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Este trabalho tem como objetivo disponibilizar o inventario florístico das espécies encontradas no Parque Ambiental do município de Anapurus, Maranhão, Brasil. O levantamento florístico ocorreu durante o mês de agosto de 2022, sendo que o reconhecimento da área e posterior registro dos dados deu-se através de caminhadas aleatórias. As amostras botânicas coletadas seguiram técnicas usuais de herborização e para identificação das espécies utilizou-se a bibliografia adequada e chaves taxonômicas. No total, registramos 27 famílias, 38 gêneros e 40 espécies, sendo sete espécies pertencentes ao grupo das briófitas, oito são samambaias e 24 são angiospermas. Dentre as famílias mais frequentes, estão: Arecaceae, com cinco espécies, e Araceae com quatro, as demais com uma ou duas espécies, cada. A avaliação das formas de vida revelou uma predominância de ervas (23 espécies), seguido de palmeiras e árvores (cinco espécies, cada uma). Avaliando os tipos de habitat, 25 espécies são terrícolas, sete aquáticas, três epífitas, três corticícola, uma hemiepífita e uma rupícola. A área de estudo possui uma elevada diversidade florística. Além disso, apresenta grande importância tanto para o meio urbano, devido aos inúmeros benefícios que pode proporcionar para qualidade de vida dos cidadãos, quanto para o equilíbrio do ecossistema.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) poses a high burden of disease, being its epidemiological and clinical data heterogeneous among countries, with no recent published studies concerning Portuguese patients. Therefore, we aimed to raise awareness of HAE and to contribute to clinical knowledge. An observational, descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was performed, that included a cohort of 126 patients followed in a single Portuguese Center. We observed a high prevalence of HAE-C1-INH type II (45.2% of patients). Most HAE patients (67.4%) presented the initial manifestations of the disease before adulthood, at a mean age of 12.6 ± 8.4 years. However, we found a long delay in HAE diagnosis, especially in those without family history (mean 20.7 ± 17.3 years). Stress was the most common trigger, followed by trauma and infection. Symptoms involving different systems were increasingly reported with increased disease duration. Cutaneous symptoms (95.0%) were more frequent, followed by gastrointestinal (80.7%), and respiratory symptoms (50.4%). HAE symptoms led to abdominal surgery in 22 (17.5%) patients and induced laryngeal edema requiring intubation/tracheostomy in 8 (6.3%) patients. Most patients were under long-term prophylaxis, mainly with attenuated androgens (62.7% of patients).The correct distinction between HAE and other common causes of angioedema is critical, allowing reduction of diagnostic delay, improvement of adequate management, and ultimately improving outcomes and quality of life of HAE patients.

Modeling the transformation of biomass into biogas is complex, because it involves a nonlinear and coupled set of ordinary differential equations. Thus, obtaining an analytical-numerical solution becomes attractive for this problem. In this paper, five chemical reactions are used to model the chemical kinetics of the anaerobic digestion process. The rate of production of each reaction is estimated by Gibbs free energy value. The equation system of the model is solved by the Modified Adomian Decomposition Method, applied to the time variable. The results obtained agree with the expected solution.

In this article, the first-order sensitivity coefficients for a system of stiff nonlinear differential equations from the anaerobic digestion model are calculated. In this approach, the auxiliary equations used to calculate the sensitivity coefficients are solved separately from the model equations, using the same time steps and numerical approximations used in the calculation of the model solution by the Rosenbrock method of order four. The results show the importance of each reaction for each species involved in the model.

The purpose of this article is to show the improvement of the mixture of a turbulent jet diffusion flame of methane by means of linear quadratic regulator control. The model is based on low Mach and high Damkohler numbers. Large eddy simulation is used to simulate a turbulent flow with the Smagorinsky submodel for turbulent viscosity. The control employs a pair of actuators that act transversally to the flow direction on the walls of the burner. They consist of rectangular openings added along the depth of the duct. Numerical tests were performed by changing the position of one of these actuators. The results show that the controllers alter the jet diffusion flame, generating vortices of different sizes and dispersion patterns, which quickly leads to highly complex flow patterns.

The model that describes the transformation of biomass into biogas, a process called Anaerobic Digestion, is complex because it involves nonlinear and coupled ordinary differential equations. In this way, obtaining an analytical-numerical solution becomes attractive for this problem. In this paper, the chemical kinetics of the anaerobic digestion process is modelade. The system of equations of the model was solved by the Modified Adomian Decomposition Method, a powerful technique used for solve systems of linear and nonlinear differential equations, since it is computationally convenient, precise and physically realistic. The results are compared with the data obtained by the second-order Simplified Runge-Kutta method, and they agree well with each other.

