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Diagnosis and treatment of lung infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) remain challenging. Adherence of the clinicians to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) 2007 guidelines is often incomplete. Between 2007 and 2014, in Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, France, 132 patients had NTM-positive cultures from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples. We retrospectively collected diagnosis, treatment, and outcome data of patients, and evaluated the adherence of clinicians to ATS/IDSA guidelines and the consequences of patients’ prognoses. Using the ATS/IDSA definitions, 31 out of 132 patients (23.5%) were considered infected, 57 out of 132 patients (43.2%) were considered colonised, 33 out of 132 (25%) were contaminated and 11 (8.4%) had missing data. Among the 31 NTM-infected patients, M. avium (23 out of 31, 74.2%) was most frequently involved. The main risk factor for NTM lung infection was underlying lung disease (30 out of 31, 96.8%). Treatment was not appropriate according to current guidelines in 58.1% of infected patients (18 out of 31). Mainly, the antibiotic treatment was installed based on radiological signs (p = 0.0006), sputum results and bronchoalveolar lavage results (p

N,N′-bis-[2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid (HBED-CC) belongs to the acyclic, bifunctional complexing compounds used mainly for radiolabeling with gallium-68 (68Ga). Due to the high stability of the 68Ga3+complex, HBED-CC is well known for its rapid and efficient labeling at ambient temperature and the high stability of the complexes in vivo. The HBED-CC chelator in combination with a PSMA (Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen) inhibitor and labeled with isotope of gallium is an important tool for diagnosing the stage of cancer in patients with prostate cancer. Many HBED-CC derivatives have been described in the literature, but one of the most commonly used is 3-(3-{[(2-{[5-(2-tert-butoxycarbonylethyl)-2-hydroxybenzyl]-tert-butoxycarbonylmethylamino}-ethyl)-tert-butoxy-carbonylmethylamino]-methyl}-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (HBED–CC–tris(tert-butyl ester)). This compound is very expensive and commercially limited. Therefore this work describes an innovative method of synthesis on solid phase using of a microwave reactor. Optimization of the reaction allowed to obtain HBED-CC-tris(tert-butyl ester) with high purity and yield.

Resume But Evaluer et comparer les performances diagnostiques d’un test rapide de PCR en temps reel chez la femme en debut de travail et celles de la culture a 34–38 semaines d’amenorrhee (SA) pour le depistage du streptocoque du groupe B (SGB). Materiels et methodes Cette etude prospective a inclus les patientes en debut de travail apres 34 SA en 2012 au CHU de Grenoble. Un premier depistage du SGB a ete realise par culture entre 34 et 38 SA et un second au moment de l’accouchement par PCR en temps reel et par une culture de reference pour le calcul des performances diagnostiques. Resultats Cent cinquante-sept patientes ont ete incluses. La sensibilite etait de 94,4 % (IC 95 %, 72,7 %–99,9 %) pour le test de PCR et 50 % (IC 95 %, 26–74 %) pour la culture antepartum (p = 0,0047). La prevalence du SGB etait de 7,6 % pour la culture antepartum, 11,5 % pour la culture intrapartum et 16,6 % pour la PCR intrapartum. Conclusion La PCR intrapartum montre une sensibilite bien superieure au depistage antepartum par culture, principalement du fait d’une forte variation de portage du SGB, et permet d’identifier de maniere plus ciblee les patientes candidates a l’antibioprophylaxie intrapartum.

