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Abstract NBI-assisted plasma heating with one or two injectors of fast neutral atoms was studied at the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak at the toroidal magnetic fields of 0.8–0.9 T and plasma currents of 0.35–0.4 MA. Measurements of the spatial temperature and electron density distributions, performed using the Thomson scattering diagnostics, showed a twofold increase in heating of plasma electrons during the injection of neutral particles with energies of up to 45 keV at the beam power of 0.75 MW, as compared to the ohmic heating regime. Switching on the second additional beam with the particle energy of up to 30 keV and power of up to 0.5 MW resulted in obtaining the hot ion mode in the range of mean plasma densities of (1.6–10) × 1019 m−3. According to the data of active spectroscopy and neutral particle analyzer diagnostics, in the hot zone, the ion temperature reached 4 keV at the plasma density of 8 × 1019 m−3, which is more than 2.5 times higher than the electron temperature.

The current stage of development of studies of Central and Eastern Europe is characterized by a number of specific and common problems for the whole scientific direction. Systemic transformation in the states of the region at the turn of the 1980s-1990s led to a decrease in the level of their foreign economic and foreign policy relations with Russia, which influenced the interest in the study and accumulation of knowledge about Central and Eastern Europe in our country. In particular, the demand of state bodies for regular country studies of the region decreased, which affected the publication activity of scientific centers and the training of new scientists by specialized university departments. Central-Eastern Europe ceased to be considered as a separate region as its thirteen states were involved in European integration processes, and the number of scientific institutions and research teams for its study decreased. The disunity of specialists dealing with Eastern European problems and the low level of their scientific interaction leads to the formation of an "archipelago" of research centers. On the basis of open data, we found nine, oft en small, scientific teams for the study of history (from the middle of the 20th century), economy, society, domestic and foreign policy of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and analyze the results of their activities in 2010-21 (including topics and territorial scope of works). It is worth to note that in the Russian regions, the corresponding research within the framework of research teams is not carried out, they have survived only in Moscow. Such a key characteristic of country studies as complexity is gone – in the conditions of methodological stagnation and in the absence of the possibility of conducting comprehensive country studies, scientists tackle its components separately, and some of them have been abandoned. The predominance of the reductionist approach over the holistic one also applies to geographical coverage: our analysis of the specialization of scientists shows that many countries in the region remain outside the research field, and interest in two or three of them is due to cultural and historical ties and foreign policy agenda. The training of researchers and teachers at the departments of universities is carried out in an insufficient level for personnel renewal, the age of twothirds of the specialists is over 40 years old. In order to assess the prospects for solving this problem, we analyzed the topics of dissertations defended over ten years in 24 Russian universities and academic institutes in history, politics, economics and economic geography of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

This study analyzes the impact of financial development on CO2 emissions in 24 selected countries over the period from 1970 to 2014. The primary task of this study is to investigate whether financial development encourages or reduces CO2 emissions. The application of a modern and more powerful econometric approach generates results that undoubtedly indicate positive long-term impact of financial development on CO2 emissions. Also, there are empirical indications that the long-term impact of domestic credit provided by the financial sector is most likely both direct and indirect, while the long-run effect of domestic credit to the private sector and domestic credit to the private sector by banks is most likely indirect one. The obtained results suggest that economic policy measures should be focused on stimulating loans to finance: (i) investments in more energy-efficient technology that enables the transition to cleaner energy sources, especially in the energy, manufacturing and transportation sectors; (ii) transition to low-emission engines and later to gas-powered vehicles, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles; (iii) research and development projects that should enable reduction of CO2 emissions and use of this gas as a feedstock; (iv) gasification of households.

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries the problem of theoretical substantiation of transnational differences in the forms of capitalist relations became the subject of a broad scientific discussion. Given article deals with the ideas about the causes and consequences of the differentiation of the principles of capitalist society organization, and the authors consciously limit its geographical coverage to developed countries. It was the states of the Core of World economy that were in the focus of publications of the second half of the 20th centurywhich used the methods of comparative analysis within the framework of the theories of regulation, developmentalism, dependent capitalism, neo-corporatism, post-Fordism, etc. Modern concepts of comparative capitalism, especially focusing on emerging markets, are based on a variety of approaches to distinguish national models of capitalist relations. Despite the pluralism of typological criteria, many of these approaches basically contain provisions of the “varieties of capitalism” theory (VoC) developed in the early 2000s. Relying on its key postulate on the existence of various types of institutional complementarity, the authors of given article explain the principles of divergence of liberal and coordinated market economies, as well as analyze the groundings for identifying a mixed type of capitalism. It should be noted that the prospects for the adaptation of provisions of “varieties of capitalism” binary theory to analyze the experience of countries with emerging markets, including post-socialist states, remain vague. It’s noteworthy, that during the post-crisis recovery period of the late 2000s the VoC approach has undergone a certain transformation under the influence of new conditions of global economy functioning, having opposed its own methodological flexibility to the spread of alternative theories of the organization of capitalist systems.