Two different formulations containing a blend of spores of the filamentous fungi Mucor circinelloides and Duddingtonia flagrans have been assayed against trichostrongylids in wapitis captive in a grassy parcel from a zoological park and dewormed with fenbendazole. One approach (sprayed-on pellets) consisted of providing them, during 10 months, nutritional pellets sprayed the spores just before to be ingested, and the other (formulated pellets) involved the administration of pellets industrially manufactured with the spores for an identical period. Data collected on wapitis treated with fenbendazole without receiving spores during a 10-months interval were considered as controls. The effect of these strategies was evaluated through the analysis of feces collected directly from the soil, by estimating the reduction of the counts of eggs of trichostrongylids per gram of feces (EPG). The possibility of side effects in the digestive tract, respiratory apparatus or on the skin was assessed. The coprological analyses showed that, despite the successfulness of fenbendazole, the values of trichostrongylids egg-output increased four months later above 300 EPG. Through the administration of pellets sprayed spores, a significant EPG reduction of 69% (30–100) was recorded, and 71% (36–100) by giving the wapitis pellets industrially enriched with the spores. No unfavorable effects were observed among the wapitis taking the spores. It is concluded that ingestion of a blend of spores of M. circinelloides and D. flagrans every two days affords a beneficial long-term effect on controlling the infection by trichostrongylids in wild captive animals.

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are parasites transmitted through contact with soil contaminated with their infective eggs/larvae. People are infected by exposure to human-specific species or animal species (zoonotic agents). Fecal samples containing eggs of Ascaris suum or Lemurostrongylus sp. were sprayed with spores of the soil saprophytic filamentous fungi Clonostachys rosea (CR) and Trichoderma atrobrunneum (TA). The antagonistic effect was assessed by estimating the viability of eggs and their developmental rate. Compared to the controls (unexposed to fungi), the viability of the eggs of A. suum was halved in CR and decreased by two thirds in TA, while the viability of the eggs of Lemurostrongylus sp. was reduced by one quarter and one third in CR and TA treatments, respectively. The Soil Contamination Index (SCI), defined as the viable eggs that attained the infective stage, reached the highest percentages for A. suum in the controls after four weeks (66%), with 21% in CL and 11% in TA. For Lemurostrongylus sp., the values were 80%, 49%, and 41% for control, CR and TA treatments, respectively. We concluded that spreading spores of C. rosea or T. atrobrunneum directly onto the feces of animal species represents a sustainable approach under a One Health context to potentially reduce the risk of zoonotic STHs in humans This research was funded by the Research Projects CTM2015-65954-R and RYC-2016-21407 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain; FEDER), and ED431F 2018/03 (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia, Spain). María Sol Arias Vázquez is recipient of a Ramón y Cajal (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain) contract SI

O processo de transformacao da biomassa em biogas, conhecido como digestao anaerobia (Anaerobic Digestion - AD), tem se tornado uma importante fonte de pesquisa nos ultimos anos. O grande interesse neste processo deve-se ao fato desta transformacao apresentar vantagens para a natureza e, consequentemente, para o ser humano. Uma das vantagens e a transformacao de lixo em algo produtivo, que diminui a quantidade de gases toxicos lancados na atmosfera e ainda gera energia utilizavel. Neste trabalho, sera apresentado o processo de digestao anaerobia, incluindo a modelagem quimica e matematica do problema. Apos a modelagem, o objetivo e simular este processo, resolvendo numericamente as equacoes diferenciais do problema. Por fim, sao apresentados resultados numericos que concordam com os dados encontrados na literatura.

The integrated control of strongyles was assayed for a period of three years in wild equids (zebras, European donkeys, and African wild asses) captive in a zoo and infected by strongyles. During three years control of parasites consisted of deworming with ivermectin + praziquantel; equids also received every two days commercial nutritional pellets containing a blend of 104 - 105 spores of the fungi Mucor circinelloides + Duddingtonia flagrans per kg meal. Coprological analyses were done monthly to establish the counts of eggs of strongyles per gram of feces (EPG). The reductions in the fecal egg counts (FECR) and in the positive horses (PHR) were calculated fifteen days after deworming; the egg reappearance period (ERP) and the time elapsed from the previous deworming (TPD) were also recorded. Four anthelmintic treatments were administered during the assay, three times throughout the first 2 yrs, and another treatment during the last one. FECR values of 96-100% and 75-100% for the PHR were recorded. The ERP oscillated between eight and twenty-eight weeks, and the TPD ranged from four to eighteen months, increasing to the end of the trial. No side effects were observed in any of the equids. It is concluded that integrated control of strongyles among equids captive in a zoo can be developed by anthelmintic deworming together with the administration of pellets manufactured with spores of parasiticide fungi every two days. This trial was partly supported by the Research Project CTM2015-65954-R (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain; FEDER). Dr. María Sol Arias Vázquez is recipient of a Ramón y Cajal contract (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness), and Dr. C. F. Cazapal-Monteiro is beneficiary of a postdoctoral research fellowship (Xunta de Galicia, Spain) SI