Non-digestible milk oligosaccharides were proposed as receptor decoys for pathogens and as nutrients for beneficial gut commensals like bifidobacteria. Bovine milk contains oligosaccharides, some of which are structurally identical or similar to those found in human milk. In a controlled, randomized double-blinded clinical trial we tested the effect of feeding a formula supplemented with a mixture of bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides (BMOS) generated from whey permeate, containing galacto-oligosaccharides and 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose, and the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) strain CNCM I-3446. Breastfed infants served as reference group. Compared with a non-supplemented control formula, the test formula showed a similar tolerability and supported a similar growth in healthy newborns followed for 12 weeks. The control, but not the test group, differed from the breast-fed reference group by a higher faecal pH and a significantly higher diversity of the faecal microbiota. In the test group the probiotic B. lactis increased by 100-fold in the stool and was detected in all supplemented infants. BMOS stimulated a marked shift to a bifidobacterium-dominated faecal microbiota via increases in endogenous bifidobacteria (B. longum, B. breve, B. bifidum, B. pseudocatenulatum).

Bloodstream bacterial infections are life-threatening conditions necessitating prompt medical care. Rapid pathogen identification is essential for early setting of the best anti-infectious therapy. However, the bacterial load in blood samples from patients with bacteremia is too low and under the limit of detection of most methods for direct identification of bacteria. Therefore, a preliminary step enabling the bacterial multiplication is required. To do so, blood cultures still remain the gold standard before bacteremia diagnosis. Bacterial identification is then usually obtained within 24 to 48 hours -at least- after blood sampling. In the present work, the fast and direct identification of bacteria present in blood cultures is completed in less than 12 hours, during bacterial growth, using an antibody microarray coupled to a Surface Plasmon Resonance imager (SPRi). Less than one bacterium (Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis) per milliliter of blood sample is successfully detected and identified in blood volumes similar to blood tests collected in clinics (i.e. several milliliters). This proof of concept demonstrates the workability of our method for human samples, despite the highly complex intrinsic nature of unprocessed blood. Our label-free method then opens new perspectives for direct and faster bacterial identification in a larger range of clinical samples.

SUMMARYBrucellosis is usually acquired by humans through contact with infected animals or the consumption of raw milk from infected ruminants.Brucella suisbiovar 2 (BSB2) is mainly encountered in hares and wild boars (Sus scrofa), and is known to have very low pathogenicity to humans with only two case reports published in the literature. Human cases of brucellosis caused by BSB2 were identified through the national mandatory notification of brucellosis. The identification of the bacterium species and biovar were confirmed by the national reference laboratory. Epidemiological data were obtained during medical follow-up visits. Seven human cases were identified between 2004 and 2016, all confirmed by the isolation of BSB2 in clinical specimens. All patients had direct contact with wild boars while hunting or preparing wild boar meat for consumption. Five patients had chronic medical conditions possibly responsible for an increased risk of infection. Our findings suggest that BSB2 might be an emerging pathogen in hunters with massive exposure through the dressing of wild boar carcasses. Hunters, especially those with chronic medical conditions, should be informed about the risk of BSB2 infection and should receive information on protective measures.

Resume Objectif Apprecier le statut en vitamine D des enfants de 6 a 10 ans. Methode L’etude s’est deroulee sur deux hivers d’ensoleillement different dans 20 puis 22 centres. Trois cent enfants âges de 6 a 10 ans devaient etre inclus en fin de periode hivernale et les dosages realises sur reliquat biologique dans un laboratoire centralise. Les seuils actuellement retenus de 25 hydroxyvitamine D (25-OH-D) ont permis de definir les situations de deficit severe ou carence (≤ 25 nmol/L), de deficit (25 100 nmol/L). Un questionnaire standardise a permis de renseigner les informations connexes necessaires et les niveaux d’ensoleillement ont ete connus grâce a Meteo-France. Resultats Un dosage plasmatique de 25-OH-D a pu etre realise chez 326 enfants ; 38 % avaient recu une supplementation vitaminique D depuis la rentree scolaire. On a compte 3,1 % d’enfants en situation de carence, 34,4 % en deficit, 53,1 % en statut satisfaisant et 9,5 % avec une concentration haute sans consequence sur la calcemie et la calciurie. Une difference nord/sud a ete observee. Dans la population non supplementee ( n = 188), 5,3 % etaient carences, 45,2 % en deficit et 48,4 % avaient un taux satisfaisant. Le pourcentage de carence et de deficit etait double l’hiver le moins ensoleille. Dans la population supplementee ( n = 119), aucune carence n’a ete constatee ; 13,4 % des enfants etaient en situation de deficit et 22,7 % avaient une concentration haute sans signe de surcharge. Conclusion Un tiers des enfants presentait une concentration deficitaire en 25-OH-D. Parmi les enfants supplementes, aucun n’etait carence, peu en situation de deficit et aucun signe de surcharge n’a ete note alors que chez les enfants non supplementes la moitie (50,5 %) etait en situation de deficit en fin d’hiver. Ces resultats plaident en faveur d’une supplementation hivernale chez les enfants.

Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease mainly transmitted to humans by ruminants. In France, brucellosis has disappeared from ruminants herds. Human brucellosis surveillance is performed through mandatory notification and the national reference center. Methods We report the results of human brucellosis surveillance from 2004 to 2013 with regards to epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data. Results A total of 250 cases were notified, making an annual incidence of 0.3 cases per million inhabitants. Brucella melitensis biovar 3 was the most frequently identified bacterium (79% of isolated strains). In total, 213 (85%) cases had been contaminated abroad in endemic countries. In 2012, an episode of re-emergence of brucellosis in cattle occurred in Haute-Savoie, in the French Alps, and was responsible for 2 human cases. Conclusion Brucellosis has become a disease of travelers in France. However, maintaining a stringent epidemiological surveillance is necessary to be able to early detect any local re-emergence in humans or animals. The multidisciplinary surveillance was implemented in France years ago and is a successful example of the One Health Concept.

Resume Introduction La tularemie est une anthropozoonose transmise par des petits mammiferes (lievre) et des insectes (tiques, taons). L’agent responsable est Francisella tularensis , bacille Gram negatif intracellulaire facultatif. Nous rapportons un cas de tularemie dans sa forme ulceroganglionnaire survenue au cours du traitement d’une polyarthrite rhumatoide par l’adalimumab, un anticorps monoclonal anti-TNF alpha. Observation Un homme de 58 ans consultait pour un placard inflammatoire de la jambe gauche centre par une zone necrotique, associe a une fievre et une adenopathie inguinale homolaterale. Il avait pour antecedents une primo-infection tuberculeuse et une polyarthrite rhumatoide traitee depuis un an par methotrexate et adalimumab. L’interrogatoire precisait la notion d’une morsure de tique quelques semaines auparavant. Une antibiotherapie par doxycycline etait prescrite, mais l’adenopathie evoluait progressivement vers l’aggravation et la fistulisation. L’exerese du ganglion etait finalement pratiquee. L’examen histologique revelait une lymphadenite granulomateuse epithelioide et gigantocellulaire avec necrose ; la recherche de mycobacteries en culture etait negative. La serologie de la tularemie etait positive a un taux significatif et le diagnostic de tularemie ulceroganglionnaire apres morsure de tique etait retenu. Ce diagnostic etait confirme secondairement par detection de l’ADN de F. tularensis sur la biopsie ganglionnaire. La doxycycline etait poursuivie pendant six semaines. L’infection n’a pas recidive apres un an de recul. Discussion Une adenopathie febrile survenant sous anti-TNF alpha et prenant un aspect histologique de granulome tuberculoide avec necrose evoque en premier lieu une reactivation ganglionnaire de tuberculose. Cependant, la notion de morsure de tique et l’impossibilite d’isoler des mycobacteries a partir des multiples prelevements ont impose la recherche d’une maladie d’inoculation et conduit finalement au diagnostic de tularemie. Le role favorisant des therapeutiques immunosuppressives dans la survenue de cette forme grave de tularemie doit etre evoque.

