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Second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy in the visible and infrared regions has been a useful tool to selectively probe electronic properties at surfaces and interfaces. By examining variation of SHG under a magnetic field, one can also evaluate magnetic properties at the surfaces/interfaces. When multiple elements are involved in SHG, however, it is difficult to separate their contributions. In order to meet the demand of studying increasingly complex magnetic multilayer materials, element selectivity is desired. Here, using an Fe-based multilayer sample with broken inversion symmetry, we present observation of magnetization-induced SHG in the soft x-ray regime around the Fe M-shell absorption edge. Significant variation of SHG signal was captured depending on the direction of the magnetic moment, assuring sensitivity of the measurement likely enhanced by the Fe M-edge inner-shell resonance. The present methodology paves the way for element specific studies of magnetic properties at buried interfaces.

Effective deterrence requires confidence in robust naval replenishment capabilities, in order to maintain extended physical presence and support sustained military operations. While many authors have focused on vulcanizing penetration, projection, and defensive capacity, a compelling synergy arises from synthetic fuel generation, which may be conducted near point-of-need. In this work, we consider a modeling and simulation-driven approach to estimating the logistical and operational impacts of marine and aviation fuel from alternative sources. Toward this end, we present the Fuel Replenishment and Logistics Simulation (FuelSim), a novel agent-based fuel paradigm assessment application designed to be lightweight, flexible, and integrable with large-scale systems analyses.

Static stripe order is detrimental to superconductivity. Yet, it has been proposed that transverse stripe fluctuations may enhance the inter-stripe Josephson coupling and thus promote superconductivity. Direct experimental studies of stripe dynamics, however, remain difficult. From a strong-coupling perspective, transverse stripe fluctuations are realized in the form of dynamic "kinks"-sideways shifting stripe sections. Here, we show how modest uniaxial pressure tuning reorganizes directional kink alignment. Our starting point is La

The authors predict that a charge and spin density-wave transition occurs in the correlated polar metal Ca3Ru2O7 using first-principles calculations and angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The paper presents a model that describes existing experimental data describing the low-temperature fermiology.

In order to realize superconductivity in cuprates with the T^{'}-type structure, not only chemical substitution (Ce doping) but also postgrowth reduction annealing is necessary. In the case of thin films, however, well-designed reduction annealing alone without Ce doping can induce superconductivity in the T^{'}-type cuprates. In order to unveil the origin of superconductivity in the Ce-undoped T^{'}-type cuprates, we have performed bulk-sensitive hard x-ray photoemission and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy on superconducting and nonsuperconducting Nd_{2-x}Ce_{x}CuO_{4} (x=0, 0.15, and 0.19) thin films. By postgrowth annealing, core-level spectra exhibited dramatic changes, which we attributed to the enhancement of core-hole screening in the CuO_{2} plane and the shift of chemical potential along with changes in the band filling. The result suggests that the superconducting Nd_{2}CuO_{4} film is doped with electrons despite the absence of the Ce substitution.

The affiliation decisions of Libya's tribes strongly influence the distribution of political power; collective support by the tribes bolsters the legitimacy and political will of their chosen group. Using an agent-based model of hypothesized tribal affiliation dynamics, we demonstrate an affiliation heuristic based on the relative dominance of a given political leaning with respect to military capabilities, economic resources, and affinity--an abstract aggregation of ideology, tribal identity, and other attributes. Qualitatively validating our control results against observed distribution of power trends, we use our model to explore policy questions related to how changes in military and economic resources may lead to changes in tribal affiliation patterns, including what preconditions facilitate power shifts. Of the three major groups vying for power between 2014 and 2015, we find that the House of Representatives was the most resilient for retaining a majority of tribal support over wide ranges of change in military and economic control, the General National Congress was highly sensitive to control of military power, and extremist groups significantly depend on economic resource dominance to achieve majority tribal support. This research demonstrates a computational approach--based on sparse and largely qualitative data--to explore how conflict, international policy, and foreign aid might influence the balance of political power outcomes.

