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To improve the quality of knowledge service selection in a cloud manufacturing environment, this paper proposes a cloud manufacturing knowledge service optimization decision method based on users’ psychological behavior. Based on the characteristic analysis of cloud manufacturing knowledge service, establish the optimal evaluation index system of cloud manufacturing knowledge service, use the rough set theory to assign initial weights to each evaluation index, and adjust the initial weights according to the user’s multiattribute preference to ensure that the consequences are allocated correctly. The system can help counselors acquire psychological knowledge in time and identify counselors with suicidal tendencies to prevent danger. This paper collected some psychological information data and built a knowledge graph by creating a dictionary and generating entities and relationships. The Han language processing word segmentation tool generates keywords, and CHI (Chi-square) feature selection is used to classify the problem. This feature selection is a statistical premise test that is acceptable when the chi-square test results are distributed with the null hypothesis. It includes the Pearson chi-square test and its variations. The Chi-square test has several benefits, including its distributed processing resilience, ease of computation, broad information gained from the test, usage in research when statistical assumptions are not satisfied, and adaptability in organizing information from multiple or many more group investigations. For improving question and answer efficiency, compared with other models, the BiLSTM (bidirectional long short-term memory) model is preferred to build suicidal tendencies. The Han language processing is a method that is used for word segmentation, and the advantage of this method is that it plays a key role in the word segmentation tool and generates keywords, and CHI (Chi-square) feature selection is used to classify the problem. Text classifier detects dangerous user utterances, question template matching, and answer generation by computing similarity scores. Finally, the system accuracy test is carried out, proving that the system can effectively answer the questions related to psychological counseling. The extensive experiments reveal that the method in this paper’s accuracy rate, recall rate, and F1 value is much superior to other standard models in detecting psychological issues.

Pavement design is the process of calculation the thickness of pavement layers which can withstand the expected traffic load over the design life without deteriorating. In another word, it is providing a pavement structure in which stresses on the subgrade are reduced to the acceptable magnitude. Highways in Sudan deteriorate in the first years of construction due to many reasons including the deficiency in pavement design. This research aims to minimize the probability of roads failure by selecting the appropriate pavement design method for Sudan based on the performance evaluation of each method. Various pavement sections with different environment, traffic loading, subgrade and material properties were designed using AASHTO, Road Note 31, Group Index and CBR design method. The layered elastic analysis and the structural number approach were adopted to evaluate the performance of these sections. The evaluation results were the base for selecting of the suitable design method. The evaluation results concludes that, the AASHTO design method is the most suitable design method to withstand pavement deformations followed by Road Note 31 method. But, from economical prospective Road Note 31 method; with some modifications; can be considered as the suitable design method for Sudan. Recommendations for future studies focus on the development and implementation of mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide applicable in Sudan.

In this paper, the estimation of the stress-strength model R=P(Y

We present in this paper a discrete analogue of the continuous generalized inverted exponential distribution denoted by discrete generalized inverted exponential (DGIE) distribution. Since, it is cumbersome or difficult to measure a large number of observations in reality on a continuous scale in the area of reliability analysis. Yet, there are a number of discrete distributions in the literature; however, these distributions have certain difficulties in properly fitting a large amount of data in a variety of fields. The presented DGIE β , θ has shown the efficiency in fitting data better than some existing distribution. In this study, some basic distributional properties, moments, probability function, reliability indices, characteristic function, and the order statistics of the new DGIE are discussed. Estimation of the parameters is illustrated using the moment's method as well as the maximum likelihood method. Simulations are used to show the performance of the estimated parameters. The model with two real data sets is also examined. In addition, the developed DGIE is applied as color image segmentation which aims to cluster the pixels into their groups. To evaluate the performance of DGIE, a set of six color images is used, as well as it is compared with other image segmentation methods including Gaussian mixture model, K-means, and Fuzzy subspace clustering. The DGIE provides higher performance than other competitive methods.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), a subfamily of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), are considered as candidates for the development of energy-efficient and high-performing gas separation processes based on nanoporous materials. A recently reported class of hybrid materials, which consist of ionic liquid (IL) pairs encapsulated in the cages of ZIFs (namely IL@ZIFs), has revealed exceptional CO2 selectivity. Herein, we investigate the effect of the metal center type of the framework on the performance of IL@ZIFs, exclusively using computational methods. We use the highly studied ZIF-8 and prepare metal variants, by replacing the original metal Zn2+ with Co2+, Be2+ and Cd2+. For each ZIF-8 metal analogue, we prepare IL@ZIFs of varying IL composition, by introducing methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim+][Tf2N−]) in the ZIF cages. With the use of Monte Carlo simulations, we evaluate the selectivity of both the pristine ZIF-8 metal analogues and the IL@ZIF-8 metal analogues for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 mixtures. Our results show that metal variation affects the ZIF performance. Moreover, the IL composition affects the performance; for each IL@ZIF-8 case, there is an optimum IL composition that ensures maximum selectivity for the two mixtures. In an effort to facilitate the evaluation of the IL composition-related performance, we use the available pore volume (APV) parameter. Our analysis reveals that there is a common APV value among all IL@ZIF-8 analogues that dictates the optimum separation performance for both CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 mixtures. This finding can help towards a better understanding of the design and preparation of these materials.

