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INTRODUCTION: In recent years we have observed various consequences of systemic hyperinflammation associated with COVID-19, including pericardium and pleura involvement. From 2020 to 2022 an increase in the incidence of effusion into the pleural and pericardial cavities was noted in the numerous of breast MRI studies, which could potentially be associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.OBJECTIVE: To objectify this impression a comparative study was planned, which aimed to analyze the occurrence of pleural and pericardial effusion in groups of patients in 2022 compared with a matched group in 2019 and to describe the structures of the identified changes.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Тhe database of breast MRI studies during 2019 and 2022 was processed, data from 220 women were selected, indicating as a complaint for breast pain at a mammologist’s appointment and COVID-19 transferred in the group 2022. The telephone questionnaire of the 2022nd year patients were conducted about the presence of common symptoms of inflammation. Statistic: Statistical analysis was carried out using the program Statistica 13.5.0.17 TIBCO Inc. Quantitative parameters are presented as median, 5th-95th percentiles. A 2-tailed t-test was used to compare quantitative parameters. Binary data correlations were carried out using a contingency table. RESULTS: Age included 46 [33–66] years old. MRI was performed 105 [21–198] days after COVID-19. In the 2022 group, at the time of survey, 36% had general inflammatory symptoms in addition to chest pain. In 2022 vs 2019 increase the chance of encountering a pleural effusion (OR 5 [3–8]), the volume of effusion (5 [2–11] mm vs 2 [2–5] mm), incidence of pericardial (OR 31 [11–89]) and combined effusion (OR 11 [4–28]). The detection and the size of effusion of any localization didn’t correlate with age. Patients with breast implants during the pandemic years turned to a mammologist after 29 [8–44] months, before the pandemic — after 40 [19–56] months after surgery and tended to more frequent detection of effusion of all localizations and an increase in the volume of seromas. In the majority of MRI protocols, the effusion was not described.DISCUSSION: Our study will help to increase the doctors literacy about the frequency and manifestations of serositis associated with COVID-19 in a group of young, non-comorbid women who had a mild infection on an outpatient basis. The barriers to describing a small effusion on an MRI are its probability in physiological conditions, the absence of specific symptoms at the patient and none request from the attending physician. Considering the possibility that effusion into serous cavities may be a sign of pathology that led to chest pain will allow diagnosticians to describe it even with a small amount and will give the attending physician a support for a differential diagnosis. Findings in patients with breast implants confirm the connection of changes with an infectious trigger, and that there is some initial tension of the immune system, which, with additional external provocation, results in a brighter response.CONCLUSIONS: Effusion into the pleural cavity or pericardium is a common finding in patients who have undergone COVID19, which may reflect systemic inflammatory syndrome and cause chest pain.

The effect of an alternating electrostatic field was studied, as well as the effect of those prescribed in the early recovery period on the quality of life of patients. It is shown that the rehabilitation complex leads to an improvement in the physical, emotional and mental components of the quality of life.

The Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly, having considered the report on disability, provides for “the need to invest in health and rehabilitation services necessary to ensure equality of opportunity and a good quality of life for people with disabilities.” The Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Law on Education of the Russian Federation include the possibility of obtaining education, vocational guidance and vocational training for persons with disabilities. Objective is to assess the medical and social problems of adaptation of children with intellectual disabilities in educational institutions, vocational guidance for choosing the appropriate profession, training and employment. Review of current data on the problems of education and health care of children with mental retardation, their professional orientation, vocational training. Assessment of the modern regulatory framework for teaching children and adolescents with disabilities. The search for information was carried out using the eLibrary information portals.RU, PUBMED, Web of Science and Scopus. It is shown that there are problems of attracting adolescents with mental retardation in the management of vocational education, where the number of students remains minimal. New regulatory documents are presented, which define the conditions and training loads for persons with disabilities in educational institutions. The necessity of improving the quality of medical, psychological and pedagogical support of students with disabilities with the involvement of doctors of the appropriate profile has been established. The development of the material and technical base for the upbringing, training and rehabilitation of children with mental retardation is shown. The problems with the readiness of teachers to work with children with disabilities in the implementation of the State program “Accessible Environment” are noted. The “Concept of the development of education of children with disabilities”, developed by teachers-defectologists, is considered. The modern regulatory framework for vocational training and employment of persons with disabilities is presented. Conclusion. The results of the review are aimed at identifying problems with professional orientation and training of adolescents with mental retardation. They can be useful for specialists dealing with such children and adolescents.