The objectives were to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of a rapid real-time PCR assay at the onset of labor with those of the current antenatal culture-based test at 34-38 weeks gestation for group B Streptococcus (GBS) screening.A prospective study including all pregnant women admitted for delivery after a 34-week gestation period was conducted in October 2012 at the Grenoble University Hospital Centre. A first culture-based GBS screening test was performed between 34 and 38 weeks of gestation followed by a second screening test at the onset of labor, using a real-time PCR Assay and a culture-based method (gold standard) in order to calculate the diagnostic accuracy.One hundred an fifty-seven patients were enrolled. The sensitivity was 94.4% (95% CI, 72.7-99.9%) with intrapartum PCR assay and 50% (95% CI, 26-74%) with antepartum culture. Prevalence of GBS colonization was 7.6% with the antepartum culture method, 11.5% with intrapartum culture and 16.6% by using PCR-test.Intrapartum PCR shows a much higher sensitivity compared to the antepartum culture-based screening mainly due to variations in GBS colonization and could allow us to target patients requiring intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis more effectively.

In the year 2011, over 50,000 houses were sold at foreclosure sales in Germany with an estimated value of 6 billion Euros. As the international literature proved in the past, foreclosed real estate assets usually sell at a discount and damage the value of house prices, which implies a vast harm to the national economy. However, the accurate discount rates of German foreclosure sales and their conjunct reasons have not been suspect of any scientific research so far. Therefore, this article shall estimate the discount rates and examine the default prices by analyzing the foreclosure sales. For this purpose, we merged three unique datasets: One dataset with normal residential market prices (non foreclosure sales), one dataset of foreclosed real estate residential values and another dataset with regional economic indicators and average residential prices. The aforementioned datasets are divided into the 16 German federal states and include the years from 2008 until 2011. A distinctive feature of the merged dataset is, that it represents the population of all foreclosed real estate assets in Germany during the time between 2008 and 2011, which allows us to identify the main characteristics of foreclosed residential assets and their real values as well as their discounts. Subsequently another (logit)-regression analysis shall illustrate the probability of default for German residential real estate assets and their associated micro- and macroeconomics reasons.This paper offers an innovative way of conceptualizing and estimating potential effects for real estate residential assets

Presented here are the results of an evaluation of an in-house real-time PCR assay for the rapid and specific diagnosis of human brucellosis. The assay was based on direct amplification from serum samples of a 169-bp portion of bcsp31, a gene found in all Brucella species and biovars. Species specificity and selectivity of this real-time PCR assay were evaluated using genomic DNA from 15 Brucella strains and 42 non-Brucella strains, and the results were 100%. Among 17 culture-proven brucellosis patients, sera from 11 gave a positive amplification signal, corresponding to a sensitivity of 64.7%. In contrast, negative results were obtained for all sera from 60 control patients, corresponding to a specificity of 100%. The results indicate this test is well adapted for definite confirmation of brucellosis cases, when Brucella cultures remain sterile and serological tests demonstrate the presence of cross-reacting antibodies against Brucella sp. and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 antigens.

Human brucellosis is now a rare disease in countries where eradication programs (especially vaccination) against brucellosis in cattle, sheep, and goats have been successfully implemented. In France, fewer than 50 brucellosis cases are annually notified to the National Institute for Infection Surveillance. Human brucellosis, however, remains endemic in the Mediterranean basin, Middle East, Western Asia, Africa, and South America. Shortcomings of standard diagnostic methods for brucellosis (variable sensitivity of culture, frequent serological cross reactions) have been only partially resolved by modern molecular biology techniques. There are now 3 new challenges to be faced by the medical and veterinarian community: the expanding wildlife reservoir of brucellosis, with a possible impact on domestic animals; the emergence of Brucella. melitensis infections in cattle, for which prophylactic efficacy of available vaccines has not been established; and recent recognition of a huge animal reservoir of Brucella species in marine mammals, for which the potential virulence in humans remains unknown.

