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3-(Dimethylamino)prop-2-yn-1-al (1) reacts with an equimolar quantity of HCl in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran at 0 °C to give the reactive aldehyde (2), R = Cl [¹], which rearranges during isolation to form isomer-free[²] trans-3-chloro-N,N-dimethylacrylamide (3a), R = Cl (yield 80 %) [³].

Acetylenes having both electrondonating and electronaccepting groups (1) may be obtained in good yield from the correspondingly substituted olefines via bromination and elimination of HBr. The reaction of the acetylene aldehyde 1a with proton acids yields, after rearrangement of the primary adducts, the β-substituted acrylamides. Addition of nucleophiles leads to the β-disubstituted α.β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. With hydrazines one obtains pyrazoles and pyrazolones. The acetylenes 1 undergo [2+2]-, [2+3]- and [2+4]-cycloaddition reactions.

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates can be used to get an accurate diagnosis, to guide clinical decision making, to control tuberculosis (TB) and for outbreak investigations. We evaluated the performance of long-read (LR) and/or short-read (SR) sequencing for anti-TB drug-resistance prediction using the TBProfiler and Mykrobe tools, the fraction of genome recovery, assembly accuracies and the robustness of two typing approaches based on core-genome SNP (cgSNP) typing and core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST). Most of the discrepancies between phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing (DST) and drug-resistance prediction were observed for the first-line drugs rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol, mainly with LR sequence data. Resistance prediction to second-line drugs made by both TBProfiler and Mykrobe tools with SR- and LR-sequence data were in complete agreement with phenotypic DST except for one isolate. The SR assemblies were more accurate than the LR assemblies, having significantly (P

The Emerald Book, the new FIDIC Standard Form of Contract developed for Underground Works, was prepared following a balanced risk allocation approach, whereas the Employer retains the ground related risk and the Contractor is responsible for the performance related risk for given ground conditions. The contract uses a Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR) to set out the sub-surface conditions anticipated under the contractually agreed Excavation and Lining design and construction methods and states the allocation of the risks contemplated for sub-surface conditions between the Parties. If the encountered ground conditions differ from those set forth in the GBR, the contract contemplates that the Contractual Time for Completion should be adjusted, increased if more unfavorable conditions are encountered than foreseen in the GBR, or shortened if more favorable conditions are encountered, of and to the extent that the critical path is affected. This paper describes the philosophy behind this contractual mechanism and the time adjustment procedures contemplated in the Emerald Book.

Quitting hash. The readiness for behaviour change among cannabis users in Switzerland. The study aims to identify factors that are associated with the willingness of adolescents and young adults to modify their cannabis use. It is hypothesized that frequency of use, cannabis-related problems and age of onset are associated with their willingness to change. In 2004, a survey on cannabis use was conducted among 13 to 29 year-olds living in Switzerland. Of the 5025 participants 593 had taken cannabis during the past six months. They were then asked about their willingness to change. Three groups of users were compared: those not willing to change, those considering change, and those determined to change. Pearson Chi-square-tests and logistic regressions were performed to test the hypotheses. Experience of problems motivates users to start thinking about changing their behavior. Frequent use and early onset are associated with young people not making the transition from considering changing behavior to resolving to do so. The need to perceive problematic use as a first step towards change and the inhibiting effect of dependencerelated factors on the transition from consideration to determination calls for tailored intervention approaches that are matched to the willingness to change.

Aim: To present data on the prevalence of current cannabis use among adolescents and young adults and to identify risk factors that predict problematic cannabis consumption and with which outcome factors this consumption is associated. Methods: The analyses are based on a representative sample of 5,025 Swiss adolescents and young adults aged between 13 to 29 years. The data concerning health and consumer behavior were obtained from subjects in the context of a cannabis monitoring project. Results: Lifetime prevalence amounts to 46 %, whereby men consume significantly more frequently than women. For the 13 to 18 year olds the age of onset for cannabis use averages at 14.7 years. A portion of 13.2 % of all subjects consumes cannabis regularly out of which one third shows problematic consumption patterns. The following factors show a significant association with problematic cannabis consumption: Sex, age of onset and regular tobacco consumption. Conclusions: There is growing evidence for the need for educational, prevention and interventional programs tailored specifically to the 12 to 16 year olds. A valid screening method should be available in order to detect cannabis consumers at risk. The approach of brief intervention is recommended as a cost-effective measure to treat those at risk.

