The analysis of the medication error, consisting in the administration of Clottafact(®) instead of Aclotine(®), was performed using the REMED method.The medication error was characterized as "proved error" and "missed before administration". Four main causes were identified: poor quality of drug storage, homophony between Aclotine(®) and Clottafact(®), non-compliance with good practices, and need of hemofiltration for the patient. At least, this REMED analysis led to the establishment of four improvements measures.The educational aspect of the REMED was clearly appreciated by all the different health care workers who participated to the analysis. Even if medication errors may occur at the different steps of the medication process, the REMED is a very good tool to improve the care quality and also to reduce the drug iatrogenic risk.

New polymer blends based on cellulose and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were obtained using a mixture of N=methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMMO) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a common solvent system. Materials are obtained after the removing of NMMO-DMSO in three of their different solvents, namely i) H2O, ii) a mixture 95/5 vol/vol hexamethyl phosphororri amide (HMPA) DMSO and iii) a mixture of 95/5 vol/vol dioxan/water.

In this paper experimental results obtained with the exploded wood/tertiary amine oxide system are presented. The use of particular conditions leads to the formation of new biodegradable films. These films may have a natural color from brown to black. The mechanical properties are studied and a comparison with a black commerical synthetic film is made. The structure of the films is made. The structure of the films is studied as well as the role of lignin as an antioxidant.

It is a new anti-hypertensive drug. Its pharmacodynamic profile shows a diuretic efficacy similar for a part of its activity to that of furosemide and a duration of action comparable with that of hydrochlorothiazide [l]. It has a mechanism of action that is relevant of a new concept of ionic transfer [24]. Current methods for assay of the drug from biological fluids are either scintillation counting with the 35S-labelled molecule or a densitofluorimetric method [W. In order to support pharmacokinetic studies, we have developed a selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detection of xipamide in plasma and urine samples. Its advantage is a rapid and easy extraction before a rapid separation.

A series of ten additives were mixed with cellulose solutions in N -methyl morpholine N -oxide (MMNO). Each of these solutions was spun to produce cellulose fibres which were tested for their properties. Most additives had no effect but the addition of NH 4 Cl led to fibres where the tensile strength and modulus had almost doubled when compared to fibres made without additive. Fibres prepared with CaCl 2 were also stronger, but not as much as in the case of NH 4 Cl. Tentative explanations are presented to account for such improvements.

In order to determine the molecular basis for the loss of catecholamine responsiveness in skeletal muscle in chronic azotemia, plasma and serum levels of catecholamines and other hormones whose mechanisms of action are associated in part with cyclic nucleotide mediation were assessed in 37 patients with chronic azotemia. Samples were obtained prior to and immediately following conventional hemodialysis. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in patients predialysis were increased 50% and 25% respectively compared to control subjects. Levels of insulin, prolactin, aldosterone and renin were also in creased in azotemic patients prior to dialysis. Conventional hemodialysis reduced serum levels of growth hormone, but had no effect of the elevated levels of all other hormones found in patients predialysis. In particular, plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were unaffected by hemodialysis. Despite these findings, hemodialysis did reduce to normal levels the elevated plasma levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP observed in uremic subjects predialysis. These data are consistent with increased adrenergic outflow in patients with chronic azotemia, and suggest a mechanism of homologous desensitization of the catecholamine receptor adenylyl cyclase unit in chronic azotemia.

The thermoplastic properties of cellulose solutions in tertiary amine oxides have been used for the elaboration of a new spinning system where post-stretching is possible. This is achieved at a temperature slightly above the Tg of the solution, i.e. when the relaxation of the cellulose chains is restricted. Preliminary results indicate that this new process may prove to be an attractive route to the production of cellulosic fibers with enhanced mechanical properties.

Proverbs convey an idealized and conventional art of living that is generally referred to as popular wisdom. Made of stereotypes and pretending to shape our behaviour, this popular wisdom has been strongly contested by the surrealist poets Paul Éluard and Benjamin Péret in their „152 proverbes mis au goût du jour”. On the one hand, this article analyzes the rhetorical modalities of this contest. These consist in a parody discourse that distorts traditional proverbs, while preserving their phraseology. On the other hand, this study examines how these parodic manipulations deconstruct the stereotypical art of living conveyed by the proverbial genre through different processes (trivialization, pejoration, contradiction, etc.). It also shows that the work of undermining carried out by Éluard and Péret on proverbs leads to the proclamation of a new art of living based on the poetic liberation of language, the refusal of authority and the reign of imagination.