The article presents the results of production tests of the effectiveness of the disinfectant Glyutosan. It has been established that Glyutosan is an effective disinfectant and can be recommended for prophylactic and forced disinfection at the objects of veterinary surveillance in monitoring its quality for the isolation of E. coli and staphylococcus bacteria, as well as forced disinfection for infectious diseases of bacterial (including tuberculosis) and viral etiology, especially dangerous infections (anthrax and other spore infections).

The influence of the domain structure’s initial topology and its evolution on the hysteresis curves of tetragonal and rhombohedral polydomain structures of ferroelectroelastic materials is studied. Based on the analysis of electrical and mechanical compatibility conditions, all possible variants of representative volume elements of tetragonal and rhombohedral second-rank-domain laminate structures were obtained and used in simulations. Considerable local inhomogeneity of stress and electric fields within the representative volume, as well as domain interaction, necessitates the use of numerical methods. Hysteresis curves for laminated domain patterns of the second rank were obtained using finite-element homogenization. The vector-potential finite-element formulation as the most effective method was used for solving nonlinear coupled boundary value problems of ferroelectroelasticity. A significant anisotropy of the hysteresis properties of domain structures was established both within individual phases and when comparing the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases. The proposed approach describes the effects of domain hardening and unloading nonlinearity.

The article presents data on the technology of using the disinfectant "Forbicide" for disinfection of veterinary supervision objects in relation to to pathogens of infectious diseases of agricultural livestock animals of the III stability group.

Diffusion of the pulse magnetic field into the metal of the toroidal magnetic core wound by a transformer steel strap is considered. The 1-D numerical model has been developed, which takes into account the viscous-type dynamic losses of magnetization, as well as the eddy currents. The parameter of viscous-type dynamic losses of magnetization was measured on samples of cold-rolled anisotropic transformer steel. The processes of magnetic field propagation in the strap, when the transformer is switched to the voltage source, have been analyzed, and the iteration algorithm of calculation of magnetic field in the strap has been developed. The experimental data have confirmed the obtained calculation results. The problems of application of transformer steel in pulse transformers are considered.

The article presents the results of studies of the bactericidal activity of new composite preparations. Synergistic effect of the components of the drugs is established. The formulation of a new disinfectant Nika-Vetprofi with the maximum synergistic effect in respect of microbial cells of E. coli and S. aureus has been determined. The synergistic effect of the components of Nick-Vetprofi in samples 1 and 2 was established. The maximum synergistic effect against E. coli 1257 and S. aureus 209P. is achieved in combination of components of Nick-Vetprofi-2. Tests of the disinfectant effect of Nika-Vetprofi-2 in laboratory and production conditions have shown that the drug has a wide spectrum of anti-microbial activity and can be used as a disinfectant for veterinary use.

The results of laboratory tests of Megacid carried out on test surfaces made of stainless steel, tile and metlah tiles, wood, concrete are presented. Museum cultures of Escherichia coli (pieces 1257), Staphylococcus aureus (pieces 209Р), mycobacteria (pieces B-5) and B. cereus (pieces 96) were used as test microorganisms. During the experiments, disinfection modes were established (concentration, exposure, disinfectant consumption) for disinfecting of smooth and rough surfaces. At the same time, effective disinfection of test surfaces of all types contaminated with E. coli and S. aureus was established at treating with 3,0% solution at the rate of 0,5 l/m2, respectively for 1 and 3 hours of exposure. For disinfection of test surfaces contaminated with mycobacteria (pcs. B-5), it was necessary to irrigate simultaneously with 8,0% solution twice with an interval of 1 hour at 24 hours, at the rate of 0,5 l/m2 per irrigation.