Sulfidoleukotrienes (sLT) generated in vitro after incubation of equine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) with different inducing agents were determined in 18 healthy and 16 insect bite dermal hypersensitivity (IDH)-affected horses. PBL from these 32 horses were stimulated with Concanavalin A, Parascaris equorum, Culicoides nubeculosus and Simulium extracts, and with a six-Grass mix. The cells of all but four horses generated sLT after incubation with Concanavalin A; these four horses did also not produce sLT with the other inducing agents. Of the 28 remaining horses (12 affected with IDH and 16 healthy), all but three generated sLT with the P. equorum extract. The six-Grass mix did not induce sLT production in any of the tested horses. sLT generation with Concanavalin A and Parascaris was statistically not different between IDH-affected and healthy horses. PBL of the diseased horses, however, produced significantly more sLT with the Culicoides (p < 0.01) and Simulium (p < 0.05) extracts than those of the healthy animals. Additionally, sLT generation with the Culicoides extract was measured at different times of the year in one IDH-affected animal and remained high even in winter, when the horse was asymptomatic. sLT and histamine release were determined in 10 horses in parallel. Positive correlations of 0.81 and 0.82 for Concanavalin A and Parascaris (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), and of 0.95 and 0.94 for Culicoides and Simulium (p < 0.01) were found between sLT and histamine release. These results indicate that, alike in humans, sLT are released in vitro from equine basophils along with histamine in response to various stimuli and that immediate type hypersensitivity reactions to Culicoides and Simulium are often involved in the pathogenesis of IDH. Thus, sLT generation from equine basophils offers an in vitro diagnostic tool for IDH even in sensitised but asymptomatic horses.

We studied the seasonal growth potential of opportunistic bacterial populations in Lake Zurich (Switzerland) by a series of grazer-free dilution culture assays. Pronounced shifts in the composition of the bacterial assemblages were observed within one doubling of total cell numbers, from initially abundant Actinobacteria to other fast-growing microbial lineages. Small populations with growth potentials far above community average were detected throughout the year with striking seasonal differences in their respective taxonomic affiliations. Members of Cytophaga-Flavobacteria (CF) were disproportionally proliferating only during phytoplankton blooms in spring and summer, while Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria showed superior growth at all other occasions. Growth rates of Alphaproteobacteria and esp. Sphingomonadaceae were significantly correlated to water temperatures and were far above community average in summer. Within the genus Flavobacterium, two species-like populations showed a tendency for fast growth in most experiments, while four others were exclusively proliferating either during a spring or during a summer phytoplankton bloom. Their high growth potentials but low in situ abundances hint at a tight control by bacterivorous grazers and at a consequently accelerated carbon flux to higher trophic levels.

As access to computers and the Internet by the low-income population is increasing and the "digital divide" is slowly diminishing, other methods of delivering nutrition information to this audience are evolving. This randomized, block equivalence trial sought to determine whether web-based nutrition education could result in equivalent nutrition-related behavior outcomes when compared with traditional in-person nutrition education in low-income adults. A convenience sample of low-income adults (n=123) was randomized to receive in-person education (n=66) or web-based education (n=57) in a community setting within 14 counties of Indiana from April through December 2010. The web-based group received three nutrition education lessons (eg, fruits and vegetables, Nutrition Facts label reading, and whole grains) designed to replicate lessons received by the in-person group. Lessons were developed using Kolb's Learning Styles and Experiential Learning Model. Self-reported nutrition-related behaviors were assessed using a previously validated survey for low-income adults. Most nutrition-related behavior outcomes (eg, fruit, vegetable, whole-grain intake, Nutrition Facts label use, breakfast, and meal-planning frequency) improved significantly (P0.05) from pre to post within both groups, meaning that each intervention was effective. When these nutrition-related behavior improvements were compared between groups, the changes were statistically equivalent (P0.05), except for one question about use of the Nutrition Facts label. Therefore, web-based nutrition education can lead to favorable and equivalent nutrition-related changes when compared with in-person delivery. Most (83%) web-based participants also reported willingness to use the website again. Future application of web-based interventions for low-income populations could broaden delivery reach, increase frequency and length of contacts, and possibly decrease costs.

Objective The main objective of this study was to investigate access and use of technologies such as the Internet among Indiana's low-income population. The secondary objective was to determine whether access and use of computers significantly differed by age, race, and/or education level. Methods Data were collected from low-income adult Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education participants for a 2-year period using a cross-sectional questionnaire about access and use of technology. Results Approximately 50% of the total respondents (n = 1,620) indicated that they had a working computer in their home, and of those, the majority (78%) had a high-speed Internet connection. Chi-square analysis revealed that younger adults who were white and had more education were more likely to have a computer ( P Conclusions and Implications The results of this study provide evidence that using Internet-based nutrition education in a low-income population is a viable and possibly cost-effective option.