During the pandemic COVID-19, there has been an increase in the number of patients with non-anginal chest pain at cardiologist appointments.Objective. To assess the incidence of signs of pleurisy and pericarditis after COVID-19 in non-comorbid patients with atypical chest pain and describe their characteristics according to echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging.Materials and methods. From February 2021 to January 2022, 200 outpatients were prospectively enrolled in the study, all of them suffered from a discomfort in the heart region for the first time after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inclusion criteria: 18–50 years old, 5–12 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, non-anginal chest pain. Exclusion criteria: pneumonia or signs of pulmonary thromboembolism, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure or kidney disease, clinical or laboratory signs of myocarditis, oncopathology, radiation or chemotherapy of the chest in past medical history. A survey was conducted (yes/no) for the presence of general malaise, quality of life deterioration, hyperthermia, cough. Ultrasound examination of the pericardium and pleura to detect effusion or postinflammatory changes was performed in accordance with the recommendations. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed if ultrasound imaging was poor or there was no evidence of pericardial or pleural involvement in patients with typical symptoms.Results. 82 women and 118 men were included. Median of age 39 [28–46] years old. Pericarditis was diagnosed in 152 (76%) patients, including effusive pericarditis in 119 (78%), myocarditis in 6 (3%) and myopericarditisin 49 (25%) patients, pleurisy was detected in 22 (11%) patients, exudative pleurisy – in 11 (5.5%) patients with a predominant unilateral lesion of the mediastinal-diaphragmatic region adjacent to the heart. Hyperthermia was recorded in 2.5% of cases, general malaise – in 60% and a decrease in the quality of life – in 84%.Conclusion. Serositis as a cause of atypical chest pain among young non-comorbid patients in early postCOVID was identified in 87% of patients. In the coming years, it is probably worthwhile to perform ultrasound of the pericardium and pleura in all patients with chest pain.

Viruses are the most common etiological agents of myocardium inflammation. Today the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causes a high incidence of myocarditis and pericarditis. As a hypothetical scenario, we present a clinical case of a patient who underwent viral myocarditis on the background of SARS in 2004, with recurrent myocarditis in ARVI, the last of which was initiated by SARS-CoV-2. A 61-year-old male patient, in 2004 contacted a representative of the People's Republic of China and after 4 days felt the symptoms of ARVI. Before the viral disease, he had excellent health, the absence of cardiovascular diseases and pathological heredity. Fever 38–39 °C, myalgia, headache, general malaise, dry obsessive cough persisted for a week. After the addition of shortness of breath, he was hospitalized. According to the data of X-ray and computed tomography, infiltrates of the lungs of both of the "frosted glass" type were revealed. According to the clinic and laboratory data, a diagnosis of severe “atypical viral pneumonia” was made, and a diagnosis of viral myocarditis was suggested. Echocardiography showed a decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction up to 50% for the first time, without signs of coronary heart disease based on the results of further examination. Dry cough disturbed in the next 4 months, LVEF 48–50% and 1 functional class of heart failure persisted for 10 years. The patient had a flu with mild respiratory symptoms in 2015, but it triggered a recurrence of myocarditis. The examination revealed a decrease in LVEF up to 35%, the progression of dilatation of the heart cavities also without signs of coronary heart disease according to the results of the treadmill test and coronary angiography. Post-inflammatory cardiopathy progressed relatively quickly during the year. The minimum LVEF was 23%; a cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted for secondary indications; radiofrequency ablation of fascicular tachycardia was performed. It was followed by another period of stabilization: 2 functional class of heart failure, ICD shocks did not occur. The patient underwent COVID-19 with minimal respiratory symptoms in March 2021. It provoked another recurrence of myocarditis, diagnosed with an increase in troponin, cerebral natriuretic peptide, CRP, ESR and increasing heart failure during 3 months. Persistent paroxysms of atrial fibrillation with a decrease of LVEF 15% and anasarсa. A successful radiofrequency isolation of the pulmonary vein was performed in 2021. By November 2021, in the absence of paroxysms, it was possible to achieve compensation for heart failure up to class 1 according to Vasilenko–Strazhesko and NYHA, LVEF 28%.In order to understand the recurrent nature of myocarditis against the background of various respiratory viral infections, an analysis of the literature was carried out, including the described cases of myocardial inflammation against the background of the predecessors of the SARS-CoV-2 strain: SARS-CoV-1 and MERS. We also reviewed the data on the diagnosis of viral myocarditis in the realities of this pandemic. It reveals a large heterogeneity of signs of inflammation of the heart muscle according to different diagnostic methods and large interobserver variability, and challenges us about the need to revise the criteria for myocarditis in the case of COVID-19.

