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Canonical correlation is presented as a technique to determine how sets of dependent variables are related with sets of independent variables. Canonical correlation reveals the strength of the relationship between the clusters using case data as illustration, three pairs of clusters (factors or profiles) emerged. Interpretation of the clusters are presented. As indicated in the case presentation, Canonical Correlation (CA) is the fourth in a series of methodologies selected for illustration as precursors to advanced statistics and modeling. In this paper, background will be given, a schematic example presented, sample size and CA, SPSS procedure to perform CA, and interpretation of CA and possible uses of CA in nursing research.

The crystal structure of (R)-histidinium (2R,3R)-tartrate, C6H10N3O2+·C4H5O6−, has been determined as part of an ongoing study into the fundamental effects of chirality on salt formation and hydration. Repeating layers of (R)-histidinium and (2R,3R)-tartrate interlink to form a three-dimensional network through simple translational symmetry of the unit cell.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C6H10N3O2+·C4H5O6−, has been determined as part of an ongoing study into the fundamental effects of chirality on salt formation and hydration. This structure has distinct layers of histidine, which are linked by stacks of tartrates, forming a complex three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network.

The crystal structure of dl-histidine dl-tartrate, C6H10N3O2+·C4H5O6−, has been determined as part of an ongoing study of the fundamental effects of chirality on salt formation and hydrates. Discrete single-enantiomer chains of histidine are linked in two dimensions by hydrogen bonds to a racemic pair of tartrate mol­ecules.

This is part III of a case series on research methodology with additional case demographic information. The relationship of a dependent variable with two or more independent variables is explained and used to illustrate multiple correlation and multiple regression.

This article is part two of our four part series on basic statistical analytical methods. Using a case method presentation, the basic essentials of factor analysis is described.

When people are hospitalized, they often experience an increase in anxiety that is probably influenced by reactions to separation from family and familiar surroundings, fear of the unknown, and an inability to fully understand the complex nature and consequences of their illness. In addition, certain cultural and/or ethnic beliefs may have an affect on their attitudes toward their illness and their hospitalization. These factors may have delaying effects on recovery; therefore, it seems appropriate for the nurse to focus attention on the sociopsychological problems of patients as well as on their specific physical illnesses. The modern concept of nursing currently emphasizes this encompassing role for the nurse.

A system for employing open-ended root chambers to measurein situ acetylene reduction rates under field conditions is described. Gas mixtures containing about 2 mbar acetylene were continuously flowed through the chambers providing a continuous record of acetylene reduction. These chambers have been used to measure acetylene reduction rates of soybeans during three growing seasons. The system has proved to be reliable with a high degree of precision. The large amount of plant-to-plant variability observed in N2 fixation research has been confirmed by the data collected with this system. However, such variability in physiological studies can be reduced by using a non-destructive system to compare the response of an individual plant with its rates before treatment.

Fifteen male workers exposed to vinyl chloride developed angiosarcoma of the liver. Thirteen died of disease and two are currently living for short periods after diagnosis. Their ages ranged from 36 to 58 years (average 47.5 years). Their exposure time ranged from 4 to 27.8 years (average 16.9 years). The most common presenting symptoms were fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Hepatomegaly followed by splenomegaly were the most common physical findings. Biochemical profiles yielded variable results and proved to be of little value in the detection or diagnosis. Of eight patients autopsied, distant organ involvement was present in two cases, duodenal involvement in one, and direct extension of tumor to adjacent organs or tissues in four additional ones. The remainder, diagnosed by open liver biopsy, revealed no tumor extension. The gross features of the tumors were hemorrhagic necrosis, cystic degeneration, fibrosis, and apparent multicentricity. The histologic features were those of the typical angiosarcoma found in a variety of sites with a wide range of cellular differentiation. The histologic diagnosis was often impaired by the extensive tumor necrosis. Elsewhere in the liver subcapsular fibrosis, a distinct type of portal fibrosis, and endothelial cell hyperplasia with or without sinusoidal dilatation were noted. The reduction of industrial chemical exposure has already been achieved and will hopefully eliminate this chemically related tumor in the future. There is, however, a significant group of previously exposed workers who will require careful monitoring to detect functional abnormalities of the liver and possible early neoplastic changes.

Examination by wide-field capillary microscopy of the hands of 152 workers in vinyl chloride (VC) polymerization plants demonstrated scattered, scleroderma-like microvascular abnormalities in 21 workers and isolated capillary abnormalities in 27, as compared with only three isolated abnormalities in 50 manual workers not exposed to vinyl chloride. Thirteen of 17 VC workers with objective evidence of VC-associated abnormalities (angiosarcoma or fibrosis of liver, acroosteolysis, or scleroderma-like skin lesions) were observed to have microvascular abnormalities. If prospective studies confirm the implications of this study, capillary microscopy may become a useful mass-screening procedure in the early detection and prevention of VC-associated disease.