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Environmental contamination with heavy metals is a threat to the organisms due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in food chains. The study was aimed to assess cadmium (Cd) effect on calcium (Ca) level in bones of a freshwater fish Channa gachua. 42 fish individuals were kept into six (6) aquaria; labelled aq.0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 in the laboratory for treatment. Aq.0 was control group and aq.1, 2,3,4,5 were experimental with treatment solution of Cd 0, 0.1ppm, 0.5ppm, 1ppm, 2.5ppm and 5ppm respectively for three months. After exposure, bones tissue were examined for Cd accumulation and Ca concentration. Highest accumulation of Cd were recorded in aq.5 mean 46.86 ± 0.46 mgkg-1 .and lowest in the control group with mean 0.61 ± 0.06 mgkg-1. The order of Cd bioaccumulation in bones were aq.5 > aq.4 >aq.3 > aq.2 > aq.1 > aq.0. Highest concentration of Ca were noted in aq.0 (Control group) mean 7888.06 ± 4827.22 mgkg-1 and lowest were 1132.36 ± 203.73 mgkg-1 in aq.5 (at 5.0 ppm). Generally a pattern of decreasing Ca level were observed with each rise of Cd bioaccumulation aq.0 > aq.1 > aq.2 > aq.3 > aq.4 > aq.5. Current study indicated that Cd accumulation have substantial effect on Ca level in bones and hence on skeleton system. Strict rules must be implemented by government to control metals pollution and exploitations of biota. Resumo A contaminação ambiental com metais pesados é uma ameaça aos organismos devido à sua toxicidade, persistência e bioacumulação nas cadeias alimentares. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do Cd sobre o nível de Ca em ossos de peixes de água doce Channa gachua. Quarenta e dois indivíduos de peixes foram mantidos em seis aquários; marcado aq. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 no laboratório para tratamento. Aq. 0 foi o grupo controle e aq. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 foram experimentais com solução de tratamento de Cd 0, 0,1 ppm, 0,5 ppm, 1 ppm, 2,5 ppm e 5 ppm respectivamente por três meses. Após a exposição, o tecido ósseo foi examinado quanto ao acúmulo de Cd e concentração de Ca. O maior acúmulo de Cd foi registrado em aq. 5 com média de 46,86 ± 0,46 mgkg-1 e o menor no grupo controle com média de 0,61 ± 0,06 mgkg-1. A ordem de bioacumulação de Cd nos ossos foi aq. 5 > aq. 4 > aq. 3 > aq. 2 > aq. 1 > aq. 0. A concentração mais alta de Ca foi observada em aq. 0 (grupo controle) média de 7.888,06 ± 4.827,22 mgkg-1 e a mais baixa foi de 1.132,36 ± 203,73 mgkg-1 em aq. 5 (a 5,0 ppm). Geralmente um padrão de diminuição do nível de Ca foi observado com cada aumento da bioacumulação de Cd aq. 0 > aq. 1 > aq. 2 > aq. 3 > aq. 4 > aq. 5. O estudo atual indicou que o acúmulo de Cd tem efeito substancial no nível de Ca nos ossos e, portanto, no sistema esquelético. Regras estritas devem ser implementadas pelo governo para controlar a poluição por metais e a exploração da biota.

An experiment was conducted at the research farm of Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU), Dumki, Patuakhali, during the period from January to April 2015 to evaluate the growth, development, and yield performance of seven mungbean varieties for obtaining the most productive variety suitable for Patuakhali region. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Among the varieties, BARI mung 4 showed better performance in respect of growth, development, and yield contributing characteristics compared to other varieties. The results showed better performance on growth characters namely, the number of leaves per plant (15.62), branches per plant (5.427), leaf area per plant (1079 cm2), and total dry matter weight per plant (9.64 g) were recorded in BARI mung 4. The highest seed yield recorded in BARI mung 4(1.69t ha-1) might be due to superior growth characteristics thereby seed yield. Besides, BARI mung 4 produced a pod number of 24.22 and the maximum number of seeds per pod (6.42). In contrast, the lowest seed yield was recorded in the local variety (0.81 t ha-1) for its inferior growth and yield contributing characters. Therefore, BARI mung 4 may be cultivated commercially in the southern region of Bangladesh.

