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Aegle marmelos, a plant indigenous to India has been used by the inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent for over 5000 years. The leaves, bark, roots, fruits and seeds are used extensively in the Indian traditional system of medicine the Ayurveda and in various folk medicine to treat myriad ailments. It possesses broad range of therapeutic effects that includes free radical scavenging, antioxidant, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-diarrheal, gastroprotective, antiulcerative colitis, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective and radioprotective effects.In Ayurveda it has been used for the treatment of Atisara (loose stool), Pravahika (dysentery), Shoth (generalised or localised swelling), Gulma (localised gas in abdominal region), Arsha ( haemorrhoids), Grahani (irritable bowel syndrome), Pandu (anaemia), Shvasa (respiratory disorders), Hikka (hiccough), Kasa (cough), Parshwashula (pain in chest bilaterally), Hritshula (cardiac problems), Udararoga (disorders of GI tract), Halimaka (a type of jaundice), Vataroga (nervine disorder).

Madhuyashti Ghrita, is an Ayurvedic medicated ghee preparation containing Yashtimadhu. It is used for treating external ulcers and wounds in vital points of the body. However, there is no quality monograph available for Madhuyashti Ghrita. Hence, the present work was carried out to characterize this Ghrita to confirm its identity, quality and purity. This work reported various pharmacognostic and physicochemical parameters of Madhuyashti Ghrita along with its TLC based rapid fingerprinting as per the present standards of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Moreover, the presence of toxic contaminants like heavy metals, and microbial load were also evaluated. In organoleptic evaluation, the Ghrita was found to be semi–solid and dark yellow in colour, sweet and bitter in taste with a characteristic and pleasant odour. The values of the physicochemical parameters such as acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, refractive index, rancidity and pH value of the Ghrita were also assed. In the microscopical analysis of the rhizomes of Yashtimadhu, the presence of pitted vessels, fibres, prismatic crystals and starch grains were noted as a confirmation characteristic for the genuinely of this raw material in Madhuyashti Ghrita. The amount of heavy metals such arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, nickel, zinc, copper and chromium as well as total bacterial count and total fungal count were found to be much below their API limits. The TLC showed different characteristic spots indicating the presence of Yashtimadhu in this product. The parameters of Madhuyashti Ghrita presented in this paper may be utilized for preparing a quality monograph for this product.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder prevalent worldwide among elderly populations. Owing to limited efficacy, side effects, and poor patient compliance for current rationally designed therapies, options are being searched from alternate therapies such as Indian (Ayurvedic), Chinese, or other traditional systems. Areas covered: Following a comprehensive literature search, the authors provide a review encompassing: (1) pathophysiological changes involved in AD, (2) Ayurvedic holistic approach and herbal medicines to manage dementia and AD, and (3) traditional plants and their phytoconstituents effective in AD with description of possible mechanism of action. Expert opinion: Traditional remedies could be adjunct therapeutic options to allay wide-ranging pathological cascades of AD. Ayurveda offers a holistic approach of treatment along with a list of nootropic herbs and formulations that are the rich sources of antioxidants, anti-amyloidogenic, neuroprotective, adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory compounds that are found to modulate neuroendocrine-immune activities, enhance memory, intellect, rejuvenate brain functions, and improve quality of life. A strong knowledge base of traditional systems coupled with contemporary science may provide new functional leads for age-associated neurodegenerative disorders at preventive, promotive, and curative levels, and evolution of new drug therapies and development processes, though further research is needed.

