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It is becoming increasingly important to prevent complications of surgical treatment, including perioperative acute kidney injury due to prolongation of life expectancy and age-related multicomorbidity. The objective was to review the recommendations of the expert groups and the studу results on risk factors, criteria and biomarkers of perioperative acute kidney injury.Materials and methods. Reports on search results for the last 15 years as of May 15, 2023 in the eLibrary, PubMed databases for the keywords «acute kidney injury», «biomarker», «perioperative period». The inclusion of reports in the review and their evaluation are based on the authors consensus. Results. In the perioperative period, acute kidney injury without a decrease in diuresis and/or an increase in serum creatinine levels up to a certain time may occur. This condition, which varies in causes and mechanisms of development, is potentially reversible with timely detection and treatment. The study of both biomarkers that surpass creatinine and diuresis in the timing and accuracy of detecting kidney damage/dysfunction, as well as tools for a comprehensive assessment and risk stratification of perioperative acute kidney injury, have not yet been completed with evidence-based conclusions. Conclusion. The strategy of using laboratory biomarkers in combination with the clinical context and risk factors for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of subclinical acute kidney injury of various origins, supported by the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (2020), could be implemented based on additional evidence from future clinical studies.

The most common agent used for infusion therapy in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is isotonic 0.9% sodium chloride solution. However, infusion of required volumes can result in development of iatrogenic complications — i. e., worsening of metabolic hyperchloremic acidosis in DKA patients with already altered acid-base balance. Balanced crystalloid solutions can be used as alternative to saline.Objective. To evaluate the feasibility of using meglumine sodium succinate (MSS) balanced crystalloid solution in DKA.Material and methods. We examined 2 groups of patients, 30 subjects each, with moderate and severe diabetic ketoacidosis admitted to anesthesiology and intensive care unit. Patients from both groups were administered with insulin and an infusion therapy was employed according to current clinical guidelines for the management of patients with complications of diabetes mellitus. In the comparison group, infusion therapy included 0.9% sodium chloride, 4% potassium chloride, and 5% dextrose. In the study group MSS intravenous drip infusions 10 ml/kg/daily were added to the infusion protocol. Volumes and infusion rates were comparable in both groups. The following indicators were evaluated: time to resolution and DKA resolution rates during thorough monitoring (first 48 hours of therapy), the time (in hours) before discontinuation of insulin infusion; the time to complete consciousness recovery (15 items on the Glasgow Coma scale); the duration (in hours) of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), dynamics of blood electrolytes; parameters of acid-base balance; levels of glycemia and lactatemia.Results. All patients improved and were transferred from ICU, the mortality rate was 0%. Infusion of MSS shortened the time to DKA resolution (30.0 h [24.0 h; 36.0 h] in the study group, vs 44.5 h [36.5 h; 51.5 h] in the comparison group (P=0.001)); DKA resolution rates during 48 hours from initiation of therapy achieved 90.0% (27) in the study group, vs 66.7% (20) in the comparison group (P=0.060)); duration of intravenous insulin infusion was 32.0 h [24.5 h; 40.0 h] in the study group vs 48.0 h [40.0 h; 55.5 h] in the comparison group (P=0.001)); duration of ICU stay was 41.0 h [30.0 h; 48.0 h] in the study group, vs 56.0 h [50.0 h; 66.3 h] in the comparison group (P=0.001).Conclusion. Infusion of a balanced succinate-containing crystalloid solution improves the results of DKA treatment, as compared to traditional infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride.