A comprehensive study of the electronic structure of group-III nitrides (AlN, GaN, InN, and BN) crystallizing in the wurtzite, zinc-blende, and graphitelike hexagonal (BN) structures is presented. A large set of the x-ray emission and absorption spectra was collected at the several synchrotron radiation facilities at installations offering the highest possible energy resolution. By taking advantage of the linear polarization of the synchrotron radiation and making careful crystallographic orientation of the samples, the bonds along c axis (rr) and ‘‘in plane’’ (u) in the wurtzite structure could be separately examined. Particularly for AlN we found pronounced anisotropy of the studied bonds. The experimental spectra are compared directly with ab initio calculations of the partial density of states projected on the cation and anion atomic sites. For the GaN, AlN, and InN the agreement between structures observed in the calculated density of states (DOS) and structures observed in the experimental spectra is very good. In the case of hexagonal BN we have found an important influence of insufficient core screening in the x-ray spectra that influences the DOS distribution. The ionicity of the considered nitrides is also discussed.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Palpitations are a common reason for General Practitioner (GP) appointment in primary care and a frequent reason for cardiology referral. In the region where this project was performed, this translated to approximately 24,000 primary care and out of hours consultations in 2021 alone. Purpose The purpose of this pilot was to evaluate a pathway for palpitations diagnosis and management in primary care. The proposed pathway was designed to avoid unnecessary referrals to secondary care, to shorten the waiting time to diagnosis for patients and to cut down visits to A&E and out of hours service in primary care. Method The pathway, which was piloted at a federation for 30,000 patients, was based on a community cardiology approach, where a GP with Special interest in cardiology could offer the service for the wider community. The pathway began with an initial clinical evaluation comprising medical history, physical examination, and a standard 12-lead ECG. After ruling out of any red flags and otherwise deemed appropriate to continue to be assessed with the proposed diagnostic method, the patients were provided with a handheld ECG device for intermittent 30 seconds ECG registration at home. During a four-week investigation period the patients would record their ECG when experiencing symptoms. The primary care team remotely monitored the traces which were received on a cloud-based system with AI capabilities, and if pathology was recorded, patient was contacted and informed of management plan. If after four weeks no pathology was found, patients received a discharge consultation for reassurance and final report was generated. Results During the 24-month pilot we screened the total of 191 patients. Out of the patients screened 24 (13%) were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, 92 (48%) were diagnosed with benign ectopics as the cause of their palpitations. Two rare occurrences of a life threatening broad complex tachycardias were also detected, both of which ended up needing defib implantation. Table 1. further presents the results by diagnosis for rest of the patients. Conclusions The results from the pilot indicated a reduction in GP / out of hours consultations by 50% and over 90% reduction in referral to secondary care for Holter monitoring by implementing an easy-to-use handheld ECG as part of the community led palpitation pathway. The results further implied that a district-wide implementation could lead to at least 120 new AF diagnosis in our project district per year, having a knock-on benefit of stroke reduction and cost economic impact in the society by reducing anxiety, lost employment hours and increasing productivity. Another key outcome seen is the reassurance value of conducting symptomatic palpitation monitoring to reassure patients, majority of whom had either normal sinus rhythm or benign ventricular ectopics and had failed to be satisfied with conventional Holter monitoring in the past.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of oral nifedipine against vaginal micronized progesterone to treat threatened premature labour (24 wks to 36+6 wks). Design : Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting : Obs and Gynae Deptt, Bakhtawar Hospital, Multan. Study Duration : Six months (15-12-20 to 14-6-21) Material and Methods: 126 patients with diagnosis of threatened preterm labour were included in this study. Baseline demographic information of patients (age, gestational age and parity, previous history of preterm labour, smoking, BMI and socioeconomic status) was recorded. In 63 patients oral nifedipine was given for treating threatened premature labour and in remaining 63 patients, progesterone was administered vaginally to prevent preterm labour.Efficacy was noted for both groups on a especially designed proforma. Results: Mean of ages of women included was 28.05±4.49 yrs. Mean GA of patients was 33.54±1.83 weeks. Mean parity was 1.81±1.11. Mean BMI of patients was 24.33±3.33 Kg/m2. Previous history of preterm labour was found in 16 (12.70%). Oral nifedipine was effective in 47 (74.60%) patients & vaginal progesterone was noted successful in 58 (92.10%) patients with p-value of 0.009. Conclusion: Vaginal micronized progesterone is more effective than oral nifedipine for the prevention of threatened preterm labour. More research work is required to ascertain the superiority of vaginal progesterone over nifedipine for the prevention of preterm labour. Keywords: Oral nifedipine, micronized progesterone, preterm labour.

