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In Portugal, all expenses related to the replacement treatment of renal function in chronic kidney disease are supported through the budget of the Ministry of Health. The author, who limits the analysis to the modality of dialysis treatment, reviews the relative importance of the two factors that have the greatest influence on these expenses. The so-called comprehensive price (CP) which includes dialysis, medicines and diagnostic tests – and the number of patients undergoing treatment (prevalence). The CP with a very high initial value was progressively reduced, with these corrections contributing positively to a decrease in expenses. On the contrary, the prevalence of dialysis has always been increasing, mainly as a result of an extremely high incidence of new patients starting dialysis. The positive effect of decreasing CP it is not only completely nullified by the opposite effect resulting from the increase in prevalence, but it is even surpassed, with a significant increase in expenses. Everything seems to indicate that the high prevalence of dialysis represents the most important factor responsible for the high level of state expenditure in the treatment of chronic kidney disease in Portugal. In order to contain expenses, it will be necessary not only to correct the CP value again, but to analyze the cause, or causes, responsible for the very high levels of incidence/prevalence in dialysis that are observed in our country

Dynamical response of water exposed to x-rays is of utmost importance in a wealth of science areas. We exposed isolated water isotopologues to short x-ray pulses from a free-electron laser and detected momenta of all produced ions in coincidence. By combining experimental results and theoretical modeling, we identify significant structural dynamics with characteristic isotope effects in H2O2+, D2O2+, and HDO2+, such as asymmetric bond elongation and bond-angle opening, leading to two-body or three-body fragmentation on a timescale of a few femtoseconds. A method to disentangle the sequences of events taking place upon the consecutive absorption of two x-ray photons is described. The obtained deep look into structural properties and dynamics of dissociating water isotopologues provides essential insights into the underlying mechanisms.

Two cast superduplex stainless steels were aged at 850°C for different times. The effect of aging on the electrochemical behaviour and hardness of both steels has been investigated. A comparative study between the two steels was carried out considering the difference in chemical composition between the alloys, that is, the presence of copper and tungsten in the 6A steel. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott Schottky analysis. The results showed the beneficial effect of 0.99%pCu and 0.70%pW addition to the cast SDSS retarding the embrittlement of the 6A steel aged at 850°C for 10 hours. The characteristic mechanism of localized corrosion in the aged samples for both materials was the selective dissolution of the ferrite phase.