The rapid expansion of Eucalyptus plantations in Doce river basin, eastern Brazil, by changing the grassland and the natural surface cover in the savanna ecosystem, can potentially cause significant changes to water resources of the region. Especially for the higher amount of water transpired by the trees. The objective of this work was to model the water balance in an area cultivated with clonal E. grandis × urophylla in the Doce river basin, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Between October 2007 and September 2010, the water balance model estimated the daily variation of available soil water as a function of the water loss via evapotranspiration. Components of the evapotranspiration process were estimated by modifying the stomatal resistance of the Penman-Monteith equation. Evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (P), during the three years, were 3,467 mm and 3,439 mm, respectively. The evapotranspiration/precipitation ratio (ET/P) was of 1.01. Precipitation input was approximately balanced by water losses to evapotranspiration, without significant changes to water stored in soil and groundwater.

The photolysis of aerated aqueous solutions of 4-chlorophenol in the presence of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and peroxydisulphate has been followed by UV/visible absorption spectroscopy, and reveals a relatively rapid oxidative decomposition of the phenol. Confirmation of the formation of benzoquinone and dihydroxybenzene as the principal products comes from product separation and spectroscopic characterization, HPLC, and TLC. 4-Chlorocatechol is also produced, while the main inorganic products are shown to be chloride and sulphate ions. Ru(bpy) 3 2+ is regenerated in the reaction scheme, making this an overall catalytic process. Prolonged irradiation leads to further degradation into CO 2 and HCl. From the study of the kinetics of the reactions and considerations of literature data, a mechanistic scheme is presented.

Following more than a century of cocaine hydrochloride extraction from Erythroxylon coca, this drug remains representing a serious social and public health problema around the world. This paper intends to provide a review about the cocaine theme, focusing on historical background and on its different neurotransmission systems, as well as addresses therapeutics aspects about drug addiction.Electronic search in databases Medline, Pubmed and Lilacs was accomplished in order to select classics and recent studies relevant to the discussion of issue addressed.Previous studies have shown high vulnerability to relapse to cocaine seeking following prolonged withdrawal periods. Such behavioral consequences have been cre-dited to induced changes in brain neurotransmitters provoked by repeated cocaine use. In recent years, the growing abuse of this drug has mobilized researchers worldwide in seeking for new therapies that reduce the behavioral and neurochemical changes resulting from addiction.Numerous advances regarding the treatment of cocaine abuse and dependence have emerged in recent years. However, researche aiming at a safe and effective users' pharmacological treatment remain necessary and should be continued.

Previously described methods for determining the relative concentrations of the two cis -enol tautomers of asymmetric β-diketones using 13 C and 17 O NMR were compared and applied to a wider range of compounds. From the chemical shifts of the enol peaks and model shifts for the pure enol forms, the equilibrium constant for the enol—enol equilibrium was obtained. The small but significant effects of the β-substituents on the direction of enolization are in the following order of stabilization of the enol form at the adjacent carbonyl carbon: COOC 2 H 5 > CF 3 > C 6 H 5 > C(CH 3 ) 3 > CH 3 . This relative order does not totally coincide with the preferred location of the regioselective attack of those compounds to form monodithioacetals. This indicates that, besides electronic effects, steric effects may also be quite important in determining regioselectivity in this type of compound.

Advanced oxidation processes, such as photocatalysed oxidation, provide an important route for degradation of wastes. In this study, the lowest excited state (3MLCT) of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ is used to break down chlorophenol pollutant molecules to harmless products. This has the advantage of using visible light and a short-lived catalytically active species. Photolysis of deaerated aqueous solutions of a variety of mono- and poly-substituted chlorophenols has been followed in the presence of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /S2O 8 2− with near visible light (λ > 350 nm) by UV/visible absorption spectroscopy, luminescence, potentiometry, NMR and HPLC techniques. Upon irradiation, a decrease is observed in the chlorophenol concentration, accompanied by the formation of Cl−, H+ and SO 4 2− ions as the main inorganic products. Benzoquinone, phenol, dihydroxybenzenes and chlorinated compounds were the dominant organic products. As the ruthenium(II) complex is regenerated in the reaction, the scheme corresponds to an overall catalytic process. The kinetics of the rapid chlorophenol photodechlorination has been studied, and are described quite well by pseudo-first order behaviour. Further studies on this were made by following Cl− release with respect to the initial Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and S2O 8 2− concentrations. A comparison is presented of the photodechlorination reactivity of the mono and polychlorophenols studied at acidic and alkaline pH.

