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An experiment was conducted at College Farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22.The experiment was laid out in split plot design with two factors i.e., irrigation regimes (I1 : Farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing), I2: AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water, I3: AWDI at 10 cm depletion of ponded water and I4: AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water) and weed management practices (W1: Control (Unweeded check), W2: Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb Penoxsulam (1.02%) + Cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE, W3:Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb Penoxsulam (1.02%) + Cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + Mechanical weeding at 45 DAS and W4: Weed free (Mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding). Among the irrigation regimes, cost of cultivation and gross returns were highest in farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 days after sowing) and lowest in AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water. Net returns and B:C ratio was highest in AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water and lowest net returns and B:C ratio was recorded in AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water. Among weed management practices highest cost of cultivation, gross returns were achieved in weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) and lowest cost of cultivation and gross returns was achieved in Control (unweeded control). With respective to herbicide application highest gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were achieved in pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS.

A field experiment was conducted at College farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during 2020-21 and 2021-22 to assess the influence of paddy residue management practices at different fertility levels on certain growth parameters and the yield of rabi maize succeeding kharif rice in a strip plot design. The growth analysis indicated that the leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area duration remained the same with residue management practices at 0-30 DAS and 30-60 DAS but between 60 DAS-harvest, maize leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area duration (LAD) was significantly increased by incorporation of crop residues treated with microbial consortia and SSP. Different fertility levels affected leaf area index, crop growth rate and leaf area duration at all the growth intervals whereas net assimilation rate remained unaffected. Interaction effect of residue management practices and fertility levels on leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area duration was found non significant at 0-30 DAS and 30-60 DAS, while at 60 DAS-harvest integration of residues and microbial consortia along with chemical fertilizers resulted in a significant increase of LAI, CGR and LAD with no significant improvement in NAR. In 2020-21 and 2021-22, the grain yield and straw yield were higher in the incorporation of crop residues treated with microbial consortia and single super phosphate (SSP) in combination with 125 % recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) which was on par with 100% RDF and 75 % RDF and was significantly superior over other treatments.

Background The important morphological parameters of distal radius namely palmar tilt, radial inclination, radial height and ulnar variance are consequential in the evaluation and management of the distal radius fracture, distal radius plate design and kinesiology. Correction of these parameters in anatomical alignment is important to restore the normal biomechanics of the wrist joint. Objective To ascertain the distal radius parameters in the patients attending tertiary care hospital with regard to gender and age. Method The wrist radiographs (postero-anterior and lateral views) of 125 patients, from 16 to above 60 years of age were used to determine the four parameters of distal radius. The subjects were divided into gender and three different age groups (16-36 years, 37-57 years and > 57 years). Independent t-test and ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis with level of significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Result The mean palmar tilt was 15.69 ± 4.84° (p-value = 0.40). The mean radial inclination was 22.58 ± 2.82° (p-value = 0.88). The mean value of radial height was 10.31 ± 1.59 mm (p-value= 0.001). Positive ulnar variance were recorded in maximum of subjects (46.40%) and the least was neutral (16.80%). Conclusion The distal radius parameters of our population were similar to the Orthopedic Trauma Association standard reference value. And there was significant difference in radial height between males and females.

A field experiment on Impact of incorporation of shredded cotton stalks to influence soil fertility status along with production of succeeding sweet corn was organized at college farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad in the midst of rabi 2020-21. The demonstration was proportioned in Randomized Block Design (factorial) and replicated thrice. Treatments contain two residue management viz., Shredded cotton stalks incorporation and no incorporation and five levels of fertility levels viz., control, 75% RDF, 100% RDF, 125% RDF and 150% RDF (Recommended Dose of Fertilizer). Incorporation of cotton stalks did not significantly influenced the grain and fodder yield. Grain and Fodder yield was significantly higher in 125% RDF which was on par with 150% RDF. Incorporation of cotton stalks @ 5 t ha-1 (Residue management) before sowing of the succeeding sweet corn did not influence the energy ratio, energy productivity, productivity day-1. 125% RDF recorded higher energy ratio, energy productivity, while higher productivity day-1 was observed in 150% RDF.