Introduction Aripiprazole (ARI) is an atypical antipsychotic drug with D2 partial agonist properties, usually prescribed to treat mood disorders (major depression or bipolar disorder) and schizophrenic disorder (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder). Dopamine receptor agonists, as is ARI, have been implicated in some cases of impulse-control problems, such as gambling disorder (GD), increased spending, hypersexuality and compulsive eating. Objectives Currently, it is hypothesized that aripiprazole may cause impulse-control problems because it can produce a hyperdopaminergic state in the mesolimbic pathway (reward system) through its predominant action on dopamine D3 receptors. We intend to do a non-systematic review of the scientific information regarding this subject. Methods The authors revised the published literature about this topic, selecting relevant articles, systematic reviews and case reports, with the topic words: “aripiprazol”, “gambling disorder” and “dopamine receptor” in scientific data base. Results Overall, a few cases of ARI-induced pathological gambling as well as ARI-induced hypersexuality have been reported. In one study it was verified that comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders were common among those who have experienced GD or worsened GD after beginning ARI treatment. In another study, it was verified that the group of patients who reported this alleged side-effect were mostly young (mean age, 33.6 years), mostly men (88.2%) and most lived alone. Conclusions Attributing to dopamine agonists the only factor that can explain the onset of GD is simplistic and dangerous. Many other potential risk factors, including individual vulnerability factors (temperament, genetics) as well as environmental factors, must be considered. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction Nitrous oxide (NO), also known as “laughing gas” is a colorless gas used as an anesthetic, a propellant in some foods, an engine performance enhancer and a recreational drug. When inhaled, it is known to provoke a rapid feeling of euphoria or excitement for a short period of time, dissociative phenomena and sometimes laughter. As its fellow anesthetic agent and NMDA-receptor antagonist, ketamine, NO is being studied for its possible therapeutic profile in treatment resistant major depression (TRMD). Objectives TRMD is a serious illness, that urges for effective alternative treatments. In that regard, we explored the recent studies conducted in these patients, using NO in different dosages when compared to placebo. Methods The authors revised the published literature about this topic, selecting relevant articles with the topic words: “Depression”, “Treatment Resistant Major Depression” and “Nitrous Oxide” in scientific data base. Results Since 2018, at least two randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that NO has considerable antidepressant effects in TRMD, when compared to placebo. Investigators noted that these positive effects where maintained at least for two weeks after a single 1-hour inhalation. In a more recent study, scientists compared different NO concentrations (25% vs. 50%) concluding that the 25% concentration had similar efficacy with a lower risk of adverse effects. Conclusions There appears to be encouraging results when treating patients with TRMD with NO in a 25% concentration. Nonetheless, there is need for further investigation, namely through studies that compare NO with other valid TRMD treatments and not only versus placebo. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Visual Learning Analytics (VLA) uses analytics to monitor and assess educational data by combining visual and automated analysis to provide educational explanations. Such tools could aid teachers in primary and secondary schools in making pedagogical decisions, however, the evidence of their effectiveness and benefits is still limited. With this scoping review, we provide a comprehensive overview of related research on proposed VLA methods, as well as identifying any gaps in the literature that could assist in describing new and helpful directions to the field. This review searched all relevant articles in five accessible databases -- Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, ACM, and IEEE Xplore -- using 40 keywords. These studies were mapped, categorized, and summarized based on their objectives, the collected data, the intervention approaches employed, and the results obtained. The results determined what affordances the VLA tools allowed, what kind of visualizations were used to inform teachers and students, and, more importantly, positive evidence of educational interventions. We conclude that there are moderate-to-clear learning improvements within the limit of the studies' interventions to support the use of VLA tools. More systematic research is needed to determine whether any learning gains are translated into long-term improvements.

Carbon 1s excitation of methane, CH _4 , has been studied in the gas phase using the ion trap integrated with the photon–ion instrument at PETRA III/DESY and soft X-rays from the beamline P04. The created photoions are stored within the ion trap so that in further steps the photoions can undergo reactions with neutral methane molecules. The ionic photoproducts as well as reaction products created thereby are mass-over-charge analyzed by an ion time-of-flight spectrometer. Besides the photoions, product ions with up to three carbon atoms are found. In contrast to experiments using vacuum ultraviolet radiation, especially highly reactive product ions with a small number of hydrogen atoms such as ${{\rm{C}}}_{2}{{\rm{H}}}_{2}^{+}$ and ${{\rm{C}}}_{2}{{\rm{H}}}_{3}^{+}$ are found, which are important precursors for larger hydrocarbons such as C _6 H _6 . Possible production routes of the product ions are analyzed on the basis of a model that considers the probabilities for photofragmentation and the first subsequent chemical reaction step. The model indicates that the high degree of fragmentation by photons with energies around 280 eV is favoring these products. The results of the measurements show that the products like ${{\rm{C}}}_{2}{{\rm{H}}}_{2}^{+}$ and ${{\rm{C}}}_{2}{{\rm{H}}}_{3}^{+}$ can be generated by a single collision of the ionization product with neutral methane. The results suggest that soft X-rays might be important for chemical reactions in planetary atmospheres, which has usually not been taken into account. However, due to the high degree of fragmentation and large cross sections involved, they can have a large influence even when the corresponding photon flux is rather small.