Impairment of higher mental functions can complicate the course of the postoperative period even after short and minimally invasive, including laparoscopic, surgical procedures. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction significantly challenges patients’ quality of life, negating real success of surgical intervention and anesthetic support. In some cases, early postoperative cognitive dysfunction may be one of the main predictors of persistent cognitive impairment.The purpose of the review. To contemplate etiology, pathogenesis and the current perspective of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.We analyzed 96 publications in various databases (PubMed, Medline, RSCI and others), including 67 papers published over the past 5 years.The review provides an overview of current definitions and classification of postoperative cognitive dysfunction, data on the prevalence, polyethyology and risk factors, potential impact of the type of anesthesia and surgical intervention on the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Various pathogenetic mechanisms of higher mental functions impairment alongside with available effective pharmacotherapies to correct them were considered.Conclusion. Numerous adverse factors of the perioperative period, such as neurotoxic effects of general anesthetics, neuroinflammation in response to operational stress and surgical trauma, impaired autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow, imperfect oxygen homeostasis, interactions of neurotransmitter, etc., can potentially cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Further deeper insights into etiology and pathogenesis of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction are relevant and necessary to improve prevention strategies and identify most effective pharmacotherapies to correct such disorders.

Patients with obesity who have undergone intra-abdominal endoscopic intervention belong to the category of patients with an increased risk of developing the syndrome of intra-abdominal hypertension (SIAH), which dictates the need to develop interventions aimed at its prevention.The OBJECTIVE was to evaluate the effectiveness of complex integrated methods of SIAH prevention in patients with morbid obesity with endoscopic bariatric surgery.MATERIAL AND METHODS. A randomized trial of 69 patients with a body mass index >35 kg/m INTENSIVE 2 was conducted; patients were divided into two groups depending on the type of anesthesia. In the 1st group (n=34), the operation was performed under combined anesthesia based on low-flow inhalation with desflurane in combination with prolonged epidural analgesia (PEA) with ropivacaine. Maintaining a deep level of myorelaxation under the control of acceleromyography in the post-tetanic counts (PTC) mode was achieved by continuous infusion of rocuronium. In the perioperative period, the infusion patients were in the «beach chair» position, and their research was carried out according to the principles of fast track surgery. In the 2nd group (n=35), the operation was performed under combined anesthesia based on lowflow inhalation with desflurane, neuromuscular blockade was performed by bolus injection of rocuronium under the control of acceleromyography in train of four (TOF) mode. Analgesia was provided by systemic administration of opioids. In both groups, markers of kidney injury were investigated, intra-abdominal pressure was monitored, the effectiveness of recovery after surgery and the quality of postoperative analgesia were assessed.RESULTS. A significantly lower level диурез of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), связь higher compliance evaluation of the anterior crit abdominal внутрибрюшной wall, and a significantly стаканов lower level управляемой of markers of renal study injury in the отмечено postoperative period bariatric were revealed raga in the first дозе group compared to the second group during темпу the perioperative study period. keulenaerСONCLUSION. The effectiveness of using the position of deep muscle relaxation in the continuous infusion mode, adequate analgesia in the perioperative period using neuraxial techniques, using the «beach chair» position on the operating table and in the postoperative period, managing patients using fast track surgery for preventing the development of SIAG was identified.The authors declare no conflict of interest.The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

Purpose. To improve the immediate results of surgical treatment of endogenous hypercorticism throughoptimizing the perioperative management of patients using accelerated rehabilitation protocols.Materials and methods. A randomized prospective study of 53 patients with a body mass index 35 kg/m2 was carried out. In the control group (n=27), TIVA based on propofol was used with postoperative analgesia by systemic administration of opioids. In the accelerated rehabilitation protocol group (n=26), we used anesthesia based on low-flow inhalation of desflurane with sympatholytic mixture infusion in intra- and postoperative periods, multimodal postoperative analgesia, and use of accelerated rehabilitation protocol in the perioperative period. The time of patients' achievement of BIS90 index, time of extubation, time of achievement of 10 points by the Aldrete scale and 0 points by the Bidway test, duration of stay in the in-patient hospital, number of postoperative complications were assessed. Effectiveness of analgesia was evaluated by the time of the first analgesia requirement, consumption of narcotic analgesic, VAS and Verbal Descriptor scale.Results. The study revealed that the time of awakening and reaching 10 points by the Aldrete scale in patients of group 2 was significantly shorter than in group 1: 3 (2; 6) and 6.5 (3.5; 9) min respectively (P=0.046). They had fewer postoperative complications, shorter hospitalization time — 58 (39; 71) hours compared to the control group with 74.5 (58.5; 87) hours (P=0.032).Conclusion. Perioperative management of obese patients after retroperitoneal video endoscopic adrenalectomy with the use of accelerated rehabilitation protocols contributed to earlier mobilization, reduction of the number of complications in the early postoperative period, reduction of the duration of stay in the in-patient hospital, which together facilitates improving the immediate results of surgical treatment of endogenous hypercorticism.