Background The meniscus plays an important role in maintaining healthy articular cartilage. Meniscus tear, one of the common intra-articular knee lesions, is treated by either debridement or repair. Objective This study aims at identifying the early outcome of meniscus tears treated by debridement or repair. This study also elaborates on the spectrum of meniscal injuries presented in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. Method A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Orthopedic Department of Dhulikhel Hospital from February 2018 until January 2020 among patients who underwent knee arthroscopies for meniscal tears treated either by debridement or repair. Patients having intra articular fractures, osteochondral injuries and multi-ligament injuries were excluded. The meniscal tears were classified according to location and type of tear. Those patients who had at least one-year of follow up were evaluated with Lysholm score for functional outcome. Data were compiled and analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2011. Result One hundred and ten cases of meniscal tears were managed over the study period. Ninety-three cases could be traced for outcome evaluation, which included 50 cases of meniscal debridement and 43 cases of meniscal repair. The mean Lysholm score of the patients who received debridement was 81.5 (SD 10.4) and those who received meniscal repair was 84.9 (SD 9.1) (p=0.105). The population distribution was found to be similar in both the groups according to age and sex distribution and associated ligamentous injuries. Conclusion Good functional outcome was seen for meniscal tears managed with debridement or repair in at least one year follow up and could not establish one modality of management better than the other.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted gravely all the economic activities across the world, and India is no exception. One of the victims and most vulnerable sectors of the Indian economy is the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) sector because of its size, scale of operations and financial resources. The present study is aimed at assessing the impact of COVID-19 on MSMEs operating in the Karimnagar district of Telangana State and diagnosing the issues and challenges being faced by the enterprises during the pandemic period. The study is an analytical and descriptive type of research in nature and it is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from about 120 MSME units in the Karimnagar district by administering a structured and pretested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics along with chi-square and ANOVA were used with the help of SPSS to analyse the data. The study found that two-thirds of the enterprise’s operations were extremely affected and experienced the reduction of orders from the customers, while about 41.7% of the MSMEs’ sales turnover plummeted from 40% to 60% due to virulent virus. Shockingly, the majority of the enterprises i.e., 60% incurred losses, and about 26.7% of the MSMEs decided to scale down or sell their units or shut down the operations due to various issues and challenges such as lack of orders, mounting manufacturing costs, payment of EMIs and statutory expenses. The study suggests that the government should ensure to provide free access to loans, waiver of the interest on EMIs and statutory payments besides relaxing the taxes for some period to revive the MSME sector as it is widely acclaimed as the golden duck of the Indian economy!

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease. The prevalence of OA is skyrocketing with time. Providing a proper treatment regimen for OA is also growing as a major public health challenge. Conventional pharmacological treatments are mainly for alleviating pain and have some severe adverse effects. Diacerein is a new oral anti-inflammatory drug especially developed for the management of OA having only mild to moderate adverse effects. However, the evidence of efficacy and safety of Diacerein in OA is not well documented and yet to be explored. Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of Diacerein in knee OA with conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Method A comparative study was conducted among knee OA patients attending Out- Patient Orthopedic department in Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal from December 2019 to September 2020, using self-structured and standard questionnaire. The patients were randomized to receive either a conventional standard treatment (Treatment Group I: NSAIDs) or alternative treatment regimen (Treatment Group II: NSAIDS+ Diacerein). Patients were followed-up after two months and data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Result Among 72 patients enrolled in this study, majority (44.44%) were between 51-60 years of age in which 81.94% of the patients were female. Post treatment data was collected from 15 participants. The mean KOOS-PS score of the participants in Treatment Group I decreased from 35.56 ± 14.33 to 35.14 ± 12.65 while that of the Treatment Group II participants reduced from 63.31 ± 12.08 to 49.99 ± 13.10 in two months. Similarly, the mean WOMAC score decreased from 46.87 ± 17.80 to 34.37 ± 16.83 in Treatment Group I and from 54.23 ± 14.66 to 46.22 ± 12.16 in Treatment Group II. The mean Lysholm score in Treatment Group I increased from 55.57 ± 8.16 to 60.86 ± 15.01 and in Treatment Group II, it increased from 46.62 ± 13.01 to 60.25 ± 17.598. Conclusion Diacerein treatment group had better functional outcome compared to the patients in the treatment group with conventionally used drugs. Also, the adverse effects faced by the patients were minor. The current study are suggestive of better efficacy and safety of Diacerein compared to other drugs.

An easy access has been demonstrated for seven membered diazepines and a six membered quinoxaline. The reaction proceeds rapidly with low-cost and readily available chemicals at mild temperature and provides straight forward access to diazepines and quinoxaline. All final products are new and confirmed by spectral analysis and by single crystal X-ray analysis. Two crystal structures of the diazepines have very similar compositions, exhibit similar conformations where four condensed and coplanar rings are placed in the same orientation to the rest of molecule.

Continuous use of fertilizers decreasing the biological activity of the soil. Fertile soils teem with microorganisms, which directly contribute to the biological fertility of the soil. Microorganisms are responsible for the availability of nutrients to the plants which are already exist in the soil. Hence, the present study focused on to investigate the effect of natural farming on soil microorganisms and enzymes activity of maize rhizospherein comparison with inorganic and organic farming during the autumn season of 2016-17 at Agricultural College, Jagtial. The results of the investigation revealed that the population of microbes (bacteria and fungi) at 30, 60 Days After Sowing (DAS) and harvest was unaffected by variety (Aswini) or hybrid (DHM 117). But, among the different farming methods, organic farming recorded higher bacterial (19, 29 and 22.5 x 10-7 CFU{Colony Forming Unit} g-1 dry soil) and fungi (8.25, 14.67 and 10.25 x 10-5 CFU g-1 dry soil) population at 30, 60 DAS and harvest stage respectively and significantly superior to inorganic and natural methods. The microbial population in inorganic method was inferior to that in absolute control similar to microbial population, highest urease activity was recorded in organic method at 30, 60 DAS and harvest (52.92, 68.33 and 33.25 µg NH4+ g-1 2 h-1, respectively) and it was superior to inorganic and natural farming which were at a par with each other. Significantly higher activity of dehydrogenase was observed with organic farming at 30, 60 DAS and harvest (1.65, 2.29 and 1.72 µg TPF g-1 day-1) compared to natural farming and inorganic farming. The activity of urease and dehydrogenase remained similar with DHM 117 or Aswini.