There is a significant amount of data available about students and their learning activities in many educational systems today. However, these datasets are frequently spread across several different digital services, making it challenging to use them strategically. In addition, there are no established standards for collecting, processing, analyzing, and presenting such data. As a result, school leaders, teachers, and students do not capitalize on the possibility of making decisions based on data. This is a serious barrier to the improvement of work in schools, teacher and student progress, and the development of effective Educational Technology (EdTech) products and services. Data standards can be used as a protocol on how different IT systems communicate with each other. When working with data from different public and private institutions simultaneously (e.g., different municipalities and EdTech companies), having a trustworthy data pipeline for retrieving the data and storing it in a secure warehouse is critical. In this study, we propose a technical solution containing a data pipeline by employing a secure warehouse--the Swedish University Computer Network (SUNET), which is an interface for information exchange between operational processes in schools. We conducted a user study in collaboration with four municipalities and four EdTech companies based in Sweden. Our proposal involves introducing a data standard to facilitate the integration of educational data from diverse resources in our SUNET drive. To accomplish this, we created customized scripts for each stakeholder, tailored to their specific data formats, with the aim of merging the students' data. The results of the first four steps show that our solution works. Once the results of the next three steps are in, we will contemplate scaling up our technical solution nationwide. With the implementation of the suggested data standard and the utilization of the proposed technical solution, diverse stakeholders can benefit from improved management, transportation, analysis, and visualization of educational data.

Abstract It is a fact that the regions that cultivate the most maize crop do not have fully adequate technologies to measure productivity losses caused by irregularities in water availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological characteristics of maize hybrids tolerant (DKB 390) and sensitive (BRS 1030) to drought, at V5 growth stage and under water restriction, in order to understand the mechanisms involved in the induction of tolerance to drought by chitosan in contrasting maize genotypes. Plants were cultivated in pots at a greenhouse, and chitosan 100 ppm was applied by leaf spraying. The water restriction was imposed for 10 days and then leaf gaseous exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were evaluated. The tolerant hybrid (DKB 390) showed higher photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, carboxylation efficiency, electron transport rate, and non-photochemical quenching when chitosan was used. Plants from tolerant genotype treated with chitosan were more tolerant to water stress because there were more responsive to the biopolymer.

Diogenes Syndrome (DS) is a behavioural disorder characterized by severe self-neglect. In addition, DS is characterized by domestic squalor, social withdrawal, syllogomania and refusal of help that may be precipitated by stressful events. Primary DS reports are rarely described. Secondary DS is related to mental disorders. The time span in which the syndrome develops is undefined, though it is most accurately characterized as a reaction to stress that occurs late in life. This specific behavioural disorder referred to as DS is a significant functional problem contributing to increased morbidity and mortality and may be due to one or several underlying mecha- nisms, including personality disorder and frontotemporal dementia. We describe a case of DS in a 90-year-old man which presented with a 5- year history of personality changes, progressive beha- vioural changes and decline in memory. Neuropsychological testing found executive deficits, decreased verbal fluency and disturbed memory. CT-Scan imaging revealed cerebral atrophy possibly more prominent in the frontotemporal regions. His hoarding, compulsive and collecting behaviours decreased with sertraline, donepezil and risperidone. DS is a severe psychiatric condition with a multifactorial aetiology. It is strongly related to functional and cognitive decline, specially in elderly patients with comorbid frontotemporal dementia. DS represents a clinical, social and ethical challenge that requires a multidisciplinary team approach. Further investigation into the hoar- ding behaviour´s aetiology may lead to the development of treatment options for patients with frontotemporal dementia.