The OBJECTIVE of the study is to improve in the surgical condition of endoscopic longitudinal gastroplasty in patients with morbid obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The prospective randomized controlled research of 68 patients who underwent endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty. The 1st group (n=23) – neuromuscular blockade (NMB) was performed by bolus injection of rocuronium, the patients on the operating table were in a flat position. The 2nd group (n=23) – NMB was maintained by intravenous infusion of rocuronium, patients on the operating table were in the Trendelenburg position. The 3rd group (n=22) – basic anesthesia in combination with prolonged epidural analgesia (PEA), NMB were maintained at a deep level by intravenous infusion of rocuronium, patients on the operating table were in the «beach chair» position. Neuromuscular monitoring, monitoring of central and peripheral hemodynamics were performed. The elasticity of the anterior abdominal wall (E), intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), intra-abdominal volume (IAV) were calculated. RESULTS. During the analysis of the dynamics of the average level of intra-abdominal volume and pressure, it was found that the mean IAV level in the 3rd group was significantly higher at all stages of the study than in the 1st and the 2nd groups, and the IAP level was significantly lower in the 3rd group at all stages of the study than in the 1st and the 2nd groups. CONCLUSION. The maintaining of muscle relaxation at a deep level under the regime of continuous infusion, the inclusion of ropivacaine in the anesthetic regimen of PEA, the use of the «beach chair» position for the patient on the operating table contribute to the improvement of surgical condition during the endoscopic gastrectomy in patients with morbid obesity.

For the analysis of the effect of respiratory support on the parameters of external respiration, gas exchange, peripheral and central hemodynamics in endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty in patients with morbid obesity a randomized study of 58 patients with morbid obesity was conducted, in which endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty was performed under combined anesthesia. Depending on the choice of the mode of pulmonary ventilation (PV), the patients were divided into two groups. In the 1st group (n = 28) patients had respiratory support in the volume-controlled ventilation mode (VCV); in the 2nd group (n = 30) they had respiratory support in the pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) mode. The parameters of central hemodynamics, external respiration, peripheral hemodynamics, ABB were monitored intraoperatively. It was found that a significantly higher level of oxygenation was detected with PCV mode: PaO2 - 96.8 (92.7; 99.8) mm Hg, (PaO2/FiO2) 322.6 (341.2; 304.7) mm Hg in comparison with VCV mode: PaO2 - 92.2 (87.5; 96.3) mm Hg, PaO2/FiO2 - 307.3 (286.2; 331.7) mm Hg, and in second stage of the study (p < 0,05).

The comparative assessment of preoperative fluid therapy was made in 56 patients with acute intestinal obstruction. Parameters of central hemodynamics, the intra-abdominal pressure and water sectors of organism were investigated. The fluid therapy was conducted during 3 hours and included Tetraspan and Sterofundin on average 615 ml and 1585 ml, respectively. It was shown, that the fluid therapy facilitated to the elimination of water-electrolytic and hemodynamic shifts and to some extent it improved the outcomes of surgical treatment.

A randomized trial was conducted in 22 patients with a body mass index of 44.9 ± 1.6 kg/m2 and morbid obesity who underwent endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty. According to the mode of anesthesia, the patients were divided into two groups: 1) concomitant anesthesia based on low-flow sevoflurane inhalation in combination with continuous epidural 0.2% ropivacaine analgesia (n = 12); 2) concomitant anesthesia based on low-flow desflurane inhalation in combination with continuous epidural 0.2% ropivacaine analgesia (n = 10). The indicators of central and peripheral hemodynamics and external respiratory function were examined; neuromuscular conduction was monitored; and the efficiency of postoperative rehabilitation was evaluated. Surgery under low-flow inhalational anesthesia with desflurane was established to contribute to prompter postanesthetic rehabilitation.