Objective: To make a rough estimate of the frequency of abruption, its likely risk factors and its various complications, among the cases of APH in hospitalized patients. Design: Prospective descriptive study Setting: Obstetrical inpatients Department of Bakhtawar Hospital, Multan. Duration of study: 1 year (1/6/20 – 31/5/21) Subjects and Methods: Patients with objective evidence of placental abruption, were initially recruited and managed accordingly. Those cases in which abruption was a likely cause, were selected for the study purpose and other cases of APH were dropped from the study. Results: Frequency of abruption was 2.3% of all obstetrical admissions and about 32.7% (1/3 rd) of all cases of APH. The most likely risk factors identified were grand multiparity (46.1%), pregnancy induced hypertension (38.4%), advanced maternal age (43.5%) and previous history of abruption (12.8%). Majority (82%) of the patients belonged to lower socioeconomic class, with no proper antenatal care throughout pregnancy. In this class, increased obstetrical complications were due to anemia, trend of grand multiparity and too late approach to health care professional. Conclusion: The study addresses the frequency of abruption placenta, which is one of the serious obstetrical emergencies and timely aggressive management can reduce its complications. All professionals who care for women during pregnancy and child birth must be aware of it and have a clear plan in mind for its prompt diagnosis and management. Keyword: Frequency of abruption, APH, abruption placenta.

This research aimed to investigate various mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole- plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus. The extract showed remarkable larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus. During the larvicidal and pupicidal activities, the 24-hour lethal concentration (LC50) of extract against 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and pupae were 324.6, 495.6 and 950.8 ppm, respectively. During the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) bottle bioassay for adulticidal activity, the median knockdown times (KDT50) at 1.25% concentration was 123.4 minutes. During the filter paper impregnation bioassay for adulticidal activity, the KDT50 value at 0.138 mg/cm2 concentration was 48.6 minutes. The extract was fractionated into 14 fractions through silica gel column chromatography which were then combined into six fractions on the basis of similar retention factor (Rf) value. These fractions were screened for adulticidal activity by applying CDC bottle bioassay. The fraction obtained through 60:40 to 50:50% n-hexanes-chloroform mobile phase with 0.5 Rf value showed 100% adulticidal activity at 0.2% concentration. During oviposition deterrent activity, the highest concentration (1000 ppm) showed 71.3 ± 4.4% effective repellence and 0.6 ± 0.1 oviposition activity index. During adult emergence inhibition activity, the median emergence inhibition (EI50) value was 312.3 ppm. From the outcome of the present investigation, it is concluded that the n-hexane extract of C. botrys whole- plant possesses strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Objective: To assess the in-hospital complications of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with severe LV dysfunction and to recognize the risk factors for adverse outcomes. Methods: This was a prospective descriptive study, containing patients who underwent CABG from 01-June-2019 to 31-Jan-2022 with documented LVEF < 35%. 190 patients for has been selected for this study. Postoperative data in ICU and ward regarding morbidity, mortality, hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, pacemaker implantation, IABP insertion requirement, and discharge data were collected to determine early postoperative outcomes. Results: The study sample enrolled 190 patients with multivessel CAD with severe LV dysfunction (EF