The work is devoted to the reconstruction of the formation conditions of the Yu horizon in the south of the Tomsk region. The investigation objects are situated in the region of transition from marine conditions to terrestrial, which affected the variegated lithofacies composition of the deposits and the complex geometry of sedimentary bodies. The study was based on the results of sedimentological analysis of the core, carried out by lithologists of the IPGG and the Tomsk State University, published in stock materials, as well as well logging data for 381 wells.

The work is devoted to the reconstruction of the formation conditions of the Yu1 horizon in the south of the Tomsk Region. The relevance and complexity of the problem lies in the fact that the deposits were formed in the zone of transition from marine to terrestrial, which affected the variegated lithofacies composition of the deposits and the complex geometry of sedimentary bodies. The study was based on the results of sedimentological analysis of the core, carried out by lithologists of the IPGG and the Tomsk State University, published in stock materials, as well as well logging data for 217 wells.

In response to the demands of globalization, many countries have focused their efforts on pursuing a policy to create international and regional educational centers, transform their higher education systems, enhance their international activities, and expand joint programs of universities as tools to increase their competitiveness. The purpose of this article is to study the factors affecting competitiveness in the formation of an educational hub, basing on the world experience in educational hubs creation in the context of of higher education institutions globalization and to identify the priority measures to stimulate the integration of international educational programs and expand the universities’ international activities in Uzbekistan. As an empirical base, we used the results of the studies of foreign countries that successfully achieved their goals of forming regional educational hubs, as well as open data on the leading universities in the Central Asia and Uzbekistan’s positions in international rankings on the attractiveness for foreign students. The methodological basis of the research is comparative and systematic analysis, case method, content analysis of websites of leading universities in Central Asia, expert assessment. The theoretical and methodological foundations and factors affecting the competitiveness of the educational activities of the university in the context of globalization and modernization of higher education are considered. Based on the comparative analysis of a significant array of academic and analytical materials to determine the factors of supply and demand (push-pull factors), implemented strategies for the transformation of universities in a group of dynamically developing countries, the authors provide an assessment factors affecting the competitiveness while creating international and regional educational centers of higher education in Uzbekistan, as well as give recommendations on organizational, economic, institutional mechanisms for transforming the higher education system of the republic into a hub for the implementation of international educational programs in the Central Asia.

Solanum tuberosum L. (common potato) is one of the most important crops produced almost all over the world. Genomic sequences of potato opens the way for studying the molecular variations related to diversification. We performed a reconstruction of genomic sequences for 15 tetraploid potato cultivars grown in Russia using short reads. Protein-coding genes were identified; conserved and variable parts of pan-genome and the repertoire of the NBS-LRR genes were characterized. For comparison, we used additional genomic sequences for twelve South American potato accessions, performed analysis of genetic diversity, and identified the copy number variations (CNVs) in two these groups of potato. Genomes of Russian potato cultivars were more homogeneous by CNV characteristics and have smaller maximum deletion size in comparison with South American ones. Genes with different CNV occurrences in two these groups of potato accessions were identified. We revealed genes of immune/abiotic stress response, transport and five genes related to tuberization and photoperiod control among them. Four genes related to tuberization and photoperiod were investigated in potatoes previously (phytochrome A among them). A novel gene, homologous to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) of Arabidopsis, was identified that may be involved in circadian rhythm control and contribute to the acclimatization processes of Russian potato cultivars.