Introduction Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been associated with the development mental and behavioural symptoms and psychiatric disorders. This association is stronger in severe cases of the disease and in those needing inpatient treatment, particularly in intensive care units (ICU). Objectives To determine the incidence of psychiatric disorders in a Portuguese hospital-based sample of patients with COVID-19. To describe relevant demographic and clinical data. Methods We reviewed all COVID-19 inpatients assessed by liaison psychiatry at our hospital between April and September 2020. Patients admitted due to a psychiatric disorder were excluded from the analysis. We reviewed medical records and retrieved relevant clinical data. ICD-10 was used to classify diagnoses. Results We identified 36 cases with a mean age of 62.64 years-old (SD 19.23). The most common disorder was delirium, which occurred in 41.7% of our sample (15 patients), followed by adjustment disorder (22.2%, n=8), and depressive episode (16.7%, n=8). Most patients had no personal (61.1%, n=22) nor family (75%, n=27) history of a psychiatric disorder. Mean length of admission was 36.89 days (SD 28.91). Seventeen cases (47.22%) had at least one risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease and 14 (38.89%) were admitted at some point to the ICU. Conclusions In our sample, delirium was the main cause for mental or behavioural symptoms in COVID-19 patients. However, we observed a wide array of presentations in our center. A larger sample would allow to better characterize this often-overlooked symptoms and identify risk factors to psychiatric syndromes. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction Bipolar disorder (BD) is frequently underdiagnosed and due to poor screening, the average time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis is more than 7-years (Mantere et al., 2004). Improper diagnosis has serious consequences in intervention (Ghaemi et al., 2001), and previous assessment instruments are now considered insufficient to detect intervention changes, and to provide a more functional and integrated view of BD. Objectives Our study aims to develop a new DSM-5 based Clinical Interview for Bipolar Disorder (CIBD), providing criteria to diagnose BD, but also the individual’s perceptions dealing with BD symptoms. This interview follows the same structure of CIPD (Martins et al., 2015), which has shown acceptability by the participants and experts. Methods CIBD was developed by a multidisciplinary team considering the DSM-5 criteria for Bipolar Disorders. There was a thorough research regarding assessment and evaluation of BD, and several suggestions from an international task force of specialist working with BD patients were considered, when writing the questions for the interview. A detailed description of CIBD development is presented. The authors of the interview have extended experience in the management and assessment of BD patients, and CIBD is now being assessed by a wider non-related panel, regarding pertinence and clarity. Results Preliminary assessment and qualitative feedback from participants that were interviewed is shown, with an overall positive feedback. Conclusions CIBD assesses both the diagnosis/presence of mood episodes (hypo/mania, and depressive) and symptoms’ psychosocial correlates. CIBD detects subtle changes caused by intervention adding a much needed recovery focused perspective. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction Discontinuity in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) and adult mental health services (AMHS) constitutes an important challenge in mental health care. In the last decade, efforts have been made to better define the transitioning population and build consensual models for CAMHS-AMHS’ transition. Objectives We aim to present our protocol and transition consultation results on the scope of published literature. Methods Description of protocol and casuistic of 18 months’ transition consultation at Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo. The literature found on PubMed was published from 2008 to 2020 and was reviewed using the keywords: transition, CAMHS, AMHS, adolescent, mental health service, young people. Articles with full text available written in English and French were selected. The included clinical studies focused on populations with neurodevelopmental disorders, psychotic disorders, non-suicidal self-harm and suicidal attempts. Results Forty-four articles were included, published from 2008 to 2020. 4 articles were excluded on basis of language and diagnosis criteria (eating disorders). Twelve were reviews, 24 were clinical studies and 4 were opinion articles. There are cultural and referral issues that explain the loss of patients in this transition gap. Individuals with history of severe mental illness were more frequently referred than those with neurodevelopmental disorders. Optimal transition is defined as adequate transition planning with a flexible age cut-off and continuity of care following transition. Conclusions For the vast majority of service users, transition from CAMHS to AMHS is poorly planned, executed and experienced. Improving transition models is essential to the patients autonomy’ promotion and a stronger adult mental health.

Abstract Ultra-small clusters containing few atoms are of high interest in both fundamental research and applications due to their specific functional, magnetic or chemical properties which depend on size and composition. The experimental results of the morphology of the size-selected clusters, consisting of few atoms can be an ideal benchmark for sophisticated theoretical models. With this motivation we have investigated the geometrical structure of mass-selected Au9 clusters deposited on a silicon substrate prepared by soft-landing conditions. We present results obtained experimentally by Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS). Considering the ultra-small size of the clusters and small quantities of material on the surface, we combined advanced techniques which allowed us to investigate the surface structure of the sample. The resulting structural sizes are in concordance with cluster theory. Using a model-based approach, the advanced X-ray techniques allow for understanding how to resolve the possible cluster structure, identify optimal experimental conditions and obtain the probable morphological information which is challenging to be obtained otherwise.