The effect of Ionic Liquid (IL) encapsulation in Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) is extensively studied towards the enhancement of the MOFs as CO2-selective materials. The influence of the IL anion...

In this work, we applied deep reinforcement learning for a simulated quadrotor to fly autonomously from a fixed start point to an arbitrary set of goals. The agent was trained using only two random goal positions and the generalization was tested using more than two goal points. A new OpenAI-gym environment was created which was based on Microsoft Airsim and Unity game engine, this environment will serve as a benchmark for this task. The results of this procedure showed that the agent could perform even in more than-two-random goals tasks but at a lower success rate, while it performed poorly on goals that were far away from targets in the training data.

Background According to the WHO there are 185 million people infected with HCV in the world.Egypt has the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the world reaching 13% equating to an estimated 12 million Egyptians . HCV is one of the main causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.HCV can develop kidney disease because of extrahepatic manifestations of HCV or as a disease process independent of the HCV infection.In addition, hemodialysis has been a risk factor for acquiring HCV infection. The prevalence of HCV infection is high in patients with ESRD, on hemodialysis ranges from 6% to 60% in different parts of the world. Several studies show that patients on hemodialysis have an increased overall mortality risk if they have chronic HCV when compared with those on dialysis who do not have HCV. Antiviral treatment in CKD patients can be complicated because many of the agents used for anti-HCV therapy can accumulate to toxic levels in the setting of renal impairment. Treatment of HCV compensated cirrhosis with the new DAA therapy Qurevo “ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir” with ribavirin in ESRD was approved in many countries. Aim of the study To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Qurevo/Ribavirin regimen in ESRD Egyptian patients who are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) . Patients and Methods A prospective cohort study evaluated the outcome of 12-week ombitasvir (NS5A inhibitor)/paritaprevir (NS3/4A protease inhibitor)/ritonavir with ribavirin combination therapy for 50 ESRD patients with HCV at the hepatic virology clinic at Ain Shams University hospital over a period of 15 months (from December 2016 to February 2018). The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response 12 weeks after therapy (SVR12). Results 50 ESRD patients with a mean age of 51.4 years, range from 23-77 years were enrolled.The SVR12 rate was 96% (48/50); 2 patients had virologic failure. As regards adverse events, the most frequent was fatigue/asthenia in 44 patients (88%) and worsening anemia (Hb dropped to Conclusion Our results confirm the efficacy of Qurevo “ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir” with Ribavirin combination therapy in ESRD patients with HCV infection, with anemia as the most frequent adverse event.

Nano-scale porous solids are alternate candidates for CO2 handling towards the development of materials for post-combustion CO2 capture with low energy demands and milder operating conditions. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is one of the most investigated Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for separation of gas mixtures. In this work, we investigate a new approach of tailoring MOF separation efficiency, by confining pairs of [bmim+][Tf2N−] ionic liquid (IL) in the cages of ZIF-8 (IL@ZIF-8). Molecular force fields, developed by the authors for both the ZIF-8 framework and the [bmim+][Tf2N−] IL, are used in molecular simulations of the system. Monte Carlo simulations are used for sorption of CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 mixtures computations. The results show an increase of the CO2 sorption due to the presence of the IL, which increases CO2 selectivity and capacity dramatically. Recently reported experiments agree with our findings. Moreover, we explore how CO2 selectivity and capacity varies with IL composition in the IL@ZIF-8 complex, as means to define an optimum IL composition in terms of the separation efficiency.