Introduction. Сombination of alpelisib plus fulvestrant is approved in patients with hormone receptor positive, HER2-negative, PIK3CA-mutated advanced breast cancer (ABC) after progression on hormonotherapy. Efficacy data of alpelisib in heavily pretreated patients with HR+/HER-2-, PIK3CA-mutated advanced breast cancer are limited, only results from phase I trial are available. Here we report our results of alpelisib efficacy in 19 heavily pretreated patients.Object: to evaluate efficacy and safety of combination alpelisib plus fulvestrant in patients with HR+/HER2-, PIK3CA-mutated advanced breast cancer in initial and later lines of therapy in real clinical practice.Materials and methods. Combination of alpelisib plus fulvestrant was investigated in 19 patients with HR+/HER2-, PIK3CAmutated ABC, alpelisib at a dose of 300 mg per day plus fulvestrant at a dose of 500 mg i.m. every 28 days and once on day 15. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.Results. From February 2021 19 patients with HR+/HER2-, PIK3CA-mutated advanced breast cancer were treated with alpelisib plus fulvestrant. The data cut off is October 2021. Median lines of treatment in advanced disease was five, including 19 (100%) patients received CDK4/6, 14 (74%) – fulvestrant and/or everolimus and 15 (79%) – chemotherapy. 4 (21%) received alpelisib in a second line, 15 (79%) – in subsequent lines. Median progression-free survival was 7 months. The response was evaluated in 18 patients: partial response was achieved in 5 (28%) patients, stable disease – in 9 (50%), disease progression – 4 (22%). The most frequent adverse events were hyperglycemia – 74% (grade 3 – 22%), creatinine increased – 42% and rash – 37% (grade 3 – 22%). Only one patient has discontinued the treatment due to Quincke`s edema.Conclusions. Combination of alpelisib with fulvestrant is an effective option both in initial and later lines of therapy in patients with HR+/HER2-, PIK3CA-mutated advanced breast cancer including fulvestrant, CDK4/6 inhibitors and/or everolimus – pretreated patients.

Currently, the most effective way to diagnose hereditary defects of the immune system is molecular genetic research, the results of which are evaluated in conjunction with the data of clinical and laboratory studies.Aims of the sudy: to evaluate the frequency and spectrum of rare genetic variants associated with the development of primary immunodeficiency (PID) in children with recurrent infections.Materials and methods: DNA samples from 113 children with recurrent infections were analyzed by targeted multigene sequencing of 338 PID-associated genes. Results: Pathogenic variants appropriate to the potential diagnosis of PID were identified in 8% of patients. Interestingly, 47.8% of children had variants associated with auto-inflammatory disorders.