International audience

International audience

International audience

International audience; Philippe Wahl, « Poésie et argumentativité. Sur les métaphores guerrières d'Apollinaire », M. Bonhomme, A.-M. Paillet et P. Wahl (dir.). Métaphore et argumentation, Éditions Academia-L'Harmattan, p.279-301, 2017. ⟨halshs-01997411⟩ (version auteur, mars 2020) Poésie et argumentativité Sur les métaphores guerrières d'Apollinaire La « nouvelle rhétorique » a contribué au regain de la technè aristotélicienne comme art de la parole efficace. Elle a réinvesti sous cet angle le répertoire des figures, que la « rhétorique restreinte » avait reversées dans la seule elocutio (Genette 1970). Mais elle maintient une opposition discutable entre la figure « argumentative » et la « figure de style » ornementale, « inefficace comme moyen de persuasion » (Perelman et Olbrechts-Tyteca [1958] 1976 : 229 ; Perelman 1977 : 53). L'étude des figures a été profondément renouvelée par les approches énonciatives et pragmatiques 1 , ou encore la perspective herméneutique de la sémantique interprétative 2. Sous la diversité de leurs modèles théoriques, les analyses récentes manifestent une attention commune aux modes de co(n)textualisation des figures et placent l'accent sur leur composante dynamique, tensionnelle et graduelle. En marge de l'appréciation esthétique héritée de la rhétorique restreinte, un enjeu est d'évaluer l'effet pragmatique des figures, y compris les conditions de réalisation de leur potentiel argumentatif. Statut rhétorique de la métaphore littéraire La métaphore s'est imposée dans la tradition rhétorique comme une archi-figure. Ce statut pouvait sembler programmé par le sens générique du terme grec µetajora, appliqué à tout processus tropologique dans la Poétique d'Aristote. Il est surtout dû au pouvoir cognitif et à la diversité des enjeux discursifs de la métaphore de type « analogique », qui en fait un processus essentiel du langage. Le dépassement des analyses par l'écart ou la substitution, au profit d'interactions sémantiques entre un thème et un phore 3 , suppose une double contextualisation de la figure : in praesentia (extension de l'empan discursif de la « figure de mot ») ; in absentia (relation dialogique entre l'énoncé occurrent et d'autres discours). La description tensionnelle promue par P. Ricoeur prête à la « métaphore vive » un « contenu cognitif » spécifique (Ricoeur 1975 : 113-114), qui en fait un ressort didactique, voire argumentatif, selon des modalités à définir. Qu'en est-il de la métaphore littéraire ? Le trope présente une affinité avec la littérature, qu'Aristote a justifiée par un commun effet d'étrangeté, source d'étonnement donc d'agrément en « poésie » (Livre III, chap. II). On peut distinguer la métaphore littéraire par son pouvoir « de projeter et de révéler un monde » (Ricoeur 1975 : 120). L'autonomisation de la littérature a favorisé une conception formelle et esthétique des figures, mais le lien n'a 1 Voir en particulier M. Bonhomme (2005) et A. Rabatel (dir.) (2008). Sur le « processus métaphorique », voir l'étude praxématique de C. Détrie, qui fait du trope un possible « instrument idéologique » (Détrie 2001 : 135). 2 Voir F. Rastier ([1987] 1996 ; 2001). 3 Voir la synthèse de P. Ricoeur (1975), à partir des travaux de Richards (1936) et Black (1962) entre autres. On retiendra le couple terminologique thème/phore, issu des travaux de C. Perelman et L. Olbrechts-Tyteca ([1958] 1976). Il est souvent soumis à un schème orienté [thème ð phore] ; mais le propre du discours poétique est de questionner ces pôles fonctionnels et l'orientation du cinétisme figural (voir Rastier : 2001 ; Bonhomme 2005 : 124).

Dans une perspective linguistique macro-syntaxique, l'ajout hyperbatique (qui peut concerner un constituant ou un sous-constituant, en dépendance ou en parallèle) est analysé comme fonctionnant, tantôt comme un suffixe détaché après le noyau, tantôt comme un infixe inséré dans le noyau. Il est montré qu'en résultent deux types d'effets : clôture-réouverture imposant une réanalyse, ou bien suspension-bifurcation ouvrant sur une incidente ; et que, dans les deux cas, la dimension temporelle s'avère centrale.