This study focuses on grandchildren (Generation 3 or G3) caring for grandparents (Generation 1 or G1) and uses agent-based modeling to conceptualize and test a model of two factors—capability and motivation—that may affect a G3's decision to provide care for a G1. We tested our conceptual model and found that the simulated proportion of G3 caregivers has concurrent validity with existing empirical data. In experiments conducted with the validated model, we investigated universal- and targeted-policy changes (tax credit for caregivers) and found that although the universal-policy change increased G3 caregiving overall, a policy change targeting low- and middle-income caregivers was even more successful.

Many chemical engineering processes, such as chromatography, filtration and drying, amongst others, involve particles in packed beds which undergo some deformation, caused by their own weight or by an external force, for instance, fluid drag force. In some cases, this deformation is of significant importance with regard to resistance to flow, heat and mass transfer. This paper examines the effect of fluid drag force upon a packed bed using the discrete element method (DEM) to simulate a process in which air blows through a packing of 14,000 soft spherical particles. The particles rearrange their locations and deform against one another due to the fluid drag force, which is derived from the Ergun equation. Changes throughout the bed in the voidage distributions, available inter-phase contact area, pressure drops, and fluid flow field are presented. The influences of fluid superficial velocity, particle rigidness, and initial packing status upon the properties of the compressed particle bed are examined.

The complex strain-optical coefficient, complex stress-optical coefficient, complex modulus of elasticity and the corresponding loss tangent of phase angles between the stress, strain and birefringence have been measured for several high polymers in the frequency range from 0.001 to 10 cycles/sec. Frequency and temperature dependences of the dynamic optical properties of vulcanized Hevea rubber are very similar to those of the dynamic mechanical properties. On the other hand, the dynamic optical properties of polyethylene and polypropylene show remarkable dispersions in the above frequency range. The dynamic optical behavior of these three materials are very typical and are quite different from each other. The differences have been explained by considering different frequency dependences of three kinds of deformation mechanism, namely, orientation of molecules in amorphous region, deformation of spherulites, and orientation of crystals.

This paper presents a search algorithm based framework to calibrate origin-destination (O-D) market specific airline ticket demands and prices for the Air Transportation System (ATS). This framework is used for calibrating an agent based model of the air ticket buy-sell process - Airline Evolutionary Simulation (Airline EVOS) -that has fidelity of detail that accounts for airline and consumer behaviors and the interdependencies they share between themselves and the NAS. More specificially, this algorithm simultaneous calibrates demand and airfares for each O-D market, to within specified threshold of a pre-specified target value. The proposed algorithm is illustrated with market data targets provided by the Transportation System Analysis Model (TSAM) and Airline Origin and Destination Survey (DB1B). Although we specify these models and datasources for this calibration exercise, the methods described in this paper are applicable to calibrating any low-level model of the ATS to some other demand forecast model-based data. We argue that using a calibration algorithm such as the one we present here to synchronize ATS models with specialized forecast demand models, is a powerful tool for establishing credible baseline conditions in experiments analyzing the effects of proposed policy changes to the ATS.

La distribution transitoire de la temperature a l'interieur d'une cigarette en combustion au cours d'une bouffee constante de deux secondes a ete mesuree pour determiner le taux de generation de la chaleur en divers points. Le taux de generation de la chaleur a ete calcule seulement pour les cigarettes positionnees verticalement. La temperature de la phase solide a ete mesuree par thermometre infrarouge avec detecteurs a fibres optiques, la phase gazeuse par thermocouple. Les taux de generation de la chaleur en divers points de la cigarette en combustion ont ete obtenus a partir du profil de distribution de la temperature en se basant sur les equations d'equilibre thermique. Il a ete observe que la generation de la chaleur s'est concentree dans une region de 2 a 3 mm derriere la ligne de carbonisation. La generation maximale de la chaleur a ete observee tout au debut des bouffees et le taux de generation de la chaleur diminue significativement au cours de la periode instable entre les bouffees. Une generation constante a ete observee a la fin des bouffees. Le volume des bouffees et les proprietes du papier a cigarette affectent le taux de generation de la chaleur aux cours de la periode instable. La quantite de la chaleur generee au cours de la periode instable represente plus que la moitie de l'ensemble de la chaleur independamment du poids du papier a cigarette et du volume des bouffees.