To assess the vitamin D status of children aged 6-10years in the French general population for whom no guidelines have yet been defined due to insufficient data.The study was conducted during two winters with very different sunshine levels: 5 March to 17 April 2012 and 8 January to 16 April 2013 in 20 then 22 centers. Three hundred children (60 children for each year of age) attending an ambulatory care unit or outpatient department for a reason unrelated to vitamin D status were included at the end of winter in 20 hospital centers (ten centers in the northern half of France above latitude 46-47°N/Lille: 50°N and ten centers in the southern half of France below latitude 46-47°N/Marseille: 43°N). Centralized 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and parathormone (PTH) assays were performed on leftover blood samples. The currently accepted normal range for 25(OH)D was used to define the following categories: ≤25nmol/L: severe vitamin D deficiency, 25nmol/Lvitamin D deficiency≤50nmol/L, 50nmol/Lsufficient vitamin D status≤100nmol/L,100nmol/L: high vitamin D status. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect the child's characteristics, use of a vitamin D supplement, and milk and dairy product intake. The cumulative number of hours of sunshine over the 90days prior to inclusion in each center was obtained from the Météo-France weather bureau.25(OH)D assays were performed in 326 children; more than 95% of children received milk and dairy products and 38% had received a vitamin D supplement since starting the school year: 3.1% of children in the overall population presented severe vitamin D deficiency, 34.4% presented vitamin D deficiency, 53.1% had a sufficient vitamin D status, and 9.5% had a 25(OH)D concentration100nmol/L with no impact on serum calcium and urinary calcium. Children living in the north of France generally had lower 25(OH)D levels than children living in the south of France. In the non-supplemented population (n=188), 5.3% of children presented severe vitamin D deficiency, 45.2% presented vitamin D deficiency and 48.4% had sufficient 25(OH)D levels. The percentage of children with severe vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D deficiency was twofold higher during the winter with poor sunshine compared to the sunnier winter with a less marked north/south difference. No case of severe vitamin D deficiency was observed in the supplemented population (n=119); 10-15% of children presented vitamin D deficiency and 22.7% had a 25(OH)D concentration100nmol/L, while remaining within the acceptable range. Two cases of hypervitaminosis without hypercalcemia were identified: one after an unknown loading dose with a calcium/creatinine ratio in the normal range (0.8); for the second one, no additional information could be obtained. Vitamin D supplementation considerably reduced the north/south difference and the Winter1/Winter2 difference. A child not receiving a vitamin D supplement had a ninefold higher risk of vitamin D deficiency at the end of winter than a child receiving a vitamin D supplement (OR=8.8; 95%CI, 4.6-16.8).At least one-third of children aged 6-10years presented deficient 25(OH)D levels. None of the children receiving a vitamin D supplement presented severe vitamin D deficiency, only a small number of children presented vitamin D deficiency (n=16 (13.4%)), and no signs of overload were observed, while one half of non-supplemented children (n=95 (50.5%)) presented at least vitamin D deficiency at the end of winter. These results support the need for vitamin D supplementation during winter in children aged 6-10years.

II–VI compounds are promising materials for optoelectronic applications. They are characterized by a large bandgap in the visible region, which allows the production of lasers and light emitting diodes in the blue region as the zinc telluride gap at room temperature is 2.26 eV. We studied the epitaxial growth of zinc telluride and zinc selenide epilayers on gallium arsenide, indium phosphide and gallium arsenide substrates by atmospheric pressure organo-metallic vapor phase epitaxy. We focused especially on the X-ray analysis of thin layer deformations. The relaxation of the deformation in ZnTe epilayers on InP substrates and ZnSe buffer is abrupt. We observed serious deformation of the thin layers on a GaSb substrate.

International audience; Eastern France was not known as a region endemic for tularemia until year 2006. We report on 2 cases of typhoidal tularemia in Eastern France, a 43-year-old hospitalized woman and her husband. Diagnosis was established after fever clearance on serodiagnosis criteria. The source of infection is unclear. As persons in the same family may likely be exposed to a common zoonotic source of infection, tularemia should be considered in the etiologies of familial fever epidemics.