The ultrafast structural dynamics of water following inner-shell ionization is a crucial issue in high-energy radiation chemistry. We have exposed isolated water molecules to a short x-ray pulse from a free-electron laser and detected momenta of all produced ions in coincidence. By combining experimental results and theoretical modeling, we can image dissociation dynamics of individual molecules in unprecedented detail. We reveal significant molecular structural dynamics in H_{2}O^{2+}, such as asymmetric deformation and bond-angle opening, leading to two-body or three-body fragmentation on a timescale of a few femtoseconds. We thus reconstruct several snapshots of structural dynamics at different time intervals, which highlight dynamical patterns that are relevant as initiating steps of subsequent radiation-damage processes.

Electron-electron correlation is a complex and interesting phenomenon that occurs in multi-electron systems. Here, the authors demonstrate the imaging of the correlated two-electron wave function in hydrogen molecule using the coincident detection of the electron and proton after the photoionization.

Photogrammetric and Lidar datasets should be in the same mapping or geodetic frame to be used simultaneously in an engineering project. Nowadays direct sensor orientation is a common procedure used in simultaneous photogrammetric and Lidar surveys. Although the direct sensor orientation technologies provide a high degree of automation process due to the GNSS/INS technologies, the accuracies of the results obtained from the photogrammetric and Lidar surveys are dependent on the quality of a group of parameters that models accurately the user conditions of the system at the moment the job is performed. This paper shows the study that was performed to verify the importance of the in situ camera calibration and Integrated Sensor Orientation without control points to increase the accuracies of the photogrammetric and LIDAR datasets integration. The horizontal and vertical accuracies of photogrammetric and Lidar datasets integration by photogrammetric procedure improved significantly when the Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO) approach was performed using Interior Orientation Parameter (IOP) values estimated from the in situ camera calibration. The horizontal and vertical accuracies, estimated by the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the 3D discrepancies from the Lidar check points, increased around of 37% and 198% respectively.

The identification of priority areas for the conservation of Brazilian biodiversity and the application of prompt practical measures are essential for an effective environmental management. The Serra do Rola Moça State Park, located in the Iron Quadrangle, on the southern end of the Espinhaço Range, in Minas Gerais, Brazil, is a region that is home to the rupestrian ferruginous fields or canga vegetation, a still poorly studied vegetation, rich in endemic, rare, and endangered species. The aim of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the rupestrian ferruginous fields, providing a floristic analysis, a quantification of species richness, and survival (vegetative growth in laboratory conditions, the production of nursery saplings and the management of the areas) of translocated species from the Capão Xavier mine pit to the park. The species presented belong mainly to the Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Velloziaceae, Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae, and Solanaceae families. Nowadays, the surrounding area of the administrative headquarters of the park shelters around 10 000 individuals and about 15 000 in other areas of the park. In the rescue and transposition of saplings, there was a loss of less than 31.29 % of the individuals directly introduced to the planting area, while only 10 % of the saplings grown in the nursery were lost. The knowledge acquired about the viability of the studied species, their spread, and conservation indicates the possibility of nursery breeding of some of the native species and their use in the recovery of areas in mining regions.

The nature of transient electronic states created by photoabsorption critically determines the dynamics of the subsequently evolving system. Here, we investigate K-shell photoionized atomic neon by absorbing a second photon within the Auger-decay lifetime of 2.4 fs using the European XFEL, a unique high-repetition-rate, wavelength-tunable x-ray free-electron laser. By high-resolution electron spectroscopy, we map out the transient Rydberg resonances unraveling the details of the subsequent decay of the hollow atom. So far, ultra-short-lived electronic transients, which are often inaccessible by experiments, were mainly inferred from theory but are now addressed by nonlinear x-ray absorption. The successful characterization of these resonances with femtosecond lifetimes provides the basis for a novel class of site-specific, nonlinear, and time-resolved studies with strong impact for a wide range of topics in physics and chemistry.