Pour mieux comprendre le mecanisme de generation de la fumee de cigarette, le processus de combustion d'une cigarette a ete examine en prenant en consideration les transferts de flux. En particulier, la distribution des flux d'air a l'exterieur d'une cigarette en combustion a ete observee et mise en relation avec les effets aerodynamiques du papier a cigarette et du regime de bouffees. Le debit d'air a ete mesure par analyse velocimetrique des particules, denomme « Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)», en utilisant des gouttes d'huile d'olive comme traceur. Il a ete observe que les flux d'air n'entrent pas dans le bout d'une cigarette incandescente et que les flux d'air ont ete concentres a une region de -2 mm a 2 mm autour de la ligne de carbonisation du papier. Ce comportement est independant du poids de base du papier a cigarette. Quand le regime de bouffees est change de 2.5 a 35 mL/s, le flux d'air se concentre a une region pres de la ligne de carbonisation du papier a cigarette et la velocite maximale autour de la ligne de carbonisation augmente avec le taux de bouffees.

As part of ongoing research, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and LMI developed a research framework to assist policymakers in identifying impacts on the U.S. air transportation system (ATS) of potential policies and technology related to the implementation of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). This framework, called the Air Transportation System Evolutionary Simulation (ATS-EVOS), integrates multiple models into a single process flow to best simulate responses by U.S. commercial airlines and other ATS stakeholders to NextGen-related policies, and in turn, how those responses impact the ATS. Development of this framework required NASA and LMI to create an agent-based model of airline and passenger behavior. This Airline Evolutionary Simulation (AIRLINE-EVOS) models airline decisions about tactical airfare and schedule adjustments, and strategic decisions related to fleet assignments, market prices, and equipage. AIRLINE-EVOS models its own heterogeneous population of passenger agents that interact with airlines; this interaction allows the model to simulate the cycle of action-reaction as airlines compete with each other and engage passengers. We validated a baseline configuration of AIRLINE-EVOS against Airline Origin and Destination Survey (DB1B) data and subject matter expert opinion, and we verified the ATS-EVOS framework and agent behavior logic through scenario-based experiments. These experiments demonstrated AIRLINE-EVOS's capabilities in responding to an input price shock in fuel prices, and to equipage challenges in a series of analyses based on potential incentive policies for best equipped best served, optimal-wind routing, and traffic management initiative exemption concepts..

With progressive renal disease, structural derangement increasingly encompasses the tubulointerstitial compartment. Tubulointerstitial injury is a critical determinant of renal functional reserve and prognosis in renal disease. Interstitial cells acquiring characteristic of myofibroblasts are an important contributor to interstitial fibrosis. Caldesmon, a calmodulin or actin binding protein, is a molecular marker of differentiation in smooth muscle cells and has recently been shown by us to be a good marker of mesangial cell activation in IgA nephropathy patients. METHODS. We studied whether the expression of caldesmon in interstitium of the kidney was enhanced in the process of glomerular disease and whether it would be a marker of interstitial activation in specific disease states. We performed immunohistochemical staining with anti-caldesmon antibodies in 38 biopsy specimens from IgA nephropathy patients and analysed them quantitatively with a computer-aided manipulator. Interstitial caldesmon expression were compared with histological changes and clinical parameters.Caldesmon expression was enhanced where interstitial cell infiltration and fibrosis were found. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that caldesmon staining in the renal interstitium was cytoplasmic, and in the processes of myofibroblast-like cells. Caldesmon expression was more prominent in the intense CD68 infiltrated group than in the low positive cells infiltrated group. Patients showing high intensity of interstitial caldesmon expression had significantly higher urinary protein excretion than those showing low intensity of caldesmon expression. Next, 15 patients were treated with glucocorticoid and heparin for 4-8 weeks and re-biopsies were performed. Caldesmon expression was reduced in concomitant with decreased interstitial cell infiltration. Follow-up of these patients (average 24 months) revealed a significant suppression of urinary protein excretion and significant improvement of creatinine clearance.These results suggest that the interstitial caldesmon expression is associated with the progression of IgA nephropathy, and glucocorticoid--heparin therapy may reverse the phenotypic change of interstitial cells during the disease process of glomerulonephritis.