Classical definition of equivalent noise levels LeqΔt (see below eq. 1) implies some special time Processes with Stationary Increments, Independent (PSII), or no (PSI). With PSII LeqΔt are independent then tritely ergodic, but for mere PSI LeqΔt ar not independent nor ergodic. As Leq are transformed random variables with logarithm, logarithm transform deserves to be investigated in relation to stochastic processes properties, and specially to ergodicity. In this way it is shown the logarithm of a positive stationary ergoditic process Zt is itself stationary and ergodic under very weak conditions

The aminoglycosides are ineffective against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus, which resides within lysosomes, despite a strong extracellular bactericidal activity. Since they are slowly concentrated within lysosomes it was hypothesized that acidity within these cell compartments might impair antibiotic activity. The bactericidal activity of amikacin alone and combined with lysosomotropic alkalinizing agents (LAA), which can alkalinize acidic cell compartments, was evaluated. Before antibiotic challenge, some cells were preincubated with amikacin for 3 days to allow intracellular accumulation of drug. No intracellular killing activity was shown when non-preincubated cells were used. Conversely, with preincubated cells, S. aureus was killed within 4 h when LAA were incorporated into the incubation media but not with amikacin alone. Enhanced antimicrobial activity correlated with increase in lysosomal pH. Intracellular accumulation of amikacin was not changed by LAA. These results provide evidence that acidic pH within lysosomes impairs amikacin in killing S. aureus.

The X-ray diffraction pattern of MOVPE-grown ZnSe/InP epilayers in the thickness range between 0.15 and 2.2 μm shows that the relaxation is obtained for a few monolayers. The splitting between light hole E 1h and heavy hole E hh excitonic transitions is observed at 4.2 K by reflectivity and is explained in terms of thermoelastic strain due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of layer and substrate. In addition photoluminescence is studied and shows neutral-donor-bound-exciton lines I 2 and I' 2 as well as the neutral-acceptor-bound-exciton line I 1

Reflectivity, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy allowed determination of the residual strain in ZnSe epilayers grown on different substrates such as GaAs(001), InP(001) and GaSb(001) by metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy. The lattice mismatch as well as the difference in thermal expansion coefficients induced a residual strain in the layer. In ZnSe/GaAs(001) heterostructures both compressive and tensile strains were observed owing to the lattice mismatch (0.27%) and to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the layer and the substrate. ZnSe epilayers grown on InP(001) (lattice mismatch – 3.5%) and grown on GaSb(001) (lattice mismatch – 7%) are under tensile strain owing to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients. A relaxation of thermal strain is observed in both cases when the layer thickness is increased from 0.2 to 2 μm (ZnSe/InP) and from 1 to 7 μm (ZnSe/GaSb). In spite of the difference in measurement temperature and also in the thickness range analyzed by reflectivity, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, the strain determined using these methods is of the same order of magnitude.

Afipia felis, one of the putative agents of cat scratch disease (CSD), is a facultative intracellular bacterium. Although CSD is considered not to be susceptible to antibiotic therapy, sporadic case reports indicated that aminoglycosides may be effective. We determined the in vitro antibiotic susceptibilities of three A. felis strains in axenic medium and in a cell model. In axenic medium, A. felis was susceptible to imipenem, aminoglycosides, and rifampin when using either the broth dilution technique or the agar technique. When grown in HeLa cells, A. felis was susceptible to amikacin and tobramycin but was resistant to the other compounds tested. Despite its intracellular location, A. felis can apparently be reached by aminoglycosides. Thus, the in vitro data presented here are in accord with the clinical data obtained in patients suffering CSD.