In the last decade we have witnessed a dramatic increase in the proportion and absolute number of bacterial pathogens resistant to multiple antibacterial agents. Multidrug-resistant bacteria are currently considered as an emergent global disease and a major public health problem. The B-Debate meeting brought together renowned experts representing the main stakeholders (i.e. policy makers, public health authorities, regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies and the scientific community at large) to review the global threat of antibiotic resistance and come up with a coordinated set of strategies to fight antimicrobial resistance in a multifaceted approach. We summarize the views of the B-Debate participants regarding the current situation of antimicrobial resistance in animals and the food chain, within the community and the healthcare setting as well as the role of the environment and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, providing expert recommendations to tackle the global threat of antimicrobial resistance.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos extratos aquosos das plantas medicinais alecrim, alho, cravo-da-índia, sálvia, capim-limão, orégano ou pimenta-do-reino no desenvolvimento in vitro de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e de Fusarium moniliforme. Os extratos foram obtidos pela infusão de 60 g de cada planta medicinal em 200 mL de água fervente. Cada extrato aquoso foi fracionado em concentrações de 0, 5, 10 e 20% (p:v) e incorporado ao meio de cultivo BDA (batata-dextrose-ágar) antes da esterilização em autoclave. Posteriormente, um disco de 8 mm de diâmetro de micélio fúngico de cada patógeno foi transferido para o centro de placas de Petri. Após 24, 48 e 96 horas de incubação em câmara de crescimento a 22 ± 2 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas avaliou-se o crescimento micelial de F. moniliforme e de C. gloesporioides. No último período de incubação, também se quantificou o número de conídios de cada fungo. Para o teste de germinação adicionou-se nas cavidades de placas de teste Elisa, uma alíquota de 40 µL de cada extrato nas concentrações de 0, 5, 10 e 20%, e outra alíquota, da suspensão de conídios de cada patógeno. Após 24 horas a 22 ± 2 ºC, no escuro, a germinação dos conídios foi paralisada com a adição de 20 µL de lactofenol; avaliou-se então a porcentagem de germinação de conídios. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 7 x 4 (extratos de plantas medicinais x concentrações) com quatro repetições. Para ambos os patógenos o extrato aquoso de alho e cravo-da-índia apresentaram maior ou total inibição do crescimento micelial, respectivamente, quando comparado com os demais extratos. Para C. gloeosporioides, o extrato de cravo-da-índia apresentou menor número de conídios em todas as concentrações testadas, e para o extrato de alho a 20%, também não foi observada a germinação de conídios. O extrato de alho foi eficiente em reduzir o número e a germinação dos conídios de F. moniliforme na concentração de 20%. Os extratos de alecrim, cravo-da-índia, orégano e pimenta-do-reino, nas maiores concentrações, tiveram efeito positivo na redução da produção de conídios deste mesmo fungo.

Submarine canyons are known as one of the seafloor morphological features where living cold-water coral (CWC) communities develop in the Mediterranean Sea. We investigated the CWC community of the two westernmost submarine canyons of the Gulf of Lions canyon system: the Cap de Creus Canyon (CCC) and Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon (LDC). Coral associations have been studied through video material recorded by means of a manned submersible and a remotely operated vehicle. Video transects have been conducted and analyzed in order to obtain information on (1) coral bathymetric distribution and density patterns, (2) size structure of coral populations, and (3) coral colony position with respect to the substrate. Madrepora oculata was the most abundant CWC in both canyons, while Lophelia pertusa and Dendrophyllia cornigera mostly occurred as isolated colonies or in small patches. An important exception was detected in a vertical cliff in LDC where a large L. pertusa framework was documented. This is the first record of such an extended L. pertusa framework in the Mediterranean Sea. In both canyons coral populations were dominated by medium and large colonies, but the frequent presence of small-sized colonies also indicate active recruitment. The predominant coral orientation (90° and 135°) is probably driven by the current regime as well as by the sediment load transported by the current flows. In general, no clear differences were observed in the abundance and in the size structure of the CWC populations between CCC and LDC, despite large differences in particulate matter between canyons.