This paper describes advanced power module structure for high power and high frequency application with solar inverter system. This advanced power modules is applied full SiC semiconductor which has SiC MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) and SiC SBD (Schottky Barrier Diode). This full SiC power module structure realizes high reliability with low thermal impedance by using these new three technology, i) power circuit board which has copper pins connected to power devices, ii) advanced ceramic insulated substrate that enables high heat dissipation is utilized to reduce thermal impedance and iii) full molded package achieves high temperature operation and high reliability. The power cycling test at high temperature (200deg.C), electrical characteristics and inverter system efficiency of this full SiC power module were evaluated and compared with conventional Si power module. The results showed that the power cycling lifetime has x50 capability, electrical characteristics has low loss and low turn-off surge voltage, and 99.0% of efficiency at solar inverter system.

Fluidization is an engineering principle in which particulate matter in a solid-like condition is brought into a fluid-like condition. It has been applied for a variety of purposes over the decades. In this overview, the interesting and important aspects of fluidization are first introduced conceptually, then defined mathematically. The different modes of fluidization, regime transition, fluid-mechanical simulation and historical developments both in industry and in science are then discussed. Stress is placed on combustion and gasification issues. By introducing the three-stage law for the progress of science and other philosophical views of the Japanese physicist Mitsuo Taketani, the 60 years of fluidization science are revisited to assess the future. There is also discussion of the importance of good industry–academia collaboration to promote innovations.

This paper reports on the research done under a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Research Announcement task, “Assessment of System Safety Risks for NextGen Concepts and Technologies.” We describe the methods and tools used in the task and results from first-order analyses of two NextGen ground-based automation concepts. The first-order results demonstrate the ability of the assessment method developed in previous NASA research to address NextGen concepts and to link research results rigorously to systemwide risk. The method explicitly addresses response times and failures, and the results, while first-order, specifically identify the time criticality of tactical conflict detection and resolution. I. Introduction n this research, we extended and applied to automated NextGen concepts the separation assurance safety risk assessment method we developed for the NASA Research Announcement task, “Conduct Safety Analysis of the Separation Assurance Function in Today’s National Airspace System (NAS)” (Ref. 1). As in our previous work, we addressed the task objective in two ways. First, we established functional and quantitative frameworks to allow integration of the results of all forms of safety and risk research into a single risk assessment. Second, we identified sources of data and developed and tested modeling tools to demonstrate the feasibility of our analysis approach. We conducted first-order risk assessments of two NextGen concepts: a Ground-Automation Controlled (GAC) concept based on the Advanced Airspace Concept (AAC) proposed by Erzberger in Ref. 2, and a near-term GroundAutomation Assisted (GAA) concept based on the concept proposed by McNally et al. in Ref. 3. Both concepts are based on managing traffic with ground-based automation using data link communications to control aircraft on timebased four-dimensional trajectories (4DTs). This paper describes analysis of the fully operational concepts plus two abnormal conditions. The first abnormal condition is a loss of intent data condition, which could be caused by a weather or emergency disruption leading to open 4DTs or by a hardware failure leading to loss of transmitted intent data; the second is a single aircraft inoperative transponder condition, which could be caused by hardware failure or by being turned off. Both concepts include a ground-based strategic element, a ground-based tactical element, an airborne Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) element, and an airborne see-and-avoid element. The AAC concept includes a monitoring human controller element, while the human-based GAA concept includes an active human controller in the strategic and tactical elements. The paper is organized as follows: 1) Section II presents our aviation safety risk analysis method and introduces the two NextGen concepts assessed. 2) Section III discusses the conflict modeling tool and the conflict probability data used for the risk assessments.

We have found polynomial splines, expressed as sums of basic splines convenient for generating values of random variables defined as sums, and for identifying distributions from sample data. Simulations of air traffic management scenarios often involve random variables that are sums of several random variables. For example, multi-stage detect-decideact sequences used in our safety can involve total time variables that are the sums of several random variables with individual distributions, and the distributions can be analytic and empirical. One scenario encountered in our research included six distributions, two with one Gamma distribution, three with a different Gamma distribution, and one with a normal distribution. Other tasks in air traffic management require identifying continuous distributions of random variables from sets of samples. This paper explains these uses of polynomial splines, and describes a collection of Java methods for them.

