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Background: A majority of women from all cultures and socioeconomic levels experience myriad symptoms known as premenstrual syndrome during the days prior to menstruation. The present study investigated commonly reported symptoms in the premenstrual phase among college students. The authors further scrutinized potential factors, including subjective perceptions of health, which may be related to the premenstrual-symptom constellation. The aim of the study is to evaluate the awareness of premenstrual symptoms. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire of 16 questions was created and entered in the online survey creator ‘Google Forms’ and shared individually among dental students and specialist and data were collected subject to statistical analysis using SPSS software. Statistical tests used were descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Results: Regardless of severity, the 10 symptoms most often occurring among the participants included skin disorders, irritability, fatigue, mood swings, general aches, pains, lowered school or work performance, backache, painful breasts, weight gain, and swelling. Results of this study 90% of the participants aware about premenstrual symptoms 10% of the participants unaware of premenstrual symptoms and they need an effective education and awareness campaign to increase their knowledge and awareness on premenstrual symptoms. The obtained p-value was >0.05 was considered statistically insignificant. Conclusions: The present study indicates the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms, regardless of severity, among college students and suggests that negative subjective perceptions of health and stress may be related to the intensity of premenstrual symptomatology.

The coronavirus causing COVID-19 is officially named as SARS-CoV-2. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which originated in Wuhan, China, has become a major public health concern all over the World. Infection control measures are necessary to stop the virus from spreading further and help to manage the pandemic situation. Many countries have implemented lockdown measures and social distancing to slow down or prevent the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. This implementation is believed to possess a significantly decreased rate of growth and increased doubling time of cases. Due to the spread through respiratory droplets, the incidence of infection will be high between patients and dental practitioners. The dental clinics and hospitals within the containment areas of COVID-19 should follow infection control protocols precisely in order to confer safety to both the patients and the practitioners. This article thus provides important and requisite knowledge about COVID-19 and therefore, the restrictions and strict protocols to be followed for or while undertaking dental treatment during the crucial lockdown period of COVID-19.

The study aims to know about the Precautions to be taken in public during this pandemic; COVID-19. Pandemic is a worldwide spread of disease and Covid-19 which has been told as a pandemic was first found in Wuhan, A place in China. As this is pandemic, it is important to control this virus. Government has implemented various measures like self-quarantine, social distancing, lockdown, etc. in preventing this virus and also various other measures have been implemented during this pandemic. A thorough literature search was performed using the database like Pubmed, google scholar, BioRxiv, MESH, Cochran database using the keywords ‘COVID -19‘,’ pandemic 'and ‘Precautions ‘ with no date and year restrictions. The language is restricted to English. 15 articles with similar data have been found which were analyzed and have been included in this study. It is very important to know pathophysiology, mode of transmission, precautions taken by the government during this pandemic to create knowledge about this pandemic which will be discussed in this study with the data collected from the articles collected.

Aim: To study and determine the role of interferon-gamma in COVID-19 prevention Objective: The objectives include studying and understand the role of gamma interferon to cure or treat COVID-19 patients, to stop the spread of infection, and also to prevent future outbreaks MATERIALS AND METHODS-Review of literature by collecting and retrieving information from articles Discussion: The coronavirus disease is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by SARS CoV-2 Interferons are a family of proteins that releases several cells in response to the infection caused by viruses Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are natural interferon producing cells Interferons are involved in immune interactions and regulate viral mechanisms Interferon-gamma binds to specific DNA elements Patients suffering from nocturia, breast cancer, and diabetes mellitus are prone to cancer due to less immunity Regenerative medicine for COVID-19 treatment can be helpful with the administration of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells which could prevent lung inflammation Interferons exert and affect target cells through the activation of cell surface receptors Inflammation is a complex immune response to pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants and enables survival during infection or injury and also maintains tissue homeostasis The Stat-1 dimer complex, also known as GAF (gamma activation factor), activates the transcription of IFN-γ inducible genes through the GAS enhancer ele-ment The innate production of interferon-gamma is a critical step in immunological defense mechanisms against viruses The sources of gamma interferon in specific consist of activated natural killer cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells The mediators of viral recognition that led to the production of interferons consist of a group of receptors located either in the cytoplasm or on the surface of endosomes;areas that allow these receptors to efficiently detect viral invasion The virus is easily spreadable as it is highly contagious and spreads through close contact or droplets of infected people This review highlights the role of gamma-interferon in COVID-19 prevention Conclusion: The review highlights the role of gamma interferon in the prevention of COVID-19 to study and identify its role and mechanism to prevent and treat COVID-19 Interferons contain antiviral factors that produce fibroblasts after viral infections in which interferon-inducible PKR kinase catalyzes RNA degradation Innate cell-mediated immunity through NK cells that stimu-lates specific cytotoxic immunity based on the recognition of cell surface-bound viral antigens expressed in major histocompat-ibility complex (MHC) proteins that activate macrophages which therefore activates the anti-viral and antimicrobial activity of interferon-gamma Therefore, COVID-19 being a newly emerging virus, with no approved effective drug or vaccine, an intimate understanding of the role of interferons in prevention is essential to implement novel therapeutic strategies © @IJCRR