Mites of family Stigmaeidae are potential predators of various species of phytophagous mites through the world.The present study was conducted in Acarology Research Laboratory Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt. The aim of this work was to study the effect of different prey species on the biology of stigmaeid mite, Agistemus vulgaris Soliman and Gomaa. The results showed that A.vulgaris completed its life cycle in 12.56 days when fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch as compared to 12.09 and 10.75 days when fed on Oligonychus sayedi Zaher, Gomaa & El-Enany and Aculops lycopersici Massee, respectively. The maximum average fecundity (53.75 eggs/female) was recorded after feeding on O. sayedi where as after feeding on T. urticae and A. lycopersici , it was 28.43 and 21.93, respectively. Predatory mite has better life table parameters in comparison with the other prey mites. The biological aspects of the predator was as follow, Mean generation time (T) averaged 18.63, 19.18 and 15.34 days, respectively; Net reproductive rate (Ro) averaged 12.82, 24.38 and 9.81; intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.13, 0.16 and 0.14; finite rate of increase (λ) averaged 1.14, 1.18 and 1.16 when the mite fed on immature stages of T. urticae, O. sayedi and A. lycopersici, respectively. A. vulgaris is considered a promising biological control agent against phytophagous mites.

Simple relationships are proposed in this paper by modifying the Schmertmann\'s equation for settlement estimations of footings (i.e., B/L ≈ 1) carrying vertical loads in saturated and unsaturated sandy soils. The modified method is developed using model plate load tests (PLTs) and cone penetration tests (CPTs) results conducted in saturated and unsaturated sand in a controlled laboratory environment. Seven in-situ large-scale footings tested under both saturated and unsaturated conditions in sands were used to validate the proposed technique. The results of the study are encouraging as they provide reliable estimates of the settlement of shallow footings in both saturated and unsaturated sands using the conventional CPT results.

The duration of exposure of sheep to dietary Pb may affect their ability to manage the toxic effects of the Pb, as well as influencing the metabolism of other heavy metals. Sheep were exposed to a supplement of 34 mg Pb/kg basal diet DM for 3, 6 or 9 weeks. Compared with 3-week exposure, rumen contents after 6 weeks had increased Pb content (P = 0.02), and after 9 weeks had reduced Cu (P = 0.01) and Cr (P = 0.04) concentrations. The longer exposure periods reduced digestion of long particles, and increased the alkali buffering potential in the rumen, but duration of exposure to Pb did not affect its proportional absorption (P = 0.26). Most additional Pb was excreted in faeces or accumulated in the bones and spleen, and urinary Pb output was increased (P < 0.01) after exposure for 6 or 9 weeks. Proportional absorption of Cd was increased after 6 and 9 weeks of Pb exposure, compared to 3 weeks (P < 0.01), and after 6 weeks renal Cd had increased from 4 to 9 mg/kg (P < 0.01), which is above the normally accepted legal maximum concentration of 4.8 mg/kg. After 9 weeks of Pb exposure Cd had declined in the kidney and increased in blood cells. It is concluded that duration of exposure to Pb did not affect its absorption, and there was no evidence of protective mechanisms, but extended exposure caused increased accumulation of Cd that rendered renal concentrations above legal limits.

Developmental duration, predation rate, reproduction and life table parameters of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Hcmiot on the four tetranychid mites: Tetranychus urticae Koch., Oligonychus sayedi Zaher, Gomaa & EI-Enany, Eotelranychus zacheri Zaher, Gomaa & EI-Enany, and Petrobia tritici Kandeel, EI-Naggar & Mohamed. were studied at 25 ± 2°C and 70 ± 5% R.H. P. persimilis was able to feed and complete its development on the four tested preys. The predator exhibit a particularly high capacity for increase when fed on T. urticae and O. sayedi, feeding on P. tritici, enhanced poor predator performance as significant longer life cycle and decrease in adult female longevity and no eggs laying occurred. The period of adult female longevity increased to 24.1 days when fed on T urticae comparing to 23.4 & 14.2 days when fed on O. sayedi and E. zacheri, respectively. The result showed that low capacity of predator population growth suggests poor ability of P. persimilis to suppress E. zacheri and P. tritici populations on commercial crops. The daily multiplication rate (R0/T) and the intrinsic rate increase (rm) revealed that highest rate of P. persimilis fed on T. urticae which averaged 2.51 and 0.12, respectively.