Being a consequence of COVID-19, cardiovascular disorders are now at the forefront of the infection’s after-eff ects. Researchers note the involvement of heart muscle, vascular endothelium, cardiac conduction system into the infectious infl ammation even if a person has oligosymptomatic SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, we still do not have a clear understanding of the genesis of the long-standing persistent hyperthermia, reduced stamina and atypical cardialgia.Objective. The study demonstrates the high frequency of pericardial eff usion among patients who recovered from COVID-19. The study describes clinical symptoms of the COVID-19-induced pericarditis.Materials and methods. To compare the frequency of pericardial eff usion (based on TTE data) among a sample of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and in the control group of patients who were examined before the pandemic, the study was conducted in accordance with STROBE design. The main group, studied on a prospective basis, included patients who recovered from COVID-19 1 or 2 months ago. The control group was made up retrospectively from the database of the Functional Diagnostics Department for January–February 2019, matching the main group in terms of gender and age. The groups had no diff erence in terms of high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, Index of Mass Corporal. Hence, 110 pairs of patients were selected from the two groups, where we analyzed TTE results following the event-control protocol.Results. The cohort of patients who recovered from COVID-19 consisted of 51 men and 59 women, with the average age of 67 ± 9 years old. 30 patients had moderate and severe forms of COVID-19 and were hospitalized. 80 ones had a mild form of COVID-19 confi rmed with PCR test or COVID-19 antibody testing and were monitored on the outpatient basis. The average time of the study spans 5 ± 1 weeks after the fi rst symptoms onset. The control group comprised 110 patients aged 67 ± 5 years. Signs of pericardial eff usion were recorded as part of TTE in 47 (43%) patients from the main group, with 5 of them (11%) having chronic causes for the eff usion. In the control group, the hydropericardium was detected in 4 (3%) patients. The rate ratio is 19,8 (95 OR 18.2–21.6). The frequency of hydropericardium symptoms did not depend on the age, principal cardiovascular diseases and the severity of COVID-19. Pericardial eff usion of the COVID-19 origin had some diff erence in ultrasound imaging as compared to pericardial eff usion of non-COVID-19 origin. The additional anti-infl ammatory therapy was prescribed for such patients.Conclusions. The hydropericardium should be viewed as a specifi c manifestation of SARSCoV-2 and taken into account when assessing the post-COVID-19 symptoms. Pericardial eff usion is found after COVID-19 12 times as frequent as in the demographically comparable group without the pandemic. Despite the severity of COVID-19, the high frequency of pericardial eff usion necessitates TTE assessment in dynamics throughout at least 2 months after the infection.

Introduction. The prevalence of functional biliary disorders continues to increase with insufficient effectiveness of existing treatment approaches. Among them, functional biliary disorders of sphincter of Oddi account for at least 50%.Objective. To study efficacy, safety and tolerability of a fixed combination of glycyrrhizic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid (Fosfogliv Urso) in capsule form in patients with functional biliary disorders of sphincter of Oddi.Materials and Methods. The study included 32 patients diagnosed with functional biliary sphincter of Oddi disorders established according to the Rome Criteria IV revision (2016). Patients received Fosfogliv Urso (250 mg ursodeoxycholic acid and 35 mg glycyrrhizic acid) 1 capsule 3 times a day for 8 weeks. Prior to treatment, all study participants underwent a standard set of laboratory and instrumental examinations.Results. Against the background of Fosfogliv Urso treatment, statistically significant decrease of biliary pain prevalence up to 48.3% (p < 0.001); intense biliary pain up to 11.4% (p < 0.0001); intensity of pain syndrome on visual analogue scale down to 1.7 ± 0.9 cm was registered (p < 0.0001). Alanine aminotransferase activity significantly decreased to 34.0 ± 4.0 U/L (p < 0.001). There was a tendency of choledochal diameter decrease to 0.57 ± 0.01 cm. Treatment efficacy was rated by patients as very good and good in 83.4% of cases. The safety profile was assessed as favorable and tolerability as satisfactory.Discussion. The results obtained were superior to those previously obtained for ursodeoxycholic acid monotherapy and confirmed the data of the previously conducted phase III study. The rationality of the combination is due to the mutual complementation and possible synergism of the pharmacological effects of glycyrrhizinic and ursodeoxycholic acids.Conclusion. The results obtained allow to recommend the prescription of Fosfogliv Urso in the complex scheme of treatment and prophylaxis of functional biliary disorders of sphincter of Oddi.

Using a set of excitation/emission wavelengths characteristic of fluorescent advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), the fluorescence intensities of glycated albumin and hydrolyzed diabetic rat tail tendons were compared. The following excitation/emission wavelengths were used: 335/385 nm, 345/405 nm, 370/440 nm, 379/463 nm and 440/520 nm. The ability of 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (a fluorophore) to interfere with fluorescence of AGEs was studied. It was shown that glycated albumin and hydrolyzed tendons of diabetic animals have nearly identical values of fluorescence at all wavelengths. At the same time, 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide, which was added into the samples of glycated albumin to bring the interference (the addition was carried out after the end of glycation reaction), interfere only at the excitation/emission wavelengths of 370/440 nm and 379/463 nm. Thus, the advantage of the use of entire set of the wavelengths (simultaneously) for AGEs detection was confirmed. We believe that the usage of the entire set of wavelengths may reduce the risk of interference-induced errors in detection of fluorescent AGEs.