Background The preparation of an effective drug delivery formulation is an urgent need to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Pentavalent antimonials and Amphotericin B (AmB) are considered to treat leishmaniasis; however, their clinical usage is hampered by poor solubility, high cost, toxicity, and the emergence of drug-resistant Leishmania spp. The drug delivery systems (DDS) could be used as an alternative treatment option for the treatment of CL to circumvent these problems. We tested the antileishmanial efficacies of free AmB and amphotericin B-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (AmB-CNPs) under in vitro conditions. Results Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized using the ionic gelation method with negatively charged tripolyphosphate (TPP). During the synthesis of CNPs, AmB was incorporated into the nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were characterized for their size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficacy (EE), drug loading content (DLC), and surface charge using different techniques. Their efficacy was evaluated against promastigotes and axenic amastigotes forms of Leishmania tropica using MTT assay. The synthesized AmB-CNPs displayed a spherical shape with a mean particle size of 118 nm, a positive zeta potential of (+ 6.21 ± 2.02 mV), and an encapsulation efficacy of 88%. Dynamic light scattering technique (DLS) shows that the average size of prepared AmB-CNPs was 95.5 nm. Free AmB presented very low efficacy (only 65% and 67% inhibition of the promastigotes and axenic amastigotes parasite load), whereas AmB-CNPs exhibited 90% and 84% parasite inhibition after 72 h incubation. The AmB-CNPs exhibited significantly higher efficacy than free AmB in terms of reduction in parasite viability. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) measured values of the AmB-CNPs were significant lowers than free AmB. Conclusions The present data indicated that AmB-CNPs exhibited vigorous anti-leishmanial activity than free AmB by dose and time-dependent manner. This formulation can be used for local therapy of CL after in vivo efficacy conformational studies.

This study aims to explore physician's perceptions about the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), COVID prevention, and management during the COVID pandemic since knowledge on these might explain the reason behind infection and death of physicians in Bangladesh at an unexpected rate. This cross-sectional study was conducted based on an online questionnaire on 346 physicians (n=346) by the Department of Gastroenterology of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from 15th July 2020 to 14th September 2020. Physicians of different health care facilities across Bangladesh were invited to take part. Knowledge on specific points of the questionnaire was evaluated, scored, and compared between different groups by Independent sample t-test. Mean knowledge score between the respondents working up to 8 hours and beyond 8 hours per day was 17.28±1.28, 16.90±1.40 respectively (p=0.03). Mean knowledge score observed between graduate and post-graduate physicians and work experience of 5 years and beyond 5 years were 17.26±1.36 vs. 17.16±1.27; (p=0.40), 16.87±1.75 vs. 17.27±1.21; (p=0.11) respectively. Physician's safety should be first concern that is highlighted through proper use of PPE and prevention of COVID. Patient management skills would be better if physicians are trained well on infection prevention and control which in turn will reduce infection and death of physicians.

Background: The para nasal sinuses be collection of air filled spaces adjoining the nasal cavity. Para nasal sinuses build up as of the primitive choana at 25–28 weeks of gestation. Three projections ascend from the lateral wall of the nose and work as the commencement of the growth of the para nasal sinuses. The Frequency of Anatomical Variants of Para nasal Sinuses (PNS) may be illustrated on Computed Tomography (CT) by using double slice CT machine. Aim: To reveal the anatomy of the para nasal sinuses as shown on the CT along with point out the variants lead to chronic sinusitis and escort obstacles in sino nasal operations. Methodology: This study was conducted in Ibnae-e Sieena Hospital and MMDC Multan during September 2019 to December 2019. In 50 patients without para nasal sinus diseases symptoms, head computed tomography studies were carried out after having consent from them and IRB. Para nasal sinuses coronal sections were taken. The CT studies were performed by using Dual Source multi slice CT Scanner. Results: 50 participants included in the study, 25 men with 25 women. Out of them, 22 having anatomical variants were noticed. Most common anatomical variants found were pneumatisation of center nasal turbinates (30%) then agger nasi cells 25%, Haller’s cells 20%, along with septal deviation 13% and sphenoid sinus septation (12%). Conclusion: This study shows that nasal cavity and para nasal sinuses anatomical variations are common. For the radiologic analysis of the para nasal sinuses, as of diagnosis of the pre and post -surgical evaluation and sino-nasal lesions, CT is the gold standard procedure. It can outline and explain the anatomical variants in para nasal sinuses. CT not only detect the lesion to vital constitutions which lined the para nasal sinuses but also repeated lesions that extra mural cells. CT of the para nasal sinuses has vital importance and should be passably analyze before FESS. Keywords: Para nasal sinuses, Computed tomography, Nasal turbinate, Ostiomeatal complex

Illnesses caused by human pinworm remains a pediatric health problem in developing nations including Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in school children of four districts in Malakand region, Pakistan. Four hundred faecal specimens were screened from May 2014 to July 2017 using normal saline and Lugol Iodine solution. Twenty three (5.75%) individuals were found infected with E. vermicularis. Five children (1.25%) were infected with only E. vermicularis and eighteen (4.5%) were mixed with other helminths. E. vermicularis 23 (5.75%), hookworm 11 (2.75%), Ascaris lumbricoides 5 (1.25%), Taenia saginata 2 (0.5%) and Trichuris trichuira 4 (1%) were detected. Age wise 5-8 years were more parasitized followed by 13-15 and 9-12 years of age (0.0296, P

