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Resume Ce travail tente de repondre a la question suivante : la psychanalyse est-elle capable de fournir une explication a l’addiction sans substance ? Freud a traite indirectement de cette psychopathologie dans plusieurs articles etages entre 1920 et 1937, mais la reponse passe aujourd’hui par l’elucidation de ce que l’on entend par « une pathologie du lien ». Celle-ci se caracterise par son aspect totalitaire, la perte de liberte qu’elle entraine, la dependance a un objet unique et une soumission inconsciente a l’instinct de mort (thanatos) par le biais de « la compulsion de repetition ».

Resume L’auteur imagine la rencontre entre Freud et Pierre Janet et son gendre Edouard Pichon a Vienne en avril 1937, alors que l’on sait que le maitre viennois avait refuse de les rencontrer.

Resume Le concept d'inquietante etrangete a ete introduit par Freud dans la psychanalyse a partir d'un unique opera, Les Contes d'Hoffmann d'Offenbach, mais cette œuvre est loin d'etre la seule a etre construite sur une atmosphere d'inquietante etrangete (Unheimlichkeit, en allemand). Le Tour d'ecrou de Benjamin Britten, par exemple, presente les memes caracteristiques et permet de donner une extension nouvelle au concept freudien. L'histoire, tiree d'une nouvelle d'Henry James, se deroule dans l'atmosphere etrange d'un manoir anglais, ou deux enfants sont la proie de deux personnages officiellement morts, qui ont peut-etre perverti les enfants de leur vivant. Sont-ils vraiment morts d'ailleurs ? Ce sont leurs fantomes qui apparaissent et continuent a donner aux enfants des ordres ambigus. Un suspense angoissant plane sur tout l'opera qui se termine tragiquement pour un des enfants, le petit garcon, qui meurt dans les bras de sa gouvernante, alors qu'elle essayait de lui arracher son secret. L'auteur examine toutes les hypotheses explicatives possibles et montre que l'inquietante etrangete a dans cet opera des prolongements et des significations inattendues.

Apres avoir rappele brievement ce que fut l'Ecole hypnologique de Nancy a la fin du XIX e siecle et la personnalite de ses deux createurs, Liebeault et Bemheim, l'auteur montre ce qu'on peut considerer comme l'essentiel de sa posterite avec en premier lieu l'influence qu'elle a eue sur Freud apres son sejour a Nancy en 1889. Dans un domaine un peu different, l'Ecole de Nancy s'est poursuivie avec ce qu'on a appele « la deuxieme Ecole de Nancy », celle d'Emile Coue dont la methode d'autosuggestion, injustement critiquee, a fortement influence, par exemple, Schultz et sa technique de relaxation. L'hypnose elle-meme, longtemps abandonnee devant la diffusion et les succes de la psychanalyse, revient aujourd'hui en force sous forme de differentes techniques comme la sophrologie ou la methode ericksonienne. Enfin, et de facon tout a fait meconnue, la theorie de l'ideodynamisme de Bernheim constitue une prefiguration etonnante de ce qui deviendra dans les annees 1930, avec Alexander et l'Ecole de Chicago, « la medecine psychosomatique ».

Resume Les scenes de folie sont frequentes dans l’opera du XIXe siecle. Elles relevent toutes de la fiction et de « la scene a faire » pour plaire au public. Or, il se trouve qu’un opera actuel s’attaque au meme defi mais en portant cette fois a la scene l’histoire d’un personnage qui a reellement existe et a reellement sombre dans la folie. Il s’agit de Jakob Lenz, un poete romantique allemand de la fin du XVIIIe siecle, qui a connu Goethe, a ete son rival en amour et a tente d’endiguer sa folie en se refugiant dans l’air pur des montagnes vosgiennes aupres d’un pasteur qui avait la reputation de guerir les âmes en perdition. L’opera, tire d’une nouvelle de George Buchner et dont la musique est de Wolfgang Rihm, se deroule dans la province du Steintal (le Ban de la Roche, en francais), ou le pasteur Jean-Frederic Oberlin avait institue, au fil des annees, une sorte de micro Etat utopique regi par la crainte de Dieu, la ritualisation des tâches et la rationalisation du travail. La confrontation angoissee de ces deux personnages hors du commun constitue un des interets majeurs de cette histoire, l’autre etant la bascule progressive dans la folie de celui qui aurait pu devenir un grand poete mais qui, encore jeune, mourut miserablement dans la demence terminale. La musique et le chant — on devrait dire les cris — du protagoniste decrivent, au-dela des mots, sa descente aux enfers, ses terreurs et ses hallucinations. Jakob Lenz est un exemple, quasi unique dans l’histoire de l’opera, qui tente de traduire directement en musique l’evolution d’une schizophrenie au sens classique du terme.