At patients with carotid endarterectomy the relative assessment of total intravenous anaesthesia with use propofol, penetrating blockage of a cervical plexus and inhalation sevofluran is made. Markers of cerebral damage, a state of the highest mental functions were investigated. It is shown that for each kind of anaesthesia are characteristic specific level neuronal damages that affects on a state of the highest mental functions, number and character of postoperative complications. In therapy of neurologic complications and preventive maintenance cognitive distresses clinical efficacy ceracson is shown.

The paper comparatively analyzes higher mental functions in patients after anesthesia using ketamine and diprivane at surgery for myoma of the corpus uteri. The authors have identified 6 groups of patients with different typological properties of the nervous system. Changes in higher mental functions were comparatively analyzed in the groups of patients with the similar typological properties of the nervous system after different types of general anesthesia. The following conclusions have been made: 1) The use of general intravenous anesthesia using ketamine causes changes in higher mental functions, increased asthenia and mental stress in the patients who have a shift of the balance of nervous processes to their excitability and lability irrespective of the force of the nervous system. This anesthetic procedure is contraindicated in these patients. 2) The use of general intravenous anesthesia using ketamine does not cause higher mental dysfunctions, increased asthenia or mental stress in patients who have an equilibrium of nervous processes or a shift of the balance of nervous processes to their inhibition and inertness irrespective of the force of the nervous system. This procedure is reasonable in these patients. 3) The use of general intravenous anesthesia using diprivane does not cause impaired higher mental functions, increased asthenia or mental stress and it is reasonable in all patients in the postoperative period.

Objective: to improve the results of spontaneous labor in female patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Subjects and methods. The results of physiological labor analgesia were analyzed in 140 patients. The parturients were divided into 3 groups: 1) 40 parturients in whom analgesia was performed by the intravenous administration of promedol; 2) 40 parturients in whom analgesia was done by the fractional administration of 0.2% ropivacaine hydrochloride into the epidural space; 3) 40 parturients in whom analgesia was carried out with intravenous paracetamol 2000—3000 mg. In all the patients, the investigators estimated central hemodynamic parameters by echocardiography, the efficiency of labor analgesia according to the scale described by N. N. Rasstrigina and B. V. Shnaider, as well as blood glucose levels, fetal status by a cardiotocographic technique, and neonatal status by Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes of life. Results. Analgesia quality assessment established that the best analgesic effect was achieved in the patients in Group 2 where 75.0% of the parturients had 8—10 scores. A comparative analysis of carbohydrate metabolic parameters also ascertained that the most steady-state and physiological glycemic level was recorded in Group 2 patients throughout the study. In addition, epidural analgesia versus other analgesic techniques provides the most steady-state hemodynamic parameters during labor, which promotes improved labor and has a beneficial effect on fetal and neonatal states. Conclusion. Glycemic levels during labor and delivery can be optimized in patients with DM only if adequate analgesia is achieved. By ensuring adequate labor analgesia, epidural analgesia normalizes glycemic and central hemodynamic parameters, favors elimination of delivery abnormalities, and has a beneficial effect on fetal and neonatal states. Key words: epidural analgesia, diabetes mellitus, spontaneous labor.