This study focused on the redox homeostasis in the lenses of 20- and 30-day-old chinchilla rabbit kits exposed to a combination of hypoxia and electromagnetic radiation at a nonthermal intensity during their prenatal development. Adult rabbit does (n = 12) were divided into equal-sized experimental and control groups. After mating, pregnant animals from the experimental group were exposed to hypoxia and electromagnetic radiation for 6 days, while the control animals were sham-irradiated but not exposed to hypoxia. After birth the newborn rabbits were also divided into the experimental and control groups. Kits were slaughtered on the 20th and 30th days after birth and the lenses were removed. The lipid peroxidation intensity was estimated by the measurement of malondialdehyde in the lens tissue specimens. It was found that the redox status in the lenses of experimental rabbit kits changed towards oxidation, probably due to failure in the antioxidant defense mechanism. Thus, it was proven that prenatally induced disturbance of redox homeostasis negatively affected the postnatal period as well. No significant differences were found between the extent of lipid peroxidation by the 20th and 30th days of the postnatal period.

The gallbladder is an organ that plays an important role in maintaining effective enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of bile and preserving the metabolic homeostasis of lipids and bile acids. Despite modern ideas about the role of the gallbladder in the human body, especially in subjects with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cholecystectomy (CE) remains one of the most common surgeries, including in this patient category. The review examines the following in patients with NAFLD: the gallbladder role, the association between NAFLD and cholelithiasis (C), indications for CE, as well as the consequences of this intervention. The authors discuss the issues of patient management with NAFLD after CE. Patients with C and NAFLD who have undergone CE need a number of diagnostic measures aimed at identifying and timely correction of disorders, as well as complex treatment, which includes the risk factors elimination, strict adherence to diet, exercise regime, the use of drugs improving the EHC state, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the metabolic function of hepatocytes and inhibiting the liver fibrogenesis. KEYWORDS: cholecystectomy, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cholelithiasis, ursodeoxycholic acid, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance. FOR CITATION: Mekhtiev S.N., Mekhtieva O.A., Ukhova M.V., Ibragimova Z.M. Modern view of the importance of cholecystectomy in the prognosis of a patient with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: follow-up algorithm and therapeutic approaches. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(6):438–445 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-6-438-445.

The effect of gamma radiation from a 60Co source on the intensity of re-emitted luminescence at the output of WLS fibers of the Y-11M and O-2M types and the subsequent restoration of the characteristics of the irradiated fibers after holding them at room temperature are investigated. Irradiation, starting from a low dose rate (0.048 MRad/h) to a dose of 1 MRad, leads to an insignificant decrease in the intensity of re-emitted luminescence at the output of both types of fibers, and with a further increase in the dose, the course of the curve practically does not change. When irradiated with a dose rate of 0.158 MRad/h, the characteristics of both types of fibers deteriorate significantly. When the irradiated samples are kept at room temperature, the fiber characteristics are restored.

The assessment of the etiological role of viruses in the development of breast cancer remains the subject of intense study. This review examines the data on the presence/absence of viral infection in breast cancer tumors and its clinical significance. The reports on the association of breast cancer with three groups of viruses: HMTV (human Mammary Tumor Virus / MMTV-like), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) were analyzed. The authors carried out meta-analysis for each type of virus, which demonstrated the association of the viral infection with breast cancer tissue. A meta-analysis of 1389 breast cancer tissue samples and 750 normal breast tissue samples showed a high level of HMTV infection in the breast cancer tissue (30.7%). The relative risk of breast cancer associated with HMTV infection was 16.7 (95% CI: 7.0-39.7, p = 1.69x10-10). For EBV, the meta-analysis of 1131 breast tumor samples and 185 normal breast tissue samples (based on 9 primary studies) showed that the incidence of EBV infection was 30. .4% in tumor breast tissue and 4.3% in normal breast tissue. The relative risk of EBV-associated breast cancer was 3.3 (95% CI: 1.8-5.8, р=0.00006). The meta-analysis of HPV infection included 29 primary studies with 2,446 tumor tissue samples and 1,144 normal tissue samples. The prevalence of HPV in breast cancer samples and in normal tissue samples was 25% and 4.5%, respectively. The relative risk of breast cancer associated with HPV infection was 3.6 (95% CI: 2.3-5.6, p = 2.8x10-8). The data obtained indicate that the studies on the etiological role of HMTV, EBV and HPV in the development of breast cancer are promising.