Aim: The objective of this study was to analyze the pharmacognostical, phytochemical and antioxidant studies of aqueous ethanolic extract, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of Dichrostachys cinerea root (Veerataru). Materials and Methods: The pharmacognostical studies on D. cinerea root including parameters such as powder microscopy, extractive values, ash values, and fluorescence and the phytochemical studies are established. The aqueous ethanolic extract and all the fractions were screened against few free radicals, such as diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical and superoxide anion radical. Results: Powder microscopy revealed the presence of lignified crystal fibers, stone cells, and prism-shaped crystals. All the fractions were rich in steroids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and carbohydrates. High level of total phenolic content (158 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and flavonoids (32 mg rutin equivalent/g) was observed in ethyl acetate fraction. Conclusions: It is concluded that the ethyl acetate fraction followed by butanol fraction of D. cinerea root has strong antioxidant potential. Further study is required for the isolation of bioactive component, which may serve as a potent natural antioxidant.

Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, epilepsy, depression and anxiety pose a sizable global health problem, accompanying substantial burden of disorders, suicides, physical comorbidities, high fiscal expenses, and poor quality of life. There is a recent upsurge in global interest toward the area of traditional therapies and phytomedicines are widely admired by researchers owing to their natural source and fewer side effects. On the contrary, conventional synthetic drugs have been reported with undesirable but inevitable ill effects having poor patient compliance. Thus, herbal medicines are being preferred over synthetic drug therapies as an effective remedy for many brain disorders. Ayurveda provides a holistic approach to treatment along with several nootropic herbs having multi-dimensional bioactivities in various disorders. Scattered information is available pertaining to traditional Ayurvedic remedial options for various mental disorders. Present review encompasses: (i) common brain disorders and the associated changes (ii) Ayurvedic holistic approach to manage neurodegenerative and depressive disorders, and (iii) important Ayurvedic single herbs and polyherbal formulations with description of their traditional usage and administration. Concomitantly, it opens up for future investigations and standardization on Ayurvedic nootropic herbs.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are common microvascular retinal diseases in patients with diabetes. The diabetic patients may have a sudden and devastating impact on visual acuity, in the long run leading to blindness. Advanced stages of DR are characterized by the growth of abnormal retinal blood vessels secondary to ischemia. These blood vessels grow in an attempt to supply oxygenated blood to the hypoxic retina. At any time during the progression of DR, patients with diabetes can also develop DME, which involves retinal thickening in the macular area. In the present paper, algorithms are developed to detect DR and DME. For detecting DR the abnormalities in the retina blood vessels are detected by classifying the common abnormalities namely microaneurisms, hard exudates, heammorages and cotton wool spots. DME is detected by finding the nearness of Hard exudate to macula. The macula and hard exudates are localized using image processing techniques. Severity of DME is assessed based on the nearest exudates, their area and color analysis. The algorithm is tested with 65 DR and DME images with severity index 0, 1 and 2 from MESSIDOR database.

Background Samasharkara Churna, a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation, is prescribed for treating various conditions such as asthma and cough. Literature review suggested that characterization parameters of Samasharkara Churna are not reported. Objective To report characteristic parameters of Samasharkara Churna to conform its identity, quality and purity. Materials and Methods Samasharkara Churna was evaluated for pharmacognostic, physicochemical, microbiological, and chromatographic parameters. Results The chromatographic analysis was able to showed presence of all ingredients in Samasharkara Churna. Conclusion The characterization parameters presented in this paper may serve as standard reference for the quality control analysis of Samasharkara Churna.

Of the many variations of vector measures, the Frechet variation is finite valued but only subadditive. Finding a `controlling' finite measure for these in several cases, it is possible to develop a useful integration of the Bartle-Dunford-Schwartz type for many linear metric spaces. These include the generalized Orlicz spaces, $L^{\varphi}(\mu)$, where $\varphi$ is a concave $\varphi$-function with applications to stochastic measures $Z(\cdot)$ into various Frechet spaces useful in prediction theory. In particular, certain $p$-stable random measures and a (sub) class of these leading to positive infinitely divisible ones are detailed.