The pseudomorphic growth of Ge1−x Sn x on Ge causes in-plane compressive strain, which degrades the superior properties of the Ge1−x Sn x alloys. Therefore, efficient strain engineering is required. In this article, we present strain and band-gap engineering in Ge1−x Sn x alloys grown on Ge a virtual substrate using post-growth nanosecond pulsed laser melting (PLM). Micro-Raman and x-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the initial in-plane compressive strain is removed. Moreover, for PLM energy densities higher than 0.5 J cm−2, the Ge0.89Sn0.11 layer becomes tensile strained. Simultaneously, as revealed by Rutherford Backscattering spectrometry, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy investigations and XRD the crystalline quality and Sn-distribution in PLM-treated Ge0.89Sn0.11 layers are only slightly affected. Additionally, the change of the band structure after PLM is confirmed by low-temperature photoreflectance measurements. The presented results prove that post-growth ns-range PLM is an effective way for band-gap and strain engineering in highly-mismatched alloys.

The Incidence of twin and high order multiple gestation has increased significantly over the past 15 years primarily because of the availability and increased use of ovulation inducing drugs and assisted reproductive technology. Both maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity is higher in multiple pregnancy than in singleton pregnancy. Proposed study is designed to determine the incidence and obstetric outcome of multiple pregnancy which is a high-risk pregnancy in a tertiary referral hospital. The purpose of this study is to evaluate obstetric outcome of multiple pregnancy. This prospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Obs and Gynae, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh from December 2011 to May 2012. Patients were selected by purposive way. In this study it was observed that incidence of twin pregnancy was 1.66% common age group 30-35 years (48%), common in multipara (74%), no pregnancy crossed EDD. Family history of twin was 32% and unknown etiology 58%. Most common maternal complication was preterm labour (60%). Commonest mode of delivery was LSCS (64%), incidence of perinatal mortality 15%, 36% baby had birth weight in between 2.1-2.5kg, all the baby requiring admission in neonatal unit. This prospective observational study revealed that perinatal mortality was high in our center, there was no maternal mortality.

The global burden of cancer is gradually rising. In our context we are also facing the same problem. Hematological malignancies (HMs) are important component of cancer. Early diagnosis and proper treatment at right time, a good number of HMs patients can be cured or lengthening the survival period. For this purpose a proper diagnostic criteria should be developed in our settings. This research work is carried out to find out the clinicopathological findings of HMs in our population. This was a cross-sectional descriptive type of observational study conducted in the Department of Medicine and Hematology of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from July 2016 to June 2017. Total 45 patients were purposively selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria with a view to observe the clinical and laboratory findings. Mean age of the patients was 44.5 years. Highest average age (70 years) was found in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and lowest (29 years) in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Majority of the respondents were male in all HMs except in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) where male-female ratio was 0.3:7. Among male most of them were farmers or day laborers and most of the females were housewife. Almost all patients were exposed to single or multiple exposures like smoking, betel nut, betel leaf, tobacco leaf, fertilizer or pesticides. Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) was the leading HMS with 31.11% representation followed by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) 20%, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) 15.56%, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) 11.11%, chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) 11.11%, multiple myeloma (MM)6.67% and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) 4.44%. Duration of symptoms was vary from 2 days to 5 years. In acute leukaemia duration was short (average 2 months). Common clinical findings were anaemia (95.5%), fever (80.0%), hepatosplenomegaly (42.2%), lymphadenopathy (40.0%), bony tenderness (22.2%) and bleeding manifestations (15.5%). Some uncommon findings were also reported like menorrhagia, facial nerve palsy, arthritis and disorientation. Common laboratory abnormalities were high ESR, anaemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and immature cell in PBF especially in acute leukaemia. Clinical suspicion along with history of positive exposure indicates strong possibilities of haematological malignancies. It should be kept in mind that haematological malignancies may also present with some isolated uncommon findings.