Aim: The aim of this study is to get knowledge about the crisis and to create awareness about the problems faced by the daily laborers during the lockdown Introduction: The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic is perpetrating two sorts of shock on nations: a health shock and an eco-nomical shock The imposition of social distancing, self-isolation at home, closure of institutions, industries, and public facilities, restrictions on mobility can conceivably prompt critical ramifications for economies around the globe, which affects the survival of the daily laborers Materials and Method: The questionnaire is prepared to comprise 15 questions and the sample size is 100 participants The results were analyzed using SPSS software The bar graphs provided depicts the results Results and Discussion: 87 4% of the participants think that the COVID-19 lockdown led to the loss of the only source of income of the daily laborers 61 2% of the participants think that the daily laborers don’t have enough of their daily wages to survive this lockdown The results obtained from the population who participated in the study depict the knowledge and awareness of the problems faced by the daily laborers during the lockdown Conclusion: The study confirms that the public is aware of the economic and food crisis faced by the daily laborers during the lockdown © IJCRR

Aim: The study aims to find whether children are essentially immune to COVID-19 Introduction: Immune is the resistance to a particular infection or toxin owing to the presence of antibodies or sensitized white blood cells The novel coronavirus has been named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whereas the disease associated with it is referred to as COVID-19 The diagnostic methods that are involved exclusively are RNA detection by reverse transcription-polymerase (RT-PCR) of secretions through nasopharyngeal and throat swabs and in stool samples Materials and Method: In this review, various articles were searched through search engines like Google Scholar and Pubmed using keywords like immunity in children, resistance, COVID-19 in adults, COVID-19 in children, asymptomatic, less susceptible and milder symptoms Over 70 articles were collected and reviewed thoroughly Results and Discussion: Like adults, children exposed to the coronavirus can be infected with it and display signs of Covid-19 At the beginning of the pandemic, it was assumed that children are not getting infected with the coronavirus, but now it is clear that the amount of infection in children is the same as in adults It is just when they do get the infection they show much milder symptoms However, young children, particularly infants were vulnerable to infection Children frequently do not have a notable disease, raising the possibility for facilitators of viral infection transmission Conclusion: From this review, we can conclude that children are also susceptible to COVID 19 on the exposure to the virus and they are not essentially immune to COVID-19 © @IJCRR

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is one of seven types of coronavirus Infections caused by them range from mild to deadly Some complications of COVID-19 can be caused by a condition known as cytokine release syndrome or cytokine storm The patients with COVID-19 should be protected from nosocomial infection in hospitals This study mainly aims to know about the awareness and understanding of rural and urban populations about the COVID-19 virus Materials and Methods: A total of 100 participants were involved in this survey Participants in the study belong to rural (Am-mapettai, Kachirapalayam-Kallakurichi district of Tamil Nadu) and urban (Trichy, Salem, Madurai, and Chennai cities) places of Tamil Nadu, India The questions were simple and understandable and it was distributed through WhatsApp and the Google forms Data was collected from filled questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS software Results: From the 100 responses, 53% of the study population was urban and 47% belong to rural areas 66% of participants accept that urban populations are more prone to the spread of coronavirus infection than the urban population 60% of participants agree that both urban and rural people are aware of coronavirus 65% of participants say that COVID-19 spread occurs due to droplet transmission and touching objects used by infected patients 65% of participants say that mouth mask, handwash, and social isolation protects from the transmission of infection The majority of the urban population responded that the urban areas are more prone to COVID-19 infection than the rural areas However, there was no significant difference between the opinion of urban and rural populations on the infection-prone areas, p-value = 0 687 (>0 05) The majority of the urban population (41%) believes that coronavirus spreads through both the routes (droplets and touching objects used by infected patients) and the rural population responded less (24%) for both the routes of transmission, p-value = 0 016 (