Objective. The article deals with heat removal from computer processors in order to provide the necessary thermal conditions and temperature control of heat-generating components on integrated circuits.Methods. Methods for modeling heat exchange processes during heat transfer from a heated integral crystal to the environment are applied.Results. The power efficiency of heat rejection processors increases when using radiating thermoelectric semiconductor devices since heat is absorbed in some junctions, and instead of generating heat photons of the ultraviolet range are emitted to obtain better energy characteristics to ensure the necessary power removal from the heatgenerating components of radio-electronic circuits. This approach has a significant advantage as radiation has the maximum speed when transferring energy compared to convection and conduction, which allows for non-inertial heat removal from heat-generating components to the environment. This approach also allows increasing the efficiency of the cooling system and accelerating the transfer of heat from the heated areas to prevent heat breakdown.Conclusion. The conducted research allows concluding that light-emitting thermoelectric semiconductor devices can be used for cooling with high power efficiency, which can transfer large amounts of power to the environment with low inertia. An innovative cooling system for computer processors allows increasing the degree of integration by several orders of magnitude, which will increase the performance of computers and their speed.

The effect of the dose rate from 0.00022 to 0.0032 MGy/h and the radiation dose of 0.043 and 0.2 MGy of the 60Co gamma source, as well as of oxidative conditions on the optical transmission and absorption spectra of plastic scintillators of the BC-408 (Bicron, USA), UPS-923A (Amcrys-H, Ukraine), and LHE (JINR, Russia) brands has been investigated at 300 K. It has been shown that the optical transmission of scintillators in the range of 400–850 nm decreases when increasing radiation dose. There was no noticeable effect of adsorbed oxygen on the induced optical losses under these conditions.

Degenerative changes of intervertebral discs is a very complicated process as a result of interaction of many factors: genetic, environmental, physical activity. Abnormalities in the vertebrae structure create the preconditions for the overload of the vertebral motor segment, which contributes to the spread of degenerative lesions and increases the risk of spinal injuries. Degenerative disc disease is one of the most common causes of back pain. The process of degeneration begins at a young age and in adulthood it often becomes widespread with a predominance of one or another localization. Methods of medical imaging occupy an important place in diagnosis of musculoskeletal pathologies. Radiography assesses the changes only in bone structures, but does not allow the visualization of soft tissues, which include not only the ligaments of the vertebral motor segment, but also the intervertebral discs. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most effective method for diagnosing degenerative changes in intervertebral discs. Possibilities of ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of early stage degenerative disc disease have not been studied enough. There were examined 147 patients aged 18−27 years with clinical and neurological signs of degenerative disease of cervical and lumbar spinal discs. Ultrasonic semiotics showed changes within the pulpal nucleus as an increased echogenicity and displacement back towards the fibrous ring, fibrous ring thinning, which indicated the disc protrusion. In patients with pain in neck and lower back, fragmentary imaging of the fibrous ring and prolapse of the disc contents into the lumen of spinal canal, indicating the development of hernias was found. The presence of herniated discs of cervical and lumbar spine in all cases coincided with the results of magnetic resonance imaging, and protrusion did in 91,4 % of cases. Thus, among medical imaging the ultrasonography is the most accessible and informative method for diagnosing degenerative changes in intervertebral discs of cervical and lumbar spine. Key words: degenerative disc disease, ultrasonography, cervical and lumbar intervertebral discs.