An ATP diphosphohydrolase was identified in the plasma membranes isolated from promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Both ATP and ADP were hydrolysed at similar rates by the enzyme. Other nucleotides such as UTP, GTP and CTP were also degraded, revealing a broad substrate specificity. Adding ATP and ADP simultaneously, the amount of hydrolysis achieved was compatible with the presence of a single enzyme. ATPase activity was not affected by addition of vanadate, ouabain, thapsigargin, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, oligomycin and bafilomycin A, thus excluding involvement of P-, F- and V-type ATPases. The effects of pH in the range 6·5–8·5 were examined using ATP or p-NPP as substrate. At pH 7·4, the phosphatase activity decreased, and did not show a significant contribution to ATP hydrolysis. In addition, the enzyme was not inhibited by levamisole and ammonium molybdate, excluding alkaline phosphatase and nucleotidase activities, respectively. Sodium azide (5–10 mM) caused inhibition of the ATP and ADP hydrolysis in a dose-dependent manner. Calcium was the best activating metal ion for both ATPase and ADPase activities. Ultrastructural cytochemical microscopy showed ATP diphosphohydrolase on the surface and flagellar pocket of the parasite. We have proposed that L. amazonensis ATP diphosphohydrolase may participate in the salvage pathway of nucleosides.

Electronic absorption and luminescence spectra are reported for a series of complexes of type [Ru(tpy)(L-L)(py)]2+, where tpy and py are 2,2',2''-terpyridine and pyridine, and L-L represents the bidentate ligands bipyridyl, 4,4'-dimethylbipyridyl, 4-nitrobipyridyl, oxalate and acetylacetonate. The effect of solvent polarity and temperature on their spectral and light emission properties is studied. Energies are reported for the lowest-energy 3MLCT* excited state, and on the basis of these it is suggested that the complexes may make good triplet energy acceptors for use in organic and polymeric light emitting devices. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TGS-433W90H-F/1/6603da98c21c7d9749d77de81e9a0424

An automated telephone screening system was implemented at the Baltimore VA Hospital on a Local Area Network (LAN) to evaluate older adults for the GRECC research program. Using the system for decision support, a registered nurse (RN) placed 117 phone calls to older adults in the Baltimore community over a 3 month period. The modular design of the system allowed tracking of inclusion and exclusion criteria which was shared by clinicians and researchers. The design goal of the telephone screening system was to reduce time and personnel costs and increase the effectiveness of screening for recruitment for a major research project. Effectiveness is defined as avoiding under--or over--screening. Using the telephone system, it is estimated the research team saved over $6,000.00 in unnecessary medical evaluation in a 3 months period. As the system develops, the process by which older adults are assessed for research programs in the Geriatrics Service at the Baltimore VAMC will provide additional cost efficiencies.

An efficient method has been found for the preparation of cyclic monodithioacetats of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds using boron trifluoride etherate as the acid catalyst. Asymmetric 1,3-diketones react regioselectively in most of the cases tried. A study of the 13C and 1H nmr characteristics of these compounds has been carried out.

the tautomeric equilibria of some β-ketobutanamides in solution were investigated by proton and carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. Their chemical shifts were compared with those of related β-hydroxybutanamides. Equilibrium populations of the keto and enol forms were measured. Substituent effects on the chemical shifts and the equilibrium populations were discussed.

The purpose of this study was to assess the concentration and binding pattern of zinc, iron, folate and vitamin B12 in milk of Brazilian women of low socioeconomic status giving birth at term or preterm, during early lactation. Protein, fat, total solids and ash concentrations were also determined. Protein and zinc concentrations decreased significantly as lactation proceeded whereas milk fat and folate increased with the lactation period. Total solids, ash, iron and vitamin B12 remained unchanged. Zinc was present mainly in the whey fraction while less than half of the total iron was present in this fraction, with no significant change due to stage of lactation. Unsaturated folate and vitamin B12 binding capacities and percentage of saturation of the folate binding protein increased with the stage of lactation. The vitamin B12 binding protein was highly unsaturated in all samples. There was no significant difference between term and preterm samples in the parameters investigated. Correlation analysis between milk components indicated significant relationships between total solids and fat, total zinc and whey zinc, folate and total folate binding capacity, unsaturated and total folate binding capacity, and unsaturated and total B12 binding capacity. In general, the nutrient concentrations found in this study are in good agreement with published data on milk composition of women from developed countries, with the possible exceptions of folate, which was lower, and iron, which was higher. The correlation of folate concentration with its binding protein found in this work supports the hypothesis of a regulatory role for folate levels in milk exerted by the folate binding protein in the mammary gland.

An efficient method has been found for the preparation of cyclic monodithioacetats of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds using boron trifluoride etherate as the acid catalyst. Asymmetric 1,3-diketones react regioselectively in most of the cases tried. A study of the 13C and 1H nmr characteristics of these compounds has been carried out.