To evaluate the success of the ALFA technology to stabilise and solidify the acid-producing tailings by means of ettringite formation, a tailings sample from a mine in the province of Quebec, Canada, was subjected to treatment and subsequent evaluation. The tailings sample was initially subjected to physical and chemical analysis and the optimised condition for the formation and precipitation of ettringite within the sample was established via X-ray diffraction analysis. To establish whether the pozzolanic reactions has occurred in the treated samples and monitor the growth of ettringite in the specimens under investigation, samples were cured for 3, 28, 90, 360, and 660 days and were analysed for their mineralogical constituents. The treated samples with the aluminium, lime and fly ash (ALFA) technology were subjected to different leaching tests. The leachants were simulated groundwater with a pH of 5·5; acid rain with a pH of 4·5, which contained sulphuric acid; a sulphuric acid solution with a pH of 2·5 (Modified TCLP); and acetic acid solution with pH of 2·88. In addition, treated samples were further evaluated for their stability via durability tests (strength, hydraulic conductivity, and cyclic freeze-thaw). Pour évaluer le succès de la technologie ALFA (Aluminium, Lime and Fly ash ou aluminium, chaux et cendres volantes) pour stabiliser et solidifier des stériles produisant de l'acide au moyen de formation d'ettringite, des échantillons de résidus miniers issus de la province de Québec, au Canada, ont été traités puisé tudiés. Des essais chimiques et physiques ont tout d'abord été réalisés sur les échantillons. Une analyse par diffraction de rayons X a permis d'établir les conditions optimales de formation et de précipitation d'ettringite dans le spécimen. Pour déterminer si les réactions pozzoloniques se sont produites dans les échantillons traités et contrôler la formation d'ettringite dans les spécimens àl'étude, les échantillons ont été mûris pendant 3, 28, 90, 360 et 660 jours avant que leurs constituants minéralogiques ne soit analysés. Différents tests de lixiviation TLCP (« toxicity characteristic leaching procedure ») ont été réalisés sur les échantillons traités avec la technologie ALFA. Les lixiviats considérés ont été les suivants: eau souterraine simulée de pH 5,5, pluie acide de pH 4,5 contenant de l'acide sulfurique, solution d'acide sulfurique de pH 2,5 (TLCP modifié) et solution d'acide acétique (TLCP) de pH 2,88. On a également évalué la stabilité des échantillons traités au moyen d'essais de durabilité (résistance, conductivité hydraulique, cycle de gel-dégel).

This paper utilizes the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) technique for generation of an incident pulse signal of several harmonics of multiples of the fundamental frequency. The oscilloscope then captured reflected signals that were analyzed in the frequency domain by using Fourier transforms. The system response was characterized by its normalized spectral magnitude and phase angle. Experimental results indicate that the system is sensitive to water content and ion concentration. For water content prediction, a neuro-fuzzy logic model was developed. The changes in spectral magnitude and phase angle were considered as specific signatures for different soil conditions and were utilized in the training of the neuro-fuzzy logic model. The model was calibrated and used to predict other sets of data. The results show that the model is capable of predicting water content of the tested soils.

An increased sodium appetite has been demonstrated in cattle following supplementation with sodium in the neonatal period, but it is unclear whether the sodium appetite of calves can be influenced in utero by the dam’s sodium intake during pregnancy. Twenty-two non-lactating, pregnant dairy cows received either a diet of silage and concentrates or the same diet with 70 g NaCl per day added to it for the last 2 months of pregnancy. The sodium supplement increased the birth weight of their calves but after 6 weeks there was no difference between treatments in calf weight. In addition to milk, calves in both treatments were offered a choice of concentrates with normal or high sodium concentrations (5·8 and 10·8 g/kg dry matter, respectively). Calves from the cows that had received supplementary sodium during pregnancy ate more of the high sodium concentrate than calves from cows without the sodium supplement, demonstrating that sodium appetite could be entrained by the sodium intake of the dam during late pregnancy.