Ayush 82 is formulated and clinically proven by Central Council Research in Ayurveda Sciences, M/o of AYUSH, GOI for diabetic care. Recently Right Sugar (Chaturbhuj Pharmaceutical), IME-9 (Kudos Ayurveda) and BGR-34 (AIMIL Pharmaceutical) have drawn the attention of many diabetic consumers as these products are developed from scientific organizations of government and highlighted in electronic and print media. IME-9 (Kudos Ayurveda) developed from Ayush 82 of Central Council Research in Ayurveda Sciences, M/o of AYUSH, GOI. Most of the patients consuming IME-9 attend Ayurvedic hospitals and clinics for evaluation of their blood sugar level to know the efficacy of the drug and for consultation. Therefore, an initiative was taken to analyze the safety and efficacy of IME-9 in newly diagnosed diabetic patients taking an IME-9 tablet or have a primary prescription of the same. IME-9 was able to reduce (96%) the blood glucose of all newly diagnosed cases, whereas glycosylated haemoglobin level was reduced in all newly diagnosed cases except in one. Total 12 (48%) patients have shown the improvement of blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (up to 7). It is also observed that in three cases blood glucose level was increased after 2 weeks of treatment and significant reduction of blood glucose was found after the 8th week. So IME-9 may be the first line choice of herbal treatment of newly diagnosed cases along with a change in lifestyle.

This interventional, quasi - experimental study (pre - post test design) was conducted at Ayurveda Central Research Institute, New Delhi to study the efficacy of Leech Therapy along with some Ayurvedic medicine in vitiligo. Patients were selected by non - probability purposive sampling m ethod after obtaining an informed consent. Twenty patients suffering from vitiligo (12 male and 08 female), aged more than 15 years and involving less than 25% of body surface area were enrolled. All the patients were kept in a single group. All the patien ts were called to OPD for Leech application once in a week. The patients were followed up weekly for first month and later on fortnightly for five months to monitor the improvement and adverse effects. The mean re - pigmentation achieved was 60 % ( VASI score of 3.69), while the arrest of progression ( stationary) was noted in 35 % of patients. In 5% of patient it was spreading. We recommend that leech therapy along with internal administration of Ayurvedic medicine is effective in the treatment of Vitiligo. K ey words : Vitiligo, Twak vikar , Jalauka avacharana , Leech Therapy , Kilas .

Probability concepts and results are closely related to the study of zeros of the classical Riemann zeta function and its affinity to Gaussian and Gamma distributions. This is elaborated in obtaining the functional and integral equations for the zeta and in the determination first of the nonzero sets and then sets containing almost all (i.e., for the CLT probability measure) nontrivial zeros of the zeta function ζ(·). Also probability distributions determined by the zeta, based on the behavior of their finite dimensional distributions of the ζ(σ +it), σ > 0; as t varies and particularly the results of Denjoy, slightly sharpened, and also one of Salem are included. Several related opinions and comments are discussed.

This paper presents a new approach for locating fault in transmission line using intelligent control relaying. Fault must be detected at its inception by issuing an output signal indicating this condition. Neural network approach for locating fault can be posed as a pattern-recognition to recognize pure sinusoidal signals as indicators of a normal system condition; abrupt changes of amplitude, phase, or the presence of transient components as indicators of fault. This method uses the fundamental frequency components of voltage and current basically current at pre-fault and post fault condition, measured at each phase from any one end of the selected power system. In this approach the data sets were trained using the available data from the system which comprises of different fault types data, and fault inception angles. This approach of locating fault using intelligent control can be used for supporting a new generation of very high speed protective relaying system.

A representation of the projective system of abstract σ-finite measures on a topological family is given and with it a general characterization of their projective limits is obtained. Strong and weak direct limits of direct systems of measures as well as the duality between them are characterized with detailed analysis. This is used to prove several results of both theoretical and applicational importance. These include obtaining the equivalence of regular martingales and some projective systems admitting limits, measure representations of general semi-martingales, an extension theorem of product conditional measures, and a generalization of Rokhlin's theorem on completely positive entropy sequences of Lebesgue systems to general probability spaces. Further characterizations of projective and direct limits receive an extended treatment, indicating a great potential for future works.