Aim: The aim of the study to analyze the structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro drug and anti-COVID-19 discovery from medicinal plants Materials and Methods: A systemic strategy was employed using keywords to search the literature in medical databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, etc Discussion: The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus sickness 2019 (COVID-19) realized by SARS-COV-2 has raised overall prosperity concerns The viral 3-chymotrypsin like foundational protease (3cl ace) impetus controls coronavirus replication and it is fundamental for its life cycle 3cl professional is an exhibited drug disclosure concentrated on the record of an extraordinary severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-COV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV) The sum total of what patients had was related to the Wuhan Wholefood advertisement, where fish and live creatures are sold The infection spread quickly and general wellbeing experts in China started a control exertion Notwithstanding, at that point, voyagers had conveyed the infection to numerous nations, starting recollections of the past coronavirus scourges, serious intense respiratory disorder severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory condition, and causing broad media consideration and frenzy In light of clinical models and accessible serological and atomic data, the new illness was called coronavirus malady of 2019 coronavirus, and the novel coronavirus was called Coronavirus-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome, underlining its cozy relationship to the 2002 SARS infection (SARS-CoV) Established researchers hustled to reveal the birthplace of the infection, comprehend the pathogenesis of the sickness, create treatment choices, characterize the hazard factors, and work on antibody advancement Here we present a rundown of the ebb and flow information with respect to the novel coronavirus and the illness it causes Continuous assessments revealed the genome progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Conclusion: Thus, in this, we separated the 3cl master gathering, built up its 3D homology model, and screened it against a helpful plant library containing 32,297 are likely vitality of phytochemicals/standard Chinese remedial blends Our examinations revealed that the best nine hits may fill in a likely for the SARS-COV2 lead particles for extra upgrade and drug improvement methodology to fight COVID-19 © IJCRR

Aim and Objective: The main aim of this study is to analyse whether COVID 19 can spread through pet animals to humans Background and Discussion: Coronavirus belongs to the RNA group of family viruses Coronaviruses can cause cold-like illness in people and some might cause illnesses in certain animals Certain viruses like canine and feline coronavirus affect or infect only animals and do not infect humans Certain coronavirus which infects animals can sometimes spread to humans This caused an impact on the current issue of the outbreak of COVID-19 COVID 19 spreads primarily from person to person but also there’s a chance that it might spread from people to animals or vice versa Certain studies show that people who are infected but don’t have symptoms most likely play a role in the spread of coronavirus The risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome are some examples of disease caused by a coronavirus Conclusion: This review discussed the nature of COVID-19 viral spread through domestic pet animals and there is no evidence to suggest that any animals including pets or livestock can spread COVID infection to people © IJCRR

Introduction: Immunopathogenesis is the process of the development of a disease that involves immune response or immune system The focus of the study is basically on the understanding of control and management along with the role-play of host immune responses and the pathogenesis of the microorganism Coronavirus (CoV) is a large family of viruses which will lead to mild to severe illness, with symptoms most commonly cough, cold, and fever The severe forms include Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) The worldwide pandemic COVID-19 was started in Wuhan city Wuhan city, located in the Hubei province has a huge market called Huanan Seafood market housing numerous non-vegetarian foods which has now become the place where the pandemic started A new strain of the virus that had not been earlier detected in humans is the Novel coronavirus (nCoV) These ranges of viruses are known to be zoonotic in nature, which means they can be easily transmitted between animals and human patients The significant challenge faced with these viruses is their evolutionary nature Materials and Methods: This is a review article wherein various articles were searched through search engines like Google Scholar and Pubmed using keywords like pathogenesis of COVID-19, immune mechanism of COVID-19, the role of TNF-Alpha, interferons, and diagnosis of COVID-19 Over 50 articles were collected and reviewed thoroughly Results and Discussion: The nCoV is made up of a special protein called the glycosylated protein, which is also called the Spike protein or S protein It plays a vital role in allowing the entry of viruses into the host cell The spike protein is a large type 1 transmembrane protein that contains a range of 1160 amino acids Spike protein is a trimeric class one fusion protein that exists in a metadata level perfusion The ectodomain of all coronaviruses is known to share the same organization in two domains: an N-terminal domain called S1 that is responsible for receptor binding action and a C terminal S2 domain which is responsible for fusion This review will give details of the molecular immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 © IJCRR