The article discusses the electrodynamic treatment (EDT) of thin-walled welded structures and EDT equipment, presents results of mathematical modelling concerning the effect of EDT on stresses in welded sheets made of aluminium alloy AMg6 as well as discusses the effect of EDT on the plastic strain mechanism. In addition, the article presents tests results concerning the effect of EDT during the welding of ship structures made of AMg6 plates and discusses the role of EDT in bulge formation. In addition, the article discusses the application of EDT during the repair welding of aero-engine nacelles made of magnesium alloy ML10 and the effect of EDT on openings in an airplane wing stinger in relation to its service life.

The phenomenon of amphibologies in the Russian language and methods for its resolution, in contrast to the phenomena of verbal homonymy, are still poorly studied. In this paper, it is proposed to distinguish between two classes of amphibologies—amphibole in writing and amphibole in oral speech. The main attention is paid to the consideration of the features of the manifestation of Russian-speaking oral-speech amphibologies called phrasal amphibole. The classification of phrasal amphibologies of Russian speech into the following five types is proposed: syntagmatic, accentual, intonational, verbal and homonymous. It is argued that the main differences in the semantic variants of phrasal amphibologies lie in the field of their prosodic characteristics. At the same time, the intonation of the phrase, described by the features of melodic portraits, plays the most significant role. As a means of visual comparison of melodic portraits of two semantic variants of amphibole, as well as for numerical determination of their differences, the previously developed IntonTrainer system was used.

A phenomenological model of the nonlinear coupled electromechanical behavior of a polycrystalline ferroelectric piezoceramics under the complex multi-axis exposure is developed while considering sensitivity to the loading rate and is aimed at solving boundary value problems. The ability to describe creep effects and sensitivity of the hysteresis curves to the external exposure frequency is considered in the context of a single model. The predicted data are compared to the experimental results on macroscopic samples of PZT PIC 151 piezoceramic subjected to cyclic loading. The juxtaposition of theoretical data with those simulated via other models reveals better accuracy of the model proposed in the present study.

The article describes the results of laboratory tests of the effectiveness of the disinfectant Monochloride (Iodine chloride) 2%. Laboratory studies were carried out on test objects and test surfaces contaminated with test cultures of microorganisms, which included museum cultures of E. coli (E. coli 1257), S. aureus 209-P, mycobacteria (pcs. B5), and spores (B. cereus pieces. 96). Disinfection of test objects was carried out by the method of irrigation at a consumption rate of 0,25...0,3 l/ m2 with disinfection of smooth surfaces and 0,5 l/m2, with disinfection of rough surfaces. The treatment was performed twice with an interval of 60 minutes. Our work established that the Monochloride (Iodine chloride) 2% has a high disinfectant activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, mycobacteria and spores. On the basis of the laboratory work, this tool can be recommended for production tests at veterinary surveillance facilities.

The results of laboratory and production tests of the effectiveness of the disinfectant Palocid for the disinfection of objects of veterinary supervision are presented. As test microorganisms were used the museum cultures of E. coli (strain 1257), Staphylococcus aureus (strain 209-P), bacilli (strain B5), B. cereus (strain 96). Inactivated blood serum of the horse was used to simulate natural contamination of surfaces. The quality of the disinfection was controlled by examining the washings from the test and control test objects for the presence of a given test culture. The results of laboratory and industrial tests show that Palocid is an effective disinfectant and can be recommended for preventive and forced disinfection in livestock, poultry, fur farming, automobile and railway transport, while monitoring its quality in the isolation of bacteria of the E. coli and staphylococcus group, as well as forced disinfection at the objects of veterinary supervision for infectious diseases of bacterial (including tuberculosis) and viral etiology, especially dangerous infections (anthrax and other spore infections).

The article deals with reforms in the agricultural sector of the Central- and South-Eastern European countries both within the framework of their national economic policy and focusing on institutional harmonization with the European Union. The agrarian reforms were carried out against the background of market mechanisms’ adaptation that varied depending on current cultural-economic patterns. In most cases, the use of the institutional environment parameters of developed Western countries aimed at working out guidelines for the agricultural sector reform in the post-socialist countries had no practical significance due to existing differences in economic modes and mutual discrepancy in rational business practices. The authors show peculiarities of the agricultural development in the countries of the region in 1990–2010s and single out the main differences between them as far as organizational structure, management practices, level of protectionism, production specialization and land regulation are concerned, including approaches to farm restructuring, privatization and regulation of land relations. The article also analyses current problems of the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy in the new EU member states, primarily, the use of support mechanisms and rural development. In particular, the authors assess the prospects of the Central- and South-Eastern European countries’ participation in the development of agricultural subsidies criteria and in monitoring of their use. Basing on the relevant empirical evidence, one can conclude that for the sake of developing convergence and institutional harmonization in the agricultural sector, the EU needs a differentiated approach to strategic planning and solving of agricultural problems in its new member states.