Objective: to improve the direct results of carotid endarterectomy, by reducing the number of perioperative complications via the choice of an anesthesia mode and a neuroprotective regimen for possible neurological complications. Subjects and methods. Total intravenous diprivan anesthesia versus regional cervical plexus anesthesia after Pashchuk and inhaled sevorane anesthesia was evaluated in 190 patients with carotid endarterectomy. The parameters of cerebral blood flow and the markers for brain damage were studied. Results. Sevorane anesthesia has been shown to maintain optimal cerebral blood flow, which limits ischemia and reperfusion brain damages and results in fewer postoperative complications. Neurological disorders were an indication for neuroprotective therapy and, according to which, the patients were divided into 2 matched groups. Therapy with mexidol and cytoflavin, which had already become traditional, was used in Group 1. Group 2 patients were given the current neuroprotective agent citicoline (ceraxone) with actovegin. The performed trials showed that the neuroprotective therapy used in Group 2 was more effective (5% significance level) than that in Group 1. Conclusion. Inhalational sevorane anesthesia versus total intravenous diprivan anesthesia and regional cervical plexus anesthesia is characterized by optimal cerebral blood flow values, less neuronal damage, and fewer postoperative neurological complications. Irrespective of the mode of anesthesia, neuroprotective therapy involving ceraxone in combination with actovegin is preferred for the intensive therapy of postoperative neurological disorders. Key words: diprivan, sevorane, neuron-specific enolase, linear cerebral blood flow velocity, carotid endarterectomy, cerebral perfusion pressure, brain-specific protein antibodies, ceraxone.

Objective: to provide a rationale for the use of ketorolac tromethamine (ketorol) as an analgesic component of general anesthesia during endoscopic gynecological surgery for infertility. The case records of 200 women aged 19 to 35 years, operated on for infertility, were retrospectively studied. All the patients were divided into 4 groups (50 patients in each). Group 1 used ketamine-seduxen anesthesia; Group 2 received dormicum-based ataralgesia; Group 3 had neuroleptanalgesia; Group 4 had diprivan anesthesia with pre-emptive ketorol analgesia. The anesthesia risk was referred as to ASA grade 1. All modes of anesthesia provided its adequacy. Among Groups 1-to-3 patients, 28—40% needed additional postoperative analgesia and 8—12% required postoperative artificial ventilation (AI); postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) occurred in 6—8% in these groups. Group 4 patients were in no need of additional analgesia and augmented AI; PONV did not occur. None of the anesthesia modes affected the hemostatic system. Preemptive analgesia with ketorol in combination with diprivan ensured adequate anesthesia during laparoscopic gynecological operations for infertility, caused no PONV, required no augmented postoperative AI or additional postoperative analgesia, and induced no hemorrhagic events. Key words: preemptive analgesia, ketorol, laparoscopic gynecological operations.

Objective: to reveal the predictors of clinically significant deterioration of cardiac pump function resulting from alveolar opening maneuver (AOM) (mobilization) made early after extracorporeal circulation during standard cardiosurgery. Subjects and methods. Hemodynamic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were analyzed in 20 cardiosurgical patients who had undergone AOM in the early postperfusion period. The study inclusion criteria were a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of less than 350 mm Hg, a cardiac index (CI) of more than 2.5 l/min/m2, a dosage of dopamine and/or dobutamine of not more than 10 ^g/kg/min, and standard AOM performance (Pmax, 30—35 cm H2O; end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 13—15 cm H2O). Regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of a clinically significant reduction in CI (less than 2.5 l/min/m2). Results. Before and after AOM, CI was 3.1±0.1 and 2.9±0.1 l/min/m2, respectively (p>0.05); however, CI was less than 2.5 l/min/m2 (2.16±0.09 l/min/m2) in 25% of cases. After AOM, CI values were significantly related to those recorded prior to a respiratory procedure (p=0.039), total peripheral vascular resistance index (TPVRI) (p=0.00039), and intrapulmonary blood shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) (p=0.041). There were no relationships to other recorded and estimated hemodynamic parameters (p>0.1). – After AOM, CI values were unrelated (p>0.1) to the duration of extracorporeal circulation, the period of myocardial ischemia, and the used dosages of inotropic agents. The predictor of a clinically significant CI reduction after AOM was the only index TPVRI (p=0.00025) recorded before a respiratory procedure. Following AOM, the probability of a significant CI reduction substantially increased (the approximation coefficient R2=0.75) at TPVRI values of 2000 din^sec^cm-5^m2 or more. Conclusion. After AOM performed in the early period after extracorporeal circulation, CI values are related to the baseline level of CI, TPVRI, and Qs/Qt; however, after this procedure only the value of TPVRI is a reliable predictor of clinically significantly depressed cardiac pump function. The risk of persistent car-diodepression is highest at TPVRI values of 2000 din^sec^cm-5^m2 or more. AOM should be carried out early after extra-corporeal circulation in cardiosurgical patients, by making an invasive monitoring that makes it possible to maximally correctly evaluate central hemodynamics, including CI and TPVRI. Key words: alveolar opening maneuver (mobilization), lung recruitment, recruiting maneuver in cardiosurgical patients, central hemodynamics during lung recruitment, cardiodepression during lung recruitment.