In this study, a review is made of the basic hydration processes and mineral transformation of the chemically based treatment techniques for pyritic mine tailings. Emphasis is given to the factors that influence the setting of the treatment agents and their interaction with the waste. A case study is presented and discussed. The success of the treatment technique is evaluated based on X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron micrographs and the hydro-mechanical properties (i.e. shear strength and hydraulic conductivity) of the treated samples. Dans cette étude, nous passons en revue les processus élémentaires d'hydratation et la transformation minérale des techniques de traitements chimiques pour les résidus miniers pyriteux. Nous insistons sur les facteurs qui influencent la pose des agents de traitement et leur interaction avec les résidus. Nous présentons et examinons une histoire de cas. Nous évaluons le succès de la technique de traitement en nous basant sur une analyse de diffraction de rayons X, des micrographes électroniques à balayage et les propriétés hydro-mécaniques (c'est-à-dire la force de cisaillement et la conductivité hydraulique) des échantillons traités.

The complexation behavior of quinidine with four cyclodextrins (CDs)​, namely β-​cyclodextrin (β-​CD)​, hydroxypropyl-​β-​cyclodextrin (HP-​β-​CD)​, methyl-​β-​cyclodextrin (M-​β-​CD) and α-​cyclodextrin (α-​CD) was investigated for the purpose of improving the low aq. soly., stability and side effects of the drug. The aq. soly. of quinidine was increased as a function of CD concn. generating linear AL phase soly. profiles. The interaction was quantified for quinidine-​CDs by detn. of the stability const. using the soly. method at various temps. and the thermodn. parameters were calcd. The results revealed a very strong evidence for mol. interaction between the drug and HP-​β-​CD or M-​β-​CD, suggesting the formation of an equimolar complex. The estd. enthalpies and entropies for the interaction of quinidine with CDs indicate that the interaction is exothermic. The prepd. coevaporates were studied by x-​ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry and IR spectroscopy, in order to investigate the possibility of complexation of the drug with CDs. The relative potency of the CDs to enhance the dissoln. rate of quinidine was in the following order: M-​β-​CD ≥ HP-​β-​CD > α-​CD > β-​CD, which, generally fits the magnitude of the stability const. data of the complexes. The dissoln. profiles of the drug, phys. mixts. of the drug with CDs, as well as, the prepd. complex show higher dissoln. rate of the complex compared with the drug alone or its phys. mixts.

The focus of the study in this paper is directed towards understanding the influence of three parameters; namely, (i) matric suction, (ii) overburden stress, and (iii) dilation, on the bearing capacity and settlement behavior of surface and embedded model footings in unsaturated sands. The results show that the bearing capacity and settlement behavior of unsaturated sands are significantly influenced by all the three parameters. In addition, comparisons are provided between the predicted and measured bearing capacity and estimated and measured settlement values using the proposed modified Terzaghi's equation and modified Schmertmann's CPT-based method, respectively. There is a good comparison between the predicted/estimated and measured bearing capacity and settlement values for the laboratory and field tests using the proposed modified methods.

In this study, the characteristics of contaminant-soil interaction and retention regarding soil and influent pH values were examined. Leaching column tests were used to investigate the retention capacity of a natural clay soil. The laboratory tests showed good attenuation for Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ and lesser attenuation for Na + , K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ salts under acidic conditions. To calculate the diffusion parameters, a phenomenological approach was developed. The technique is based on an analytical solution via a Fourier series, a non-dimensional analysis and the measured experimental data. The calculated diffusion parameters were similar to values reported in the literature. The developed technique can be used to calculate diffusion parameters for both adsorption and desorption processes.

The study of the physicochemical properties of pure amorphous materials (complexes) consisting of Fe2O3 and SiO2 in various proportions indicates that the amorphous complexes will exhibit different properties and characteristics depending on the proportions of Fe2O3 and SiO2. Addition of the amorphous complexes with illitic clay studied shows that the properties of the clay admixture will also vary according to the properties of the amorphous complex, albeit to a lesser degree. The properties and behaviour observed for the amorphous complexes and the clay admixtures can be linked directly to the large specific surface area and high surface charge of the amorphous complexes. The contribution of amorphous complexes to the clay – amorphous complex mixtures (clay admixtures) is twofold: firstly, by the amount of amorphous complex in the clay admixture, and secondly by the composition of the amorphous complex used. The contribution from the amorphous complex is in two forms: water-holding capacity and bonding action. The presence of pH-dependent surface charges associated with the amorphous complexes makes the physicochemical properties and behaviour of the clay admixtures (e.g., liquid limits and zeta potential) sensitive to the pH environment. Coating of amorphous colloids onto clay particle surfaces, shown by scanning electron microscopy, appears to, be enhanced by a decrease in pH of the system, indicating that the enhancement is likely due to the increased electrostatic attraction resulting from the increased amounts of positive charges on the amorphous colloids. Key words : amorphous materials, mass ratio, zeta potential, Bingham yield stress, clay admixtures, hydrogen bonding, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, anion exchange capacity, fabric and soil structure.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a rational analytical means for predicting the performance of a muskeg deposit under loading. The analytical model employs the finite-element technique, which is extended to take into consideration the unusual constitutive behavior of the fibrous organic materials as well as the tension cut developing in these materials. The solution obtained using this model provides detailed stress and deformation fields within the loaded muskeg deposit. The applicability of the proposed analytical model is verified by conducting an appropriate experimental program. The results obtained from the model are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Key words: muskeg, loading, modelling, anisotropic, finite element, tension, compression.