Nowadays lidar and photogrammetric surveys have been used together in many mapping procedures due to their complementary characteristics. Lidar survey is capable to promptly acquire reliable elevation information that is sometimes difficult via photogrammetric procedure. On the other hand, photogrammetric survey is easily able to get semantic information of the objects. Accessibility, availability, the increasing sensor size and quick image acquisition and processing are properties that have raised the use of SLR digital cameras in photogrammetry. Orthoimage generation is a powerful photogrammetric mapping procedure, where the advantages of the integration of lidar and image datasets are very well characterized. However, to perform this application both datasets must be within a common reference frame. In this paper, a procedure to have digital images positioned and oriented in the same lidar frame via a combination of direct and indirect georeferencing is studied. The SLR digital camera was physically connected with the lidar system to calculate the camera station's position in lidar frame. After that, the aerotriangulation supported by camera station's position is performed to get image's exterior orientation parameters (EOP).

Introduction: The literature documents numerous inconveniences of drug administration through feeding tubes. Actions to improve the quality of this practice are of great importance. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the implementation process and results of an Integrated Program to improve drug administration through feeding tubes in a Brazilian general hospital. Methods: This is a descriptive study of a clinic quality improvement program which proceeded in four steps: (1) design of a data base with technical characteristics of oral drugs; (2) application of an identification label on non-crushable tablets; (3) evaluation, through focal groups, of nursing technicians' knowledge of drug administration through feeding tubes, and formal training; (4) prescription review of patients prescribed enteral nutrition and subsequent pharmaceutical intervention. Results: A list with 131 oral drugs used within the hospital was compiled with recommendations for their administration through feeding tubes. Seven non-crushable drugs were identified with "do not crush" labels. Formal training regarding drug administration through feeding tubes was elaborated incorporating findings from the focal groups and applied to the nursing team. Over eight months, we analyzed 888 prescriptions written for 185 patients and addressed 263 pharmaceutical interventions to the medical team (which they accepted in 100% of the cases), and 105 interventions to the nursing team. Conclusions: Qualification programs with multiple strategies, as the one described here, may directly improve drug administration through feeding tubes and help to solve and prevent problems related to this practice.Introducción: En la bibliografía se documentan muchos inconvenientes de la administración de fármacos a través de las sondas de alimentación. Las acciones para mejorar la calidad de esta práctica son de gran importancia. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio es describir el proceso de implantación de un Programa Integrado para mejorar la administración de fármacos a través de las sondas de alimentación y sus resultados en un hospital general de Brasil. Métodos: Este es un estudio descriptivo de un programa de mejora de la calidad clínica que consta de cuatro pasos: (1) diseño de la base de datos con las características técnicas de los fármacos orales; (2) aplicación de una etiqueta de identificación de las tabletas no machacables; (3) evaluación, a través de grupos focales, del conocimiento de los técnicos de enfermería sobre la administración de fármacos a través de sondas de alimentación, y entrenamiento formal; (4) revisión de la prescripción de los pacientes con nutrición enteral y la intervención farmacéutica subsiguiente. Resultados: Se compiló una lista de 131 fármacos orales empleados en el hospital con las recomendaciones de su administración a través de las sondas de alimentación. Se identificaron siete fármacos no machacables con las etiquetas de "no machacar". Se elaboró el entrenamiento formal relativo a la administración de fármacos a través de las sondas de alimentación incorporando los hallazgos de los grupos focales y que fueron aceptadas en el 100% de los casos) y 105 intervenciones al equipo enfermero. Conclusiones: Los programas de cualificación con estrategias múltiples, como el descrito aquí, pueden mejorar directamente la administración de fármacos a través de las sondas de alimentación y ayudar a resolver y evitar los problemas relacionados con esta práctica.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the fifth sentence of the first paragraph of the ‘Application on H2’ section of the Results, which incorrectly read ‘The role of electron correlation is quite apparent in this presentation: Fig. 1a is empty for the uncorrelated Hartree–Fock wave function, since projection of the latter wave function onto the 2pσ u orbital is exactly zero, while this is not the case for the fully correlated wave function (Fig. 1d); also, Fig. 1b, c for the uncorrelated description are identical, while Fig. 1e, f for the correlated case are significantly different.’ The correct version replaces ‘Fig. 1e, f’ with ‘Fig. 2e and f’.