The micromechanical model proposed by analogy with crystal visco-plasticity and taking into account the volume fraction of tetragonal, rhombohedral and orthorhombic ferroelectric phases is used for the simulation of hysteresis behavior of lead-free piezoceramics. The model parameters identification is considered and discussed. The results of simulation demonstrate a good agreement with the experimental data for a wide range of cyclic electrical loading amplitudes.

The results of production tests of the effectiveness of the disinfectant Monochloride (Iodine chloride) 2% for disinfection of objects of veterinary supervision are presented. Test results show that Monochloride (Iodine Chloride) 2% is effective disinfectant and can be recommended for preventive and forced disinfection at the objects of veterinary surveillance while monitoring its quality for the isolation of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group and staphylococci, as well as forced disinfection in infectious bacterial diseases (including tuberculosis) and viral etiology, especially dangerous infections (Siberian ulcer and other spore infections).

The article deals with the features of contemporary political development of Serbia, including the main areas of cooperation with the European Union (EU). Since the early 2000s the strategic priority of the country's foreign policy is participation in the European integration process, which is accompanied by support of consistent and pragmatic relations with the other key partners, primarily with Russia. The principle of multi-vector foreign policy has been developed since the fi rst half of the 2010s, but its use is treated with the lack of uniqueness by different social strata and political movements. Mechanisms of acceleration or slowing down the integration process are used by offi cial Brussels depending on the current aims and political conjuncture (for example, to weaken Russian infl uence in the country and in the region). However, despite the success achieved on the path to the EU accession and the favorable dynamics of negotiation process, the level of support of pro-European policy has been decreasing in Serbian society since the end of the 2000s. The main challenges of the near future, in addition to the growth of euroscepticism, include problems of institutional harmonization with the EU and the compliance with the Copenhagen criteria, the enforcement of the Brussels agreement with Pristina, as well as maintaining of balanced foreign policy.

This study analyzes the impact of research and development (R&D) expenditures on CO2 emissions in 16 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the period between 1981 and 2014. The estimates of long-run regression models show that the expected average effect of R&D expenditures on CO2 emissions is negative. Growth of R&D investments by 1% reduces CO2 emissions by 0.09%–0.15% on average. However, estimated country-specific regressions indicate that the long-run effect of R&D expenditures on CO2 emissions can be both positive and negative, and they vary from −0.79% in Denmark to 0.52% in Belgium. In other words, in most cases, viewed from a long-term perspective, higher R&D expenditures reduce CO2 emissions, but this does not apply to about 40% of countries. In addition, the estimation of the short-run time-varying coefficient panel data models indicated that R&D impact can be positive, negative, but also neutral (insignificant) for many years. Such findings suggest a conclusion that the effect of R&D investments on CO2 emissions cannot be characterized as negative in advance, as pointed out by numerous analysis, but must be empirically estimated. The practical significance of this study is reflected in the fact that it directs decision-makers to concentrate their efforts on promoting R&D programs, such as those in the US and Germany, which are directly focused on reducing CO2 emissions and increasing the use thereof.

The results of field tests of the effectiveness of the disinfectant «Chlortab» for disinfection of objects of veterinary supervision. The test results show that the tool «Chlortab» is an effective disinfectant and can be recommended for preventive and forced disinfection at the sites of veterinary supervision in the control of its quality for the isolation of bacteria of the group of E. coli and staphylococci, as well as forced disinfection in infectious diseases of bacterial (including tuberculosis) and viral etiology, particularly dangerous infections (anthrax and other spore infections).

The time-dependent effects of piezoceramic material under the constant electric field are analyzed. The new rate-dependent ferroelectroelastic phenomenological model is proposed and compared with known models and experimental data.

The article deals with the features of the socio-political system development in Serbia in the course of two decades after the collapse of Yugoslavia (SFRY). The period of investigation consists of three stages of managerial elites evolution (1992–2000, 2000–2012, since 2012), which differ from each other by the intensity of political transformations and social institutions establishment. The author considers key challenges for Serbian internal and external policy during the last two decades, as well as the changes of geopolitical codes of official Belgrade (on the example of relations with the European Union and Russia).