A simple technique is proposed to predict the variation of the bearing capacity of an unsaturated soil with respect to matric suction. This technique is based on extending conventional bearing capacity theory proposed by Terzaghi. The proposed equation in this paper is presented as a functional relationship such that the variation of the bearing capacity of an unsaturated soil with respect to matric suction can be predicted. This technique is developed extending the concepts for predicting the shear strength of unsaturated soils proposed by Vanapalli et al. (1996). Using the approach presented in this paper, the bearing capacity of an unsaturated soil can be predicted using the saturated shear strength parameters, c’ and π’ and the soil-water retention curve (SWRC).

Dispersibility of soy protein isolates was improved by adjusting pH to 12 and acidifying to pH 6.5. Alkaline treated isolates added to reconstituted nonfat milk reduced rennet induced coagulum firmness and syneresis more than did untreated soy protein isolates. Treated soy protein added to reconstituted nonfat dry milk reduced coagulum firmness and syneresis more than untreated soy protein. Soy protein interference with coagulum firmness and syneresis increased with an increase in pH becoming most severe at pH values above 11. Adjusting the pH of reconstituted NFDM in the absence of soy protein to pH 8 and holding for 30 min before adjusting it back to pH 6.5 had no effect on coagulum firmness or syneresis. However, higher pH treatments (pH 10 and above) caused reduction in coagulum firmness and in syneresis.

Increasing CaCl2 and lowering pH caused a significant increase in [Ca2+] in reconstituted nonfat dry milk (RNDM), while the addition of soy protein caused a significant reduction in [Ca2+]. Lowering pH greatly increased rennet-induced coagulum firmness in RNDM and slightly increased it in RNDM-soy protein mixtures. Added CaCl2 increased coagulum textural parameters and syneresis in both systems. The extent to which these properties were increased was higher in RNDM than in the coagulum containing soy protein depending on the time after rennet addition and the amount of CaCl2 added. The first increment of CaCl2 added had the highest effect in improving textural properties and increasing syneresis.

Cheeses made from 30% total solids (TS) mixtures of reconstituted nonfat dry milk and vegetable oils were compared with cheeses made from 12.5% TS mixtures and with cheeses made from normal milk. The 30% TS filled milks produced cheeses having firmer curd, lower moisture content and better body and texture characteristics than those made from 12.5% TS filled milks. The rate of acid development during cheese making was slower in filled milks than in normal milks. Filled cheeses were always graded lower than normal milk cheeses. The 30% TS filled milk cheeses were significantly harder than 12.5% TS filled milk cheeses and normal milk cheeses. Cheeses containing coconut oil were harder than those containing soybean oil.

Soy protein was hydrolyzed by trypsin, pepsin and α-chymotrypsin. Effects of adding hydrolyzed soy protein on rennet-induced nonfat milk coagulum texture and syneresis were studied. Pepsin-modified soy protein increased coagulum firmness and syneresis greater than untreated soy protein. Soy protein hydrolyzed with trypsin for 150 min and added to nonfat milk increased coagulum firmness greater than nonfat milk with no soy protein added. Chymotrypsin-modified soy protein acted similarly to the trypsin modified soy protein except the coagulum firmness was less than nonfat milk alone. Soy protein hydrolyzed by trypsin followed by pepsin increased coagulum firmness more than hydrolysis by a single enzyme and was close to nonfat milk without soy protein.