International audience; After primary infection, some bacteria can remain in a latent state for several years before a new bacteremia, often due to a weakened immune status. This is common for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, less for other pathogens more difficult to have in mind when facing patients with fever. We report the case of an 84-year-old female patient presenting with fever in the months following antilymphoma chemotherapy, due to bacteremic brucellosis (with a hemophagocytic syndrome) probably latent after primary infection as a child.

The optical properties of ZnSe epilayers grown on (100) GaAs are greatly influenced by residual stress. Reflectance spectra of ${\mathit{E}}_{0}$ (light-hole and heavy-hole) and ${\mathit{E}}_{0}$+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{0}$ excitonic transitions for layers thicker than 1 \ensuremath{\mu}m allow the determination of the ratio of the shear deformation potential (b) to the hydrostatic deformation potential (a). The value of the spin-orbit interaction (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{0}$) is also determined for each layer that suffers two-dimensional tensile stress due to the difference in the thermal-expansion coefficients. The polarization characteristics of excitonic transitions reveal the misorientation of the layer and allow unambiguous identification of the light-hole and heavy-hole excitonic transitions.

The compound Tl4SnSe4 was obtained during the study of pseudobinary SnSe2Tl2Se. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2 1 c with unit cell dimensions: a = 8.481(2) A, b = 8.411(2) A, c= 15.800(5) A, β = 102.39(2)°. The unit cell contains four formula units. Densities, dobs. and dcalc. are 7.52 and 7.56, respectively. The crystal structure was determined from 720 reflections collected with a Nonius CAD4 automatic diffractometer using MoKα radiation. The final R value is 0.069. The structure is built up from isolated SnSe4 tetrahedra stabilized by thallium atoms occupying four independent positions. The thallium coordination polyhedra are slightly different from those observed in Tl4SnS4 with which Tl4SnSe4 is isotypic.

Chemical lithiation was carried out on the spinel structure of In16Sn4S32.119Sn Mossbauer spectra before and after lithium insertion show the oxidoreduction process. The SnII/SnIV ratio has been evaluated and compared with the lithium concentration in order to propose a reaction mechanism.7Li N.M.R. spectra allow characterization of the Li+ cations in two different sites of the spinel network and the investigation of its mobility.

The electronic structure of five antimony compounds is investigated and the Sb Mossbauer isomer shift is calculated. Its value obtained from the full band structure calculation gives a quantitative account for the chemical notion of delocalization of the 5s(Sb) lone pair. A simple molecular description is also derived which relates the lone pair to the Sb local environment.

Introduction – objectifs L’osteite du pied diabetique est une complication frequente. Des recommandations placent la biopsie osseuse comme element central diagnostic. L’objectif de cette etude est de comparer les differentes techniques de bacteriologie dans le diagnostic des osteites de pied diabetique. Materiels et methodes Etude prospective, non controlee monocentrique effectuee entre avril 2012 et fevrier 2014. Le diagnostic d’osteite etait retenu sur les criteres cliniques et d’imagerie. Les prelevements ont ete effectues par biopsie percutanee radio-guidee. Ces prelevements ont ete techniques sous PSM : – Mise en culture classique sur milieux enrichis (gelose au sang, gelose chocolat) et milieu d’enrichissement Schaedler semi-gelose. – Ensemencement d’un flacon Bactec Pediatrique. – Recherche de bacteries par amplification du gene codant pour l’ARN 16S. - Recherche du Staphylococcus aureus par PCR en temps reel. Resultats Vingt-sept biopsies ont ete effectuees. Seize biopsies ont ete documentees sur le plan microbiologique. Sur les 27 cultures classiques effectuees, 15 cultures ont ete positives dont une culture positive apres incubation prolongee. Le S taphylococcus aureus a ete mis en evidence a 9 reprises. Sur les 24 prelevements ensemences en flacon d’hemoculture, 12 ont ete positifs. Vingt-deux PCR 16S ont ete faites, 1 est positive mettant en evidence un Staphylococcus aureus , egalement retrouve sur les milieux de cultures. Vingt-cinq PCR Staphylococccus aureus ont ete effectuees, 7 sont positives sur des prelevements dont les milieux de cultures avaient mis en evidence un Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion Dans notre etude, la biologie moleculaire n’apporte pas d’element diagnostic supplementaire aux milieux de cultures classiques.