Objective: to comparatively evaluate the analgesic activity and hemostatic effects of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) that are most commonly used for postoperative analgesia — ketorolac and ketoprofen in patients operated on for diffuse nodular nontoxic goiter. Subjects and methods. At surgical treatment stages, the authors examined the degree of the pain syndrome by the visual analog scale and hemostatic parameters in 90 patients divided into three groups according to the postoperative analgesia mode (ketorol, ketonal, and promedol). Results. Postoperative analgesia in nontoxic goiter patients with ketorol and ketonal has been ascertained to be highly competitive with that with promedol and to give no rise to clinically significant complications inherent in NSAID. Ketorol provides a rapider, prolonged and effective postoperative analgesia than does ketonal. Ketorol affects the hemostatic system to a lesser extent than does ketonal. Conclusion. Ketorol analgesia may be considered to be the method of choice of postoperative analgesia in patients with nontoxic goiter. Key words: ketorol, ketonal, hemostasis, analgesia.

Objective: to substantiate the possibilities of preventing cardiovascular complications during elective surgical treatment for atherosclerosis of the aorta and its branches, by blocking the sympathetic trunk via prolonged thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA). Subjects and methods. A hundred and thirty-seven patients who had undergone iliofemoral bypass surgery were examined. According to the method of anesthesia, the patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) the patients in whom SA was used at the LII-LIII level; 2) those in whom surgery was performed under EA at the ThXII-LI level; 3) those in whom TEA was employed at the ThX-ThXI level. Results. The comparative study showed that in Group 3, cardiac index (CI) and stroke index (SI) were higher at all stages of surgery and in the postoperative period than those in Groups 1 and 2; in Group 3, specific peripheral vascular resistance decreased moderately and remained steady-state at all stages of the study. Group 3 patients were found to have the highest CI values, SI being greater than the baseline values with the use of TEA (ThX-ThXI). To elucidate the causes of this circumstance, the authors estimated the sympathetic activity in Groups 2 and 3 patients before and after surgery. Prior to surgery, in these groups it was increased by an average of 3.2 times as compared with the control values. After surgery under EA, in Group 2 patients the sympathetic activity decreased as compared with the baseline value, but exceeded the control value. In Group 3 patients, it reduced not only compared with the baseline value, but it was 1.6 times lower than the control value. Conclusion. TEA actually provides a partial sympathetic trunk blockage at the ThIV-ThX level, lowers the sympathetic activity, thus improving the indices of cardiac output. Key words: thoracic epidural anesthesia, atherosclerosis of the aorta and its branches, central hemodynamics, evoked skin autonomic potentials.

The study involved 237 patients aged 54 to 69 years who underwent aorto-bifemoral bypass surgery due to the atherosclerosis of aorta and its branches. Depending on a method of the anesthesia, patients were divided into 3 groups: in 1st group NLA was used, in the 2nd - epidural anesthesia at ThXII-LI with mechanical ventilation and in the 3rd - thoracic epidural anesthesia at ThX-ThXI with mechanical ventilation. The patient groups were representative. The most high and stable rates of coronary blood flow and central hemodynamics were in patients with thoracic epidural anesthesia (ThX-ThXI) with mechanical ventilation, due to the small doses of local anesthetic combined with a narcotic analgesic. Blockade of the sympathetic trunk has provided the most high and stable parameters of coronary flow, stroke output index and cardiac output fraction compared with other groups of patients.