Resume De nos jours, la reference a la methode Coue se fait par derision pour denoncer des promesses irrealistes. Cette methode a pourtant joui d’un grand succes, tant en France qu’aux Etats-Unis ou Coue avait ete accueilli comme un therapeute de genie. Ce pharmacien de Troyes, qui vecut a Nancy, avait ete influence par l’Ecole hypnologique de Liebault et de Bernheim de la fin du xix e siecle. Il decida toutefois de la modifier en abandonnant l’hypnose, jugee trop directive, pour l’autosuggestion consciente. D’ou la formule qui le rendit celebre, puis fut a l’origine de son declin : « Tous les jours, a tous points de vue, je vais de mieux en mieux. » Alors que l’on croyait la methode Coue definitivement oubliee, voire ridiculisee, il apparait aujourd’hui qu’elle revient sous d’autres formes telles que le training autogene de Schultz, la pensee positive americaine, la cure par l’esprit, la psychologie positive de Christophe Andre. On peut donc dire qu’aujourd’hui Coue parait avoir ete davantage un precurseur qu’un amuseur.

Resume C'est apres la Liberation que la psychanalyse a pris en France un essor considerable. Sur le plan theorique, elle a progressivement evolue vers la creation d'une psychanalyse a la francaise et sur le plan pratique elle s'est incorporee des techniques psychotherapiques qui au depart n'avaient rien a voir avec elle. Ce fut, des les annees 1950, le cas des therapies de groupe et du psychodrame, un peu plus tard celui de la relaxation et des therapies familiales. Toutes ces techniques, non-psychanalytiques au depart, devinrent psychanalytiques en arrivant en France. Cette remarquable faculte d'absorption est une preuve parmi d'autres de la vitalite et du dynamisme avec lesquels s'est developpee la psychanalyse dans notre pays entre 1952 et 2002.

A study was undertaken in seven schizophrenic patients to evaluate the tolerability and examine the pharmacokinetics of intramuscularly administered remoxipride after a single 200 mg dose and at steady state following repeated doses of 200 mg twice daily for one week. Comparisons of AUC, t1/2 and tmax using the Wilcoxon's signed rank test showed no significant difference between single dose and steady state indicating that the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular remoxipride were linear. The steady-state Cmax was found to be significantly larger than that after single dose and the increase was accounted for by the predicted accumulation factor, assuming linear kinetics. Although the inter-individual variability in plasma concentrations was large, the intra-individual variability was low as shown by the reproducibility of the single-dose and steady-state plasma curves. Remoxipride, administered intramuscularly, was well tolerated.

Seasonal Affective Disorder, described in 1984 by Rosenthal in the United States of America, was individualized in France since this concept entered the DSM III-R in 1989. Firstly, the purpose of the authors was an attempt to draw the historical evolution of the concept, his clinical and epidemiological aspects. Secondly, they considered the physiological hypothesises, which followed two ways of research: on the one hand the impairment of endogenous chronobiological rhythms, especially melatonin and serotonin rhythms; on the other hand the photoperiodical hypothesis. Thildly, the authors proposed the main specific prospects of treatments: chimiotherapeutic methods--particularly 5-methoxypsoralen--and non chimiotherapeutic such as phototherapy.

The aim of this study is to obtain CRF (Corticotropin Releasing Factor) stimulation at a suprahypothalamic level with a psychological stressor and to evaluate its response in anorexia nervosa. CRF plays a major role in the mechanisms underlying the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system's response to stress. Animal studies clearly showed that CRF is involved both in the adaptation to a novel environment and the regulation of eating behaviour. CRF's staietogenic effect is mediated via the paraventricular nucleus. Three groups of age matched young women were studied: 8 patients meeting the DSM III-R criteria for anorexia nervosa, 8 underweight healthy volunteers and 10 normal weight volunteers. All subjects were submitted to an auditory stimulation test ("psychosocial stress test") consisting of an intellectual task in which maximal performance is impossible to achieve, the subjects being permanently disturbed by various meaningful noises. Subjects were asked to answer self-rating scales for anxiety and tension prior to and after the test. CRF reactivity was measured by salivary cortisol (RIA). After the test, anorexia nervosa patients exhibit a significantly higher salivary cortisol response compared to the normal weight volunteers. In most of cases, salivary cortisol response was not correlated with the psychological variables. The range of the response is very explosive in two anorectic patients. Our data are consistent with the hyperactivity of the corticotropic axis stress response in anorexia nervosa, but request further investigations to prove that.