In vitro activities of telithromycin compared to those of erythromycin against Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Coxiella burnetii, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis were determined. Telithromycin was more active than erythromycin against Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Coxiella burnetii, with MICs of 0.5 microg/ml, 0.003 to 0.015 microg/ml, and 1 microg/ml, respectively, but was inactive against Ehrlichia chaffeensis.

The intracellular location of some microorganisms allow them to resist antibiotics with poor ability to penetrate eukaryotic cell membranes, such as the beta-lactam compounds. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of antibiotics within eukaryotic cells have been defined in the last two decades. Penetration but also subcellular localization of antibiotics within cells, as well as the possibility of their intracellular inactivation have to be considered. In vitro infected cell models have been useful to determine the activity of antibiotics against intracellular pathogens, although extrapolation of in vitro experimental data to the clinical situation remains hazardous. The pharmacokinetic properties and intracellular activity against a number of pathogens of the newer fluoroquinolone and macrolide compounds seems promising, but clinical data remain scarce.

The genus Bartonella now includes four species which may infect humans : B. bacilliformis, B. quintana, B. henselae, and B. elizabethae. B. bacilliformis, the agent of Carrion's disease, was the only species of the genus since 1993 when Rochalimaea species were removed from the genus Rochalimaea and included in the genus Bartonella, within the family Bartonellaceae. B. quintana is the etiologic agent of trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis, septicemia, endocarditis, and chronic lymphadenopathy. B. henselae is responsible for bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis of the liver or the spleen, septicemia, endocarditis, and cat scratch disease. There is a single isolate of B. elizabethae, which was recovered from the blood of a patient involved with endocarditis. The spectrum of clinical manifestations related to Bartonella species has extended since 1990, partly because of newly available molecular biological techniques. However, some aspects of Bartonella-related diseases remain unsettled, including epidemiology, physiopathology, and optimum therapy to be administered.

We consider isolated noise events, due for instance to isolated vehicles passing in front a sonometer, with an increasing step and a decreasing one. For a time varying level L(t) Lmax+10 log b(t), (b an attenuation fonchon model, 0

The in vitro bacteriostatic activity of clarithromycin, a new macrolide derivative, against Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia conorii, and "Rickettsia israeli" was determined by the plaque assay and the dye uptake assay. Both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of clarithromycin against the Nine Mile, Q212, Priscilla, and ME9 strains of Coxiella burnetti were evaluated by using three cell culture systems. Clarithromycin showed improved antibacterial activity compared with that of erythromycin. A bacteriostatic activity was obtained at concentrations below the reported maximum concentration of clarithromycin in human serum (about 4 micrograms/ml) for all tested rickettsiae. MICs ranged from 1 to 2 micrograms/ml for the three Rickettsia species and from 1 to 4 micrograms/ml for the C. burnetti strains. No bactericidal activity against C. burnetti was obtained when clarithromycin was used at 4 micrograms/ml.

Epitaxial ZnSe, ZnTe and multilayers have been grown on III-V (InP, GaAs and GaSb) substrates by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. First, the OMVPE growth technique used is described. The microstructural quality of the epilayers was determined by SEM (EDX) and X-Ray diffraction. Mechanichal strain, due firstly to a mismatch between II-VI layers and III-V substrates and secondly to different thermal expansion coefficients is studied. Reflectivity and photoluminescence spectra are presented for one type of material. Growth parameters are identified and problems associated to experimental conditions are discussed.

Nous explorons les ressources d'une nouvelle modélisation des niveaux de bruit routier, les mesures à proximité des voies routières chargées montrent un accord satisfaisant.