Aim and Objectives: To review the current state of the knowledge about the COVID-19 cytological aspects Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus The infection has a predominantly respiratory transmission and it is transmitted through large droplets or aerosols, and less commonly with the infected surface or fomites The widespread infection led to social distancing measures Because it’s miles brought about by a singular virus, the cutting-edge pandemic has created plenty of anxiety, a good deal of it because of the comprehensible fear of the unknown We do no longer know how lengthy this pandemic will last, and what its toll on groups will be in terms of fatalities, or in psychological, physical, and economic well-being At this time, we still have many unanswered questions about this virus For a number of these questions, we won’t have answers primarily based on hard information for months to come, maybe until the epidemic is over and an analysis of the worldwide records may be performed Nonetheless, even before we have all the answers, we should neither panic, nor deal with it too lightly We have to “hold calm and bring on” and hold to characteristic as a cytology laboratory committed to offering the exceptional provider to our sufferers in this health care emergency, however at the same time maximize the protection of fitness care people and prevent useless risks, which could help the dissemination of the virus Due to repeated exposure to infectious patients and specimens, health care workers and laboratory personnel are more susceptible to COVID-19 Discussion and Conclusion: This review paper provides an assessment of the current state of knowledge about the disease, its pathology, and the potential presence of the virus in the cytology samples It also discusses the measures to be taken in the cytology laboratory during the pandemic and reduces the risk of the pathologist, personnel, and trainees © IJCRR

Aim and Objectives: To review the relation of COIVD 19 occurrence with non-vegetarian diet Summary: Coronavirus is a viral disease that came from animal species to humans and now, it’s spreading from human to hu-man Many people have believed that the consumption of non-vegetarian food, eggs can cause this infection It was reported as saying that there’s no truth in it It spreads mainly from person to person and eating non-vegetarian food and eggs does not cause coronavirus infections Limited access to fresh foods may lead to increased consumption of highly processed foods, which tend to be high in fats, sugars, and salt Such changes in eating behavior could have a negative effect on the immune system, physical and mental health, and the well-being of individuals globally There are a plethora of questions that arise in the realm of food and eating practices Conclusion: Until now, there is no evidence to indicate that non-veg food can transmit the infection The spread or transmission of the virus through food has not yet been reported All food should be cooked by the basic principles of food hygiene This ap-plies to both vegetarian and to non-vegetarian foods Non-vegetarian foods-meats, fish, poultry, and eggs – should be cooked well before eating Avoiding all raw preparations of fish and eggs must be considered This review emphasizes the myth that is associated with non-veg in relation to COVID-19 © IJCRR

COVID-19 is rapidly spreading pandemic disease affecting all age groups WHO and different nations are enacting various methods, to control the spread of these deadly diseases One such precautionary measure put forth by the government is lock down or quarantine In this quarantine period all schools, colleges, malls and worship places were closed for more than two months With the schools shut, many parents are finding it difficult to keep their children productively engaged at home Working parents face a lot of issues when it comes to handling their children and also face a lot of challenges during their work from home period This study is conducted in order to study the challenges faced by parents during such a long period of quarantine and how they have managed the kids A set of questionnaires were developed and circulated among working parents of children under different age groups were categorized into Group I (6-10 years) and Group II (11-15 years) in relation to challenges faced by parents in handling children during quarantine A total 133 responses were collected and analyzed through SPSS software The Questions were based on demographic details and difficulties faced by the parents The results show that parents found it easy to handle their children, as they have enrolled their children in online classes This study concludes that parents did not face any challenges during lockdown because the children were engaged with other online activities and there is no significant difference between the Group I (6-10 years) and Group II (11-15 years) in handling their children