The study aimed at assessing burnout in psychiatrists and psychiatric residents, all of them working in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, and at identifying some of its correlates.Potentially burnout- related demographic, work, leisure activities, and personality (Munich Personality Test) variables were studied in three subgroups of 307 probands--psychiatric residents, psychiatrists working as staff members or in leading positions in psychiatric institutions, and psychiatrists working in private practice--the degree of burnout having been assessed with the Tedium Measure (TM).The mean TM score of all probands of 2.9 (SD = 0.7) was on a low level, high TM scores (3.5) were indicated by 57 (18%) participants. Significantly higher TM scores were indicated by psychiatric residents, who also scored higher with regard to neuroticism and lower with regard to frustration tolerance on MPT.Neuroticism alone explained a substantial proportion of the total TM variance in individual groups. Work-related variables turned out to be of a small importance only, whereas no influence could be demonstrated for different leisure activities.

Introduction La fusion de 3 hopitaux a revele que le traitement de l'hypoglycemie etait different d'un site a l'autre et a l'interieur de chacun d'eux. Les differences concernaient la definition, le choix des glucides, la prise ou non d'un glucide lent apres le sucrage initial, le moment du 2 e controle glycemique ainsi que l'attitude en cas d'injection d'insuline imminente. Le but de la demarche est de corriger les attitudes erronees concernant le traitement de l'hypoglycemie non severe (patient conscient et capable d'avaler), tout en harmonisant les pratiques. Materiels et Methodes Developpement d'un arbre decisionnel se basant sur la litterature scientifique (tres limitee) et notre experience. La validation est prevue dans un deuxieme temps. Observation Definition de l'hypoglycemie : Discussion Aucune etude publiee ne permet de justifier la recommandation systematique d'une collation a index glycemique bas apres le sucrage rapide initial. La validation de notre protocole permettra de repondre a cette question. La diminution du nombre d'erreurs et l'uniformisation des pratiques entre sites hospitaliers dependra de l'implementation de l'arbre decisionnel. Il est etonnant que le nombre de travaux scientifiques soit si limite et souvent conduits de maniere approximative (contenu nutritionnel du sucrage recueilli par questionnaire). Conclusion L'arbre decisionnel devrait contribuer a diminuer les hypoglycemies recidivantes chez le patient hospitalise ainsi que les hyperglycemies consecutives a un sucrage excessif. Il devrait permettre de preciser les indications a une collation apres le traitement initial.

Two efficient syntheses of the previously unknown 1,1′-bis(6-fulvenyl)ferrocene are described. The first involves the preparation of the fulvenylcyclopentadienide ligand anion, which is converted to the fulvenylferrocene by addition of ferrous chloride. The second converts the known dilithioferrocene directly to the bis(fulvenyl)ferrocene by reaction with 6-dimethylaminofulvene. Both syntheses are high yield procedures. Also described are syntheses of the known mono-fulvenylferrocene (ferrocenylfulvene).

The microwave spectrum of heptafulvene (C 8 H 8 ) has been investigated in the frequency range from 26 to 40 GHz. The following rotational constants have been obtained from a least-squares fit of the measured transition frequencies: A = 3665.972(66)MHz, B = 2004.3165(59)MHz, and C = 1297.5029(90)MHz. From the corresponding moments of inertia it was concluded that heptafulvene has a planar equilibrium structure. The quantitative measurement of the Stark splittings of three transitions have yielded a dipole moment of 0.477(5) D along the a principal axis. A series of satellite transitions accompanied each rotational transition. The satellites have been assigned to the lowest out-of-plane vibration ν 42 (B 2 ) for which a frequency of 70(11) cm −1 has been determined from relative intensity measurements.

Beim Umsatz von 2-Chlor-4,6-dimethoxy-s triazin mit Cyclopentadienylnatrium entstehen zwei isomere Dimere, fur die auf Grund der NMR.-Spektren die Strukturen 3(oder 4),8-Bis-(4,6-dimethoxy-2-s-triazinyl)-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-3, 8-dien (IIIa) und 1,3(oder 4)-Bis-(4,6-dimethoxy-2-s-triazinyl-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-3, 8-dien (IVa)) vorgeschlagen werden. Unter den gleichen Bedingungen erhalt man aus 2,4-Dichlor-6-methoxy-s-triazin und Cyclopentadienylnatrium neben einem hoher-molekularen Produkt in betrachtlichem Ausmass 3(oder 4), 8-Bis-(4-chlor-6-methoxy-2-s-triazinyl)-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-3, 8-dien (IIIb).