In our contemporary society, the traditional multi-generational family has to adapt and to organize itself around a smaller nucleus: “The nuclear family”. Nowadays, the management of the crises which accompany significant Life Events (such as birth, marriage, retirement, death…) within this new family-system, is refrained by the lack of “relays” which were previously provided by the “enlarged family”. In the absence of available relatives (that is, grandparents, cousins, etc…), it is now the Medical System which is addressed with the demand for help. Using worthy contributions of the systemic theories, the authors analyze the ambiguity of such a request and the paradox underlying it, namely, to take care of a “normal” family crisis. They emphasize two major dangers consisting of the “designation” of an identified patient and the risk of “phagocytosis” of the therapeutic system by the family system.

80 patients suffering of different kind of cancers were interviewed in order to study their psychological reactions to their disease. No choice was performed concerning age, sex, type of cancer, varie

Bromazepam was studied in 32 patients with neurotic anxiety. Daily doses varied between 6 and 12 mg on average. Bromazepam was associated with neuroleptic drugs in 2 cases and with tricyclic antidepressants in 12 cases. Satisfactory results were obtained in 72% of the patients, particularly those with anxiety neurosis and reactional anxiety. The drug was tolerated; transient drowsiness was well noted in 3 cases and some degree of euphoria in 2 cases. Bromazepam appears to be a quick-acting, purely anxiolytic drug, with effects perceptible after 2 or 3 days of the treatment. Its lack of sedative action makes it particularly useful in ambulatory patients.

This paper deals with an aspect of inmate's psychology. One of us is consultant psychiatrist in a jail. According to his experience, the behaviour of the prisoners appears to be very regressive. Inmates chiefly complain of digestive pains. They put a great emphasis on food, nourishment and drinking. That regression to the oral phase explains an unconscious will of staying in jail: It is rather frequent, for example, to see prisoners, who are about to recover their freedom, attempting a ridiculous and futile escape, with, as only result, one more year in jail. Obviously they want, through this absurd acting out, to keep living their childish and regressive way of life.

This paper deals with the historical problem of "les Vapeurs". The word was largely used in ancient times, especially during the 18th century. The philosophical background goes back as far as Plato and Aristotle, but the turning point of the concept was given by a french scientist: B. Pomme. According his hypothesis "the nerves were shrinking because of drying" and the treatment had to be long, prolonged bathing. After being very fashionable, the treatment became obsolete and B. Pomme retired in his home city of Arles. This history of "les vapeurs" is of a great interest, because it shows how scientists are being easily abused by intellectual conceptions and words, only "words without meaning".

In our contemporary society, the traditional multi-generational family has to adapt and to organize itself around a smaller nucleus: "The nuclear family". Nowadays, the management of the crises which accompany significant Life Events (such as birth, marriage, retirement, death...) within this new family-system, is refrained by the lack of "relays" which were previously provided by the "enlarged family". In the absence of available relatives (that is, grandparents, cousins, etc...), it is now the Medical System which is addressed with the demand for help. Using worthy contributions of the systemic theories, the authors analyze the ambiguity of such a request and the paradox underlying it, namely, to take care of a "normal" family crisis. They emphasize two major dangers consisting of the "designation" of an identified patient and the risk of "phagocytosis" of the therapeutic system by the family system.

Biorhythm theory, if it seems to know a certain success with the public, however, remains ignored by the medical world, in spite of the fact that it claims to be a means of medical safety.

Masked depression has been described in 1957 by P. Kielholz. Its main clinical features are as follows: Masked Depression appears in middle-aged individuals who have demanding professional responsabilities and thus, it is often described in Europ as: “Manager’s Disease”. The course of the disease develops in three phases which extend over several weeks or even, several months.