This manuscript discusses the most relevant aspects of the practical implementation of a long-range Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) link with trusted nodes, achieving the highest possible secret key rate generation within the security and system-level constraints. To this purpose, it describes the implementation of an end-to-end QKD system, including implementation aspects from the physical transmission of photon states through a standard telecommunications grade optical fiber, to consideration of quantum metrology and information reconciliation protocols based on forward error correction codes. In addition, since there are circumstances when a fiber optical link may not be available, it examines the problems involved with the implementation of a Free Space Optics (FSO) QKD link. The manuscript also discusses the problem of information reconciliation in Continuous Variable (CV) QKD scenarios on FSO links, showing that in long distance links, since the sign of the received Gaussian samples contains the largest fraction of information, Unequal Error Protection (UEP) reverse reconciliation schemes can be designed. The presented results have been achieved within the NATO SPS project “Analysis, design and implementation of an end-to-end 400 km QKD link”.

The cross-sectional study was carried out to compare the hematological and serum biochemical profiles between bovine tuberculosis (bTB) affected and apparently healthy cattle during the period from March 2014 to October 2016. A total of 189 blood samples were collected from 93 bTB affected and 96 apparently healthy cattle of 3 Upazilas of Chittagong. The bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was diagnosed primarily by Caudal Fold Tuberculin Tests (CFTT) and confirmed by the Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test (CITT). The whole blood was analyzed for hematology, and serum samples were used for biochemical analysis. The study revealed that, the values for TEC, Hb and PCV were higher in infected cohort (based on CFTT) in compare to their counterpart control group. Among these three parameters only PCV values were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Only basophil percentage was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in infected cohort. The values of total protein, albumin, creatinine and SGOT were insignificantly lower and the values of calcium & phosphorus were also insignificantly higher in bTB affected cattle than control group of cattle.

The COVID-19 vaccine has been made available for emergency use in Bangladesh. However, willingness to receive the vaccine may be affected by varying factors across the country. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the factors that influence willingness to receive the vaccine among Bangladeshi adults. A population-based cross-sectional online survey was conducted among a sample of 1,725 Bangladesh adults (age 18 years and older). The statistical analysis included univariate, bivariate and multivariate regression model. Findings show that 85% ( n = 1463) of respondents were willing to receive the vaccine. Respondents with 1–2 children (aOR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.00–3.13, P = . 048), perceived risk of being infected (aOR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.03–2.14, P = . 03), perceived impact on daily life (aOR: 2.53, 95%CI: 1.45–4.44, P = . 001), history of co-morbidities (aOR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.37–3.04, P < . 01), price of the vaccine (aOR: 3.58, 95% CI: 2.34–5.47), physician’s recommendation to receive vaccine (aOR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.38–3.06, P < . 01), vaccines supplied by government (aOR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.64–3.25, P < . 01) were found to be motivating factors for willingness to receive the vaccine. Findings indicate that willingness to receive the vaccine is likely to be affected by socio-demographic, and health system factors. This should be carefully considered in the rollout of the vaccination plans in Bangladesh.

Majority of the lung cancer occurs in developing countries. In case of Bangladesh it's a burden for health in both serest. A definitive diagnosis of lung cancer can help the surgeons and physicians for making decisions about the plan of treatment. The rapidity of diagnosis also alleviates the patient's anxiety whether the lesion is nonmalignant or malignant Several studies proposed the role of CYFRA 21-1 level in diagnosis of lung cancer and its better management. To find the sensitive, feasible and cost effective test for detection of lung cancer and to evaluate the CYFRA 21-1 with their histopathological findings. This case control study was carried out in the department of Medicine of National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH) Dhaka and Enam Medical College Hospital, Savar, Dhaka during the period from January 2017 to September 2017. We included a total of 80 subjects among them 40 diagnosed cases of lung cancer and 40 controls with diseases other than lung cancer. The mean normal (< 3.5) serum CYFRA 21-1 level was (Mean *SD) 1.10 t 1.5 with ranging from 0.87 ng /ml — 1.5 ng lint Normal level of CYFRA 21-1 was found in all 40 (100%) of controls. The mean of high (> 3.5) serum CYFRA 21-1 level was (Mean +-SD) 18.20 ± 13.63 with rangingfrom 6.9 ng hnl — 49.30 ng/ml. High level of CYFRA 21-1 level was found in maximum 35(87.5%) cases. High (> 3.5 rig/m1) serum CYFRA 21-1 level was found maximum in squamous cell carcinoma (20), next adenocarcinoma (15). Among 40 cases diagnosed as malignant by histopathology, serum CYFRA 21-1 level was compared with histopathological findings. The sensitivity of serum CYFRA 21-1 level in case of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and combined were 90.90%, 83.33% and 87.5% respectively. The sensitivity and accuracy of serum CYFRA 21-1 for squamous cell carcinoma was more than that of adenocarcinoma. So serum CYFRA 21-1 level was highly sensitive for squamous cell carcinoma.