It is generally accepted that the aging process is associated with immunosenescence. On the other hand, physical activity has been consistently associated with positive states of affection and mood which also implies gains on psychological well-being. However, more studies are needed to support the benefit effect of exercise on specific population groups like the elderly. The purpose of the present work is to study the functional fitness, mood states and salivary IgA chronic adaptations after a physical exercise program. 28 subjects aged between 65 and 95 years old participated in this study. The experimental group exercised during 16 weeks, 3 times per week. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the data. The results showed positive changes on the functional fitness that reinforce the trainability principle of the older person. The data shows also an improvement in mood states and chronic positive effects on salivary IgA after the exercise program.

RESUMO: Foram comparadas em dadores com tuberculose pulmonar e indivíduos saudáveis as respostas blastogénicas e a produção de citocinas induzidas por dois filtrados de cultura de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, colectados em diferentes tempos. Tanto no grupo de dadores saudáveis, como no grupo de doentes com tuberculose pulmonar, as proteínas de curto prazo filtradas da cultura de M. tuberculosis (short term culture filtrate proteins-ST-CFP) induziram uma produção mais marcada de INF-γ do que as proteínas de médio prazo (mid term culture filtrate proteins-MT-CFP), enquanto que as MT-CFP induziram uma linfoproliferação mais elevada. Verificou-se uma heterogeneidade considerável nos controlos e os resultados indicaram que o contacto crónico e regular com doentes com tuberculose apresentaram respostas elevadas às ST-CFP. Em relação à estimulação com os perfis antigénicos, tanto a linfoproliferação como a produção de INF-γ se encontravam reduzidas em dadores com tuberculose pulmonar, quando comparados com os controlos. A presença dos antigénios ESAT-6, 10 kDa, 19 kDa e 30 kDa do M. tuberculosis e do lipoarabinomanano (LAM), foi comparada em ambas as preparações utilizando o Western blotting. A MT-CFP contém ligeiramente mais lipoarabinomanano do que a ST-CFP e quantidades mais elevadas de ESAT-6 estão presentes na ST-CFP. A análise ao ARNm para o INF-γ, IL-4 e IL-10 confirmou que a produção de INF-γ estava reduzida em doentes com tuberculose pulmonar, sem qualquer aumento concomitante na produção de IL-4. Estes resultados mostram que variações ao longo do tempo de cultura do M. tuberculosis podem desencadear in vitro diferentes respostas imunitárias mediadas por células.REV PORT PNEUMOL 2002; VIII (6): 629-643 ABSTRACT: Blastogenic responses and cytokine production induced by two culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis collected at different time points were compared in donors with pulmonary tuberculosis and healthy Mantoux-positive BCG vaccinated controls. The short term culture filtrate proteins (ST-CFP) induced stronger IFN-γ production than the mid term culture filtrate proteins (MT-CFP), in both healthy BCG-vaccinated controls and patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, while the MT-CFP induced higher lymphocyte proliferation. Considerable heterogeneity was found within the healthy subjects, results indicated that chronic tuberculosis contacts elicited higher responses toward ST-CFP. Pulmonary tuberculosis donors demonstrated reduced proliferation and IFN-γ production towards the antigen profiles when compared to the healthy subjects. The presence of ESAT-6, 10 kDa, 19 kDa, 30 kDa antigens of M. tuberculosis and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) were compared in both preparations using Western blotting. Although the MT-CFP contained slightly more lipoarabinomannan than the ST-CFP and higher quantities of the ESAT-6 was present in ST-CFP, there were no other obvious differences in the composition of the two culture filtrates. Analysis of mRNA for IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 confirmed that IFN-γ production was reduced in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis without any concomitant increase in IL-4. These results show that variations in time of culture of M. tuberculosis, can elicit different cell-mediated immune responses in vitro.REV PORT PNEUMOL 2002; VIII (6): 629-643 Palavras-chave: Tuberculose (TB), proteínas filtradas de cultura, Proliferação linfocitária, Interferão-γ, Key-words: Tuberculosis (TB), culture filtrate proteins, Lymphocyte proliferation, Interferon-γ