Fodder crops produced by hydroponics technology are also known as hydroponics fodder, sprouted fodder or sprouted grain. Sprouting of the grains is made inside a greenhouse within a short period of approximately seven days. In India, the increase in the livestock population along with the intensive rearing system has resulted in the increase demands for feeds and fodder. The unavailability of quality green fodder adversely affects the productive and reproductive efficiency of the livestock. Besides the less availability of land, more labour for cultivation (sowing, weeding, harvesting etc.), more time for harvesting, non-availability of same quality around the year, requirement of manure and fertilizer; the uncertainty of rain fall, water scarcity and natural calamities due to climate change are the major constraints for green fodder production encountered by the livestock farmers. Due to the above constraints the hydroponics technology is coming up as an alternative to grow fodder for farm animals. Further, hydroponics technology for fodder production will be very effective for requires 2-3 litres of water to produce one kilogram of green fodder as compared to 55 to 75 litres of water required for the traditional cultivation practices. No wastage of water as the available water is also recycled and utilized. Hydroponic fodder is especially rich in vitamin C and E apart from minerals and high protein content. Hydroponic fodder production not only improves nutrient content by using less water and less space but also a cost effective method for a huge demand in supplying fodder for livestock.

Depletion of soil fertility, depletion of macro- and micro-nutrients and soil organic matter and inappropriate and imbalanced fertilizer application are among the most important factors that reduces the food barley production in Ethiopia. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to evaluate NPSB blended fertilizer rate effect on improving production of food barley in Semen Ari District, Southwestern Ethiopia during main cropping season. Control, (142 NPS + 159 Urea) kg ha-1, (150 NPSB + 41 Urea) kg ha-1, (200 NPSB + 72 Urea) kg ha-1, (250 NPSB + 102 Urea) kg ha-1 and (100 NPSB + 161 Urea) kg ha-1 treatments were used for the experiment which laid out in RCBD following three replication with spacing of 20 cm between rows; and HB 1307 improved food barley seeds were drilled on prepared rows. Full dose of blended and potassium fertilizers were applied at planting time and urea was applied in two split. The result revealed that food barley responded well to application of N, P, S and B than the unfertilized one. Application of 100 kg ha-1 NPSB + 161 kg ha-1 Urea resulted in highest grain yield of 3806.3 kg ha-1, while the lowest grain yield of 1939.2 kg ha-1 was recorded from the nil. Moreover, the highest net benefit of 32124.56 ETB ha-1 and economic returns of 942.2% was recorded in response to application of 100 kg ha-1 NPSB + 161 kg ha-1 Urea. Application of 100 kg ha-1 NPSB + 161 kg ha-1 Urea gave 49.05% yield increment and 40.24% increment in economic return over the control. Therefore, we recommend application of 100 kg ha-1 NPSB + 161 kg ha-1 Urea for farmers and investor’s in study area and similar agro-ecologies as it was optimum for improving food barley production. Further studies and investigation should be done on plant nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and over location. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 10-17, Dec 2021

Infertility is a serious problem of not being able to conceive despite regular intercourse for more than a year. Natural conception is seen to be achieved in 80%–85% of couples. About 15% of couples suffer infertility with male factor contributing to almost 50% of cases. Paradoxically, on traditional assessment, the underlying etiology of male contribution towards infertility remains unrecognized in 30% of the patients and thereby grouped as idiopathic. Diagnostics of male infertility cannot therefore be limited to usual semen analysis only. The spectrum of the recent research encourages the experts in the field to approach the Clinical, Molecular and cytogenetic shades associated with the problem besides secondary factors like life style and environment. Clinical assessment sums the medical history and physical examination of the affected individual. Molecular and cytogenetic analysis help gain new insights in understanding the problem and thereby an advantage for a successful assisted reproductive treatment (ART). Given the cost and burden ART puts in and prior to application of any invasive techniques, understanding precisely the etiology associated with male infertility is essential for the fertility specialist to circumvent inefficient or any unproductive steps in the fertilization process besides helping in counseling patients on their chance of success with the use of reproductive technology.

A heterocyclic molecule of a novel class with a multiple ring system has been synthesized using a new and simple strategy and acetic acid as catalyst. The structure of the title molecule has been determined by spectral analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with two crystallographically independent molecules in an asymmetric unit. The two molecules show close comparable geometric parameters and a similar conformation of fused-ring systems. The crystal structure is stabilized by a combination of N–H⋅⋅⋅O and C–H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds, where independent molecules display equivalent interaction patterns.