The world is again facing a threat due to the spread of a deadly infection from Wuhan city in China since december 2019 Like the previous outbreaks of Ebola, Coronavirus has also been declared a public health emergency of international concern Henceforth this emerging outbreak appears to be a challenge for the doctors and health care professionals Aim of the study is to assess the role of doctors and Healthcare professionals during quarantine Doctors and healthcare professionals experience high time during quarantine A clinician entails the duty of beneficial and treating the patients at any time or circumstances This profession demands to ensure all essential medical help during crises There are certain drawbacks listed as an exchange to this, doctors receive benefits from society like high status public respect and also some financial reward 100 people were chosen for the study from the Chennai district A cross sectional study consisting of 15 questions was circulated online and the data was statistically analysed using SPSS software It is evident that majority of the population is aware about the role of doctors and Healthcare professionals during Quarantine and their role and the state of mind during pandemic situations It can be concluded that people are aware about the role of doctors and understand the difficulties faced by health care professionals

An allergic response is the hypersensitive immune response to a substance which is normally harmless or would not cause an immune response in everyone An allergic response can cause several symptoms such as itching, inflammation and tissue injury The manifestation of allergies is recognized in the form of urticaria, swelling, burning, pain, and dryness of the mucosa, stomatitis radioallergosorbent test (RAST) which is the radioallergosorbent test used for the confirmation of allergic reaction in the body This test specifically deals with the IgE antibodies which are responsible for the allergic reactions on the body It is very essential to crosscheck the exact history related to allergy Individual sensitivity and population sensitivity, both are equally responsible for skin allergy are the factors which are to be considered Skin tests become negative under conditions of severe allergic reactions which is determined by graded therapy by freedom from contact and using epinephrine administration RAST test is a two-stage procedure RAST-test is performed according to the guidelines of European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility (EUCAST) The reliability of the test is high compared to other skin tests Specificity based on two radioallergosorbent tests is high as 90% for inhaled allergens It shows excellent reproducibility across a full measuring range with the help of the calibration curve The RAST test is considered to be extremely sensitive It shows high specificity which binds to allergen-specific IgE This article mainly deals with the RAST procedure, advantages and disadvantages of the test © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications All rights reserved

The main aim of the study is to understand the current information of corona transmission and blood safety measures taken during handling blood safety products of corona infected patients Coronaviruses are in the subfamily Ortho Coronaviridae of the Coronaviridae family It is a type of viral virus that causes inflammation in your nose, sinus, or upper throat Most coronaviruses are not harmful The virus may result from pneumonia, respiratory failure, septic shock, and death Many complications of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) may result from a condition known as cytokine release syndrome or a cytokine storm This study mainly aims at the awareness and perception of rural and urban people about covid-19 virus Finding advance in blood safety to avoid blood contamination It will help to provide a proper diagnosis of the disease and understand current information on coronavirus transmission and blood safety measures during the course of the infected patient’s blood safety procedures To assess public health risks and the risk of occupationally acquired disease which may be associated with the management of infectious waste, understanding these factors is required The storage, processing and examination of blood specimens from Covid‐19 patients must be carried out by qualified staff in suitably equipped laboratories, previously educated on the technical and safety procedures A blood-borne illness is a disease which can spread by blood and other body fluids contamination Blood can contain various types of pathogens, mainly microorganisms like bacteria and parasites, and non-living infectious agents such as viruses Through taking preventive steps in the handling of blood products and storage of blood products for infection, contamination will be reduced and the public will not be affected © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications All rights reserved

AIM: To create awareness about diabetes mellitus among general population. OBJECTIVES: To assess the level of awareness about causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, prevention, Treatment and complications of Diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 patients who reported to Saveetha dental college, aged between 15 to 70 years. A self administered questionnaire was used to investigate patient’s awareness and knowledge of Diabetes mellitus. BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in India. There is an urgent need to educate the people about different aspects of diabetes mellitus -causes, risk factors diagnosis and treatment so that they may protect themselves from this disease. The participants of this study ranged between 15-70 years. RESULT: With the data collected 96.8% were aware of source, symptoms, complication, investigation of diabetes mellitus and remaining 3.2% were unaware about it.