Aim In spite of recent advances in technology and technique, laparoscopic colorectal surgery is associated with increased operating times when compared with open surgery. This increases the risk of acute lower limb compartment syndrome. The aim of this review was to gain a better understanding of postoperative lower limb compartment syndrome following laparoscopic colorectal surgery and to suggest strategies to avoid its occurrence. Method A MEDLINE search was performed using the keywords ‘compartment syndrome’, ‘laparoscopic surgery’ and ‘Lloyd-Davies position’ between 1970 and 2008. All relevant articles were retrieved and reviewed. Results A total of 54 articles were retrieved. Of the 30 articles in English, five were reviews, six were original articles and 19 were case reports, of which only one was following laparoscopic colorectal surgery. The remaining 24 were non-English articles. Of these, two were reviews and 22 were case reports, of which only one was following laparoscopic colorectal surgery. The incidence of acute compartment syndrome following laparoscopic colorectal surgery is unknown. The following are believed to be risk factors for acute lower limb compartment syndrome: the Lloyd-Davies operating position with exaggerated Trendelenburg tilt, prolonged operative times and improper patient positioning. Simple strategies are suggested to reduce its occurrence. Conclusion Simple preventative measures have been identified which may help to reduce the incidence of acute lower limb compartment syndrome. However, if suspected, timely surgical intervention with four-compartment fasciotomy remains the standard of care.

Internal waves (IWs) are identified off Bhimilipatnam, East Coast of India, from the time series CTD (hourly interval) and thermistor chain data (2 minute interval) collected during 23 – 25 Feb, 2007. The measurements were carried out at 94 m water depth on the continental shelf edge. These data sets are used to describe the characteristics of IWs and their impact on acoustic fields. Garrett and Munk (GM) model has been used to predict the characteristics of low frequency (LF) IWs with space and time. Active IWs are seen in the layer 54 m – 94 m with a velocity of 0.548 km hr -1 and the wavelengths of the order of 0.03 km to 21.8 km. The model could capture the IW features in the thermocline region accurately than at the bottom. This could be due to the limitation of the model which considers linearity. High frequency IWs observed at the bottom could be due to the advection of tidal currents over the shallow irregular bottom in the presence of stratification. The study emphasizes linear IWs rather than transient non-linear waves induced by tidal interaction with topography. Acoustic simulation results for low frequency IW field reveal that the Intensity loss anomaly of eigenrays was found to be 2.86 dB to 15.59 dB in the water column and maximum (38.48 dB) was observed at the bottom due to the bottom interaction. Our results are well compared with those reported earlier from simulation and acoustic field experiments in the Northern Indian Ocean.

An artificial neural network based control scheme for reduction of the seismic response of a multistory building frame is presented. The scheme, which controls the response of the frame by also controlling the significant modal contributions to the overall response, is designed to provide a target reduction of response and to take into account the time-delay effect. Inputs to the control scheme are (1) the measured accelerations at only a few selected points of the structure and (2) the ground acceleration. For developing the control scheme, two sets of neural nets are trained. The effectiveness of the control scheme is tested for both known and unknown problems from the El Centro earthquake record for a 10-story building frame. Results of the study show that the control scheme is highly effective in controlling both displacement and acceleration responses of the frame for the unknown El Centro earthquake record.

We present an efficient generalized control scheme using a solo neural network controller (neuro-controller) for the predictive single mode response control of building frames subjected to earthquake excitation. The control scheme is developed by considering the time delay that exists between the measurement of response and the actual application of the control force. Response measurements are taken from only one point of the structure. The neurocontroller is directly trained to provide the control force signal for a predetermined response reduction, called the target reduction. The neurocontroller is trained such that it can provide control force for target reduction for any building frame ranging between 5 and 15 stories. As an illustrative example, a 10-story shear-building frame is considered whose period of first mode of vibration is about three times that of the second mode of vibration. The efficiency of the control scheme is demonstrated by controlling the first mode response of the frame subjected to El Centro and Treasure Island earthquake records. It is shown that the control scheme provides response reductions close to the target reductions for the unknown problem used for testing the efficiency of the control scheme.