The present investigation on clonal multiplication of guava (Psidium guajava L.) soft wood cuttings was done with the aim to determine the most successful media and rooting hormone (IBA) concentration. Guava soft wood cuttings were treated with 0, 200, 400 and 600 mg kg -1 IBA solution when planted in three different rooting media (sand, silt and top soil) under low-plastic tunnel. The cuttings were allowed to grow under low-plastic tunnel for 90 day to evaluate the rooting capability and shooting competency. The study showed that the species has a great potential for clonal multiplication through soft wood cuttings. The highest number of roots and root length were observed in the cutting treated with 400 mg kg -1 IBA solution in sand, and the lowest in the cuttings without IBA treatment in sand media. In general 400 mg kg -1 IBA treatment with silt as rooting media performed better as compared to the other treatments. However, the highest survival percentage (50%) was observed in the cuttings rooted in silt media and treated with 200 mg kg -1 IBA solution. Experimental results showed the potential of clonal propagation of guava through soft wood cuttings treated with auxin under simpler and cheaper low-plastic tunnel. © 2016 Friends Science Publishers

The current study was aimed to establish best anesthetic protocols in rabbit, for this purpose six clinically healthy male New Zealand White rabbits weighing 2±00 kg were procured. All rabbits received two anesthetic treatments with one week interval. Treatment: A Ketamine 35 mg/kg IM and Xylazine 5 mg/kg IM, Treatment B: Isoflurane (3 to 5 %) through facemask followed by Xylazine 5 mg/kg IM. Physiological parameters such as, heart rate, rectal temperature and respiratory rate were recorded before and after administration of anesthetics in all animals. Heart rate of all animals significantly (P 0.05) in both treatment groups. Induction of anesthesia was same in both treatment groups and was non-significant at (P>0.05). Isoflurane showed a significantly (P

Stroke is leading cause of death world wide, after coronary artery disease and cancer. A high proportion of patients suffering from an acute stress such as stroke or myocardial infarction may develop hyperglycemia, even in the absence of a preexisting diagnosis of diabetes. An observational comparative study was carried out at the Department of Neurology and Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2011 to June 2013 among purposively selected ninety-three patients with a view to assess the outcome of stress hyperglycemia on acute stroke. Data were collected through interview, physical examinationslaboratory investigations by using case record form. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical package for social science) version 17. The mean age of this study was 59.04±15.01 years in the hyperglycemic group and 62.06±13.81 years in the normoglycemic group. The male female ratio in the Hyperglycemic and normoglycemic group was 2.12:1 and 2.44:1 respectively. Smoker was 48.8% in the hyperglycemic group and 52% in the normoglycemic group. 70% of the Hyperglycemic group and 66% of the normoglycemic were found hypertensive. Mean±SD blood glucose level was found 11.86±0.58mmol/L in the Hyperglycemic group and 6.50±1.55mmol/L in the normoglycemic group. Mean HbAlc were 6.14±0.56 in hyperglycemic group and 5.29±0.54 in normoglycemic group. Stroke severity score were 21.79±11.85 in Hyperglycemic and 28.64±9.53 in normoglycemic group on admission. Functional outcome was measured on dischargeat the end of 4th weeks of every patient by Glasgo Outcome Scale (GOS). The study also suggests that stress hyperglycemia is an important risk factor of poor stroke outcome.

A well established successful commercial orchard depends on better selection of plant material and successful initial establishment. Proper orchard establishment followed by better and timely cultural practices helps avoid many risks and reduces losses. This chapter discusses planning to establish a commercial lime (Rutaceae) orchard, which involves site selection, selection of rootstock and scion cultivars, selection of proper orchard design and layout, irrigation systems, selection and planting of the plant material, post-planting care and orchard hygiene.