Introduction/Background* The Study 111 established LenPem as a treatment option in patients with advanced endometrial cancer following prior systemic therapy. LenPem has a higher objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) with a different toxicity profile. The aim of this study was to gather data regarding the efficacy and safety of LenPem when used in the real-world treatment of EC.. This is the first study to examine LenPem using (?) in EC patients treated in Russia in real practice. Methodology Retrospective chart review identified 34 patients administred LenPem for treatment of recurrent EC in Russia from March 2020 to March 2021. Demographic and clinical data were analized. Result(s)* Thirty-four patients (median age 66,9 years, range 57–83 years; 20,6% of patients with serous carcinoma, 82,4% ECOG ≤1, 64,7% pts with ≥2 relapses, 38,2% patients with ≥3 prior platinum-based chemotherapeutic regimens) received 1-14 cycles (median 3). In 23 patients who were examined for efficacy, the response rate (RR) was 26.2% and stabizilazion observed in 69.6% cases. Incidence of grade =>3 adverse events was similar to that in prior studies (overall 97%). The most common side effects in this study and study 111 were fatigue (64,7% and 51,1%, respectively), hypertension (47,1% and 61,7%, respectively), diarrhea (8,8% and 53,2% respectively) and stomatitis (8,8% and 35,1% respectively). Overall, 29,4% pts required dose reduction due to toxicity and in 11,8% cases required discontinuation due to disease progression. Conclusion* Outcomes of advanced EC patients treated in Russia with LenPem following prior systemic therapy are comparable to those demonstrated in the Study 111. LEN appears to be effective and safe in real world practice in EC.

Carbon nanotubes are obtained using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment via the pyrolysis of natural gas in the presence of nanoscale iron. The influence of various parameters on the yield of nanomaterials synthesized is studied, and we find that the yield of nanocarbon increases with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature from 650 to 850°C. At the same time, the introduction of argon, which acts as a buffer gas, into the reactor significantly increases the yield of carbon nanotubes. The samples synthesized are studied by physical methods.

Очікуваний у найближчому майбутньому дефіцит вуглеводнів, зростаючий тиск на екологію та ресурсозабезпечення існування людства – основні тригери трансформації енергетичної галузі відповідно до ухвалених на Саміті ООН Цілей сталого розвитку. Розвиток малої гідроенергетики також повинен відповідати раціональному використанню водного ресурсу, збереженню та можливому відновленню річкової системи, мінімізації антропогенного впливу. Дана стаття спрямована на вирішення актуального питання створення малих гідроелектростанцій, технологічні режими роботи якої відповідають принципам раціонального гідроенергетичного водокористування з врахуванням природоохоронних обмежень на використання води для виробництва електроенергії. Автором приведено переваги використання функції диференційної щільності імовірнісного розподілу витрат стоку річки над традиційно застосовуваною інтегральною функцією розподілу при аналізі гідроенергетичних показників експлуатації малих ГЕС. Проведений аналіз попередніх досліджень диференційної щільності засвідчив відсутність узагальнених результатів з визначення даної функції у вигляді, необхідному для подальших практичних застосувань. Вперше розроблено прямий метод розрахунку функції диференційної щільності імовірнісного трипараметричного гамма-розподілу витрат стоку річки за довільних значень коефіцієнтів варіації та асиметрії на основі застосування інтерполяції кубічними сплайнами в околі полюсів гамма-функції. Матеріали статті містять результати проведеного дослідження у вигляді таблиць значень функції диференційної щільності імовірнісного гамма-розподілу витрат води. Зазначені таблиці рекомендуються до застосовування інженерними та проектними службами при виконанні гідрологічних та гідротехнічних розрахунків в задачах гідроенергетики. Бібл. 18, табл. 3, рис. 3.

During exercise an increase in oxygen delivery to working muscles is achieved through well‑coordinated interaction of many organs and systems: the heart, lungs, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system. In heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, all mechanisms involved in the normal exercise tolerance are impaired. In the first part of this review, the impairments of the left heart chambers are considered ‑ left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, the weakening of the contractile and chronotropic reserves, left atrium dysfunction; the possible ways of their medical correction are also presented.