Vasti Chikitsa [medicated enema treatment] is considered as Ardha Chikitsa [half of the entire treatments] in Ayurveda. There is a description of different variants of Vasti for different ailments in Ayurvedic classics. Vaitarana Vasti is such a kind of Vasti which has a unique formulation and specific indications. The etymology of Vaitarani in Vaitarani Mahatmya, where it is defined as Vai (truly) tarini (saving) which implies that the timely administration of this Vasti restores the health of the person from the hell of rogas. Vaitarana Vasti is practiced now a day's extensively with excellent results in diseases like Amavata, Katisoola, Gridhrasi, Klaibya, Vishamajwara etc. The classical references of Vaitarana Vasti are available in different textbooks like Chakradutta, Vrindhamadhava, and Vangasena Samhita etc. There are some differences seen in the formulations mentioned by each Acharya. In clinical practice, it is also seen that the ingredients are changed according to the disease conditions. In Brihat Trayee there is no description of Vaitarana Vasti. In clinical practice there is difference opinion in determining the quantity of ingredients, determining the Drava Dravya etc. Most of the studies related Vaitarana Vasti focus on Amavata. More studies are to be done on rest of the indications like Klaibya. More researches and studies are needed to standardise the quantity of ingredients, selection of ingredients in different diseases conditions and to establish the mode of action of Vaitarana Vasti in different diseases.

Many treatment methods have been applied in the treatment of Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus (Nadi vrana) disease (PSD).Our observations demonstrated Efficacy of Ksharasutra therapy – A minimal in vasive Para surgical method in Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus (Nadi vrana) Disease (Nadi vrana). 20 patients were treated (3 women, 17 men) with PSD by Ksharasutra therapy. All patients were treated on an outpatient basis in the minor Ksharasutra operation theater in ACRI, New Delhi. The mean age was 27 years (18 – 60). The median length of symptoms was seven months. In the 1 year of mean follow - up period, the disease recurred in 2 patients. This treatment procedure was well - tolerated by all the patients. Ti me off work was on average one day with an MSD1.75 and SD 0.766485. No patient had skin necrosis or any other complications during the th erapy. Recurrence of the disease in two patients was found. Mean Time required for wound healing in week was 10.8 with SD 2.501999. 1 (5%) patient had wound infection. It is possible to treat patients in a shorter time with a considerably smaller loss of working time, since the des truction of peripilonidal adipose tissue and skin is less and reoccurrence of the disease is a lso less, therefore, the use of Ksharasutra therapy in Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus (Nadi vrana) is an option to be considered in the treatment of PSD.

This paper describes the design and development of Multi Mission Data Simulator at National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), which is used for checking various Ground Segment Elements like Down Converter, Demodulator, Bit Synchroniser, High Density Digital Tape Recorder (HDTR) and Front End Hardware of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) Ground Stations, during prelaunch and normal phase of satellite acquisition operations and Data Products (Imageries) generation.

Objective Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) has been used in our centre to aid the closure of abdominal wounds. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical outcome of patients in whom VAC therapy had been used in conjunction with laparostomy. Method All patients in whom VAC was used in the management of open abdominal wounds from November 2003 to March 2005 were included in this study. Results There were 29 patients in the study. Nineteen (65.5%) needed ICU care. Six (20%) patients developed leakage of small bowel contents into the abdominal wound cavity because of intestinal fistulation during the VAC therapy. Four of the six (66%) died, all from multi-organ failure. Conclusion Our study has demonstrated a high incidence of intestinal leakage following VAC therapy. The reasons for this are multifactorial. We would recommend caution in using it on patients with bowel anastomoses or enterotomy repairs.