The concepts, operating paradigms, and required technologies of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) are still evolving. These continuing changes highlight a need for a modeling platform that can effectively address the complexity of diverse future scenarios and help assess their impact on safety. We discuss this need in detail with respect to the requirements and benefits of such a flexible modeling platform. We describe the LMI ACAS (Airspace Conflict Analysis Simulation) tool, a simulation modeling framework with 3-dimensional visualization, and we show how such an application can meet these analytical requirements and discuss the benefits of implementing a multi-dimensional visualization.

The high-temperature CO 2 gasification (1173-1773 K) of coal char was investigated by using TGA and SEM and by measuring inner surface area concerning four different coals having much different ash melting temperatures. In regard to the unreacted char, the surface areas of micropores (diameter 0.1 μm) surface area did not. The true gasification rate constant was evaluated based on effectiveness factor prediction. The activation energy thus determined was 399 kJ.mol −1 which is 1.88 times as large as the apparent activation energy value obtained without the correction of effectiveness factor

We analyzed six different tissue DNA samples from a leukemic individual who received an injection of Thorotrast for alterations in proto-oncogene or tumor-suppressor gene structure. Our examination of the DNA indicated an alteration of the c-fms gene in the blood sample from this individual. This locus showed a deletion in which the 3' end of the deleted region maps between exons 11 and 12. In this particular case, the type of leukemia is unknown but myeloid leukemia is a neoplasm associated with individuals injected with Thorotrast. It is possible that the alteration in the c-fms gene of this individual is a consequence of the radiation exposure. No apparent alterations in the c-mos gene were observed in any of the tissues from the individual. This is in contrast to previous studies that described alterations in methylation patterns associated with the c-mos locus in radium-exposed individuals. A number of the individuals exposed to radium also had alterations of the retinoblastoma gene while no such alterations were observed in any tissue DNA samples from this Thorotrast case. It is possible that our inability to detect alterations of the c-mos and retinoblastoma gene may be attributable to the nature of alpha-emitting radionuclides or their distribution, or to the limited set of tissues available for analysis.

It is developed that the state estimation of nonlinear system model based on maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation. This is equivalent to the minimization problem of the object function derived from a posteriori probability density function.It is shown that the minimizer based on Newton-method becomes to iterated extended Kalman filter (IEKF). A method on the gain adjustment of the MAP estimator is given so as to improve the performance of it. Then a method of the parameter setting for the gain adjustment is given.

The education system for medical technologists has recently been revolutionized, their educational periods vary from 2 to 9 years, and some already have doctoral degrees. In such a new situation, our faculty thinks that the most important point for new medical technologists is the ability to have a broad view of the clinical fields, especially the view of patients. Special training in bed-side education and a stint in several divisions, such as the surgical operation room, rehabilitation. radiological examination room, pharmacy, central storage room of medical records, and medical informatics, and so on, of the hospital is a powerful tool to obtain a broad view of the various clinical fields and can be essential for developing high performance medical technologists. As nine years have passed since starting this education, we evaluated this practice through systematic personal communication. As a result, it was found to be extremely effective for many reasons such as having a continuous image of the patient when they examine the blood sample in the hospital laboratory, showing advanced laboratory performance, and having no mental barrier to visiting the wards and so on. The abilities of our alumni are praised highly by many large scale hospitals around the country and 50% of them are working in the clinical laboratory division of these hospitals. About 40% are working in the division of research and development in various companies. We express sincere thanks to the director and all cooperative individuals for this course in the Osaka University Hospital.

To clarify the risk of Toxoplasma gondii infection among slaughterhouse workers, we investigated Toxoplasma antibody in workers and swine in the meat center of Kitakyushu City and discussed the result from the standpoint of working conditions. Among 67 slaughterhouse workers, 22 were positive for Toxoplasma antibody (positive rate, 32.8%), while among 208 swine, 19 were positive (positive rate, 9.1%). When classified by ages of workers, positive rates in workers were 0% at the age of 30 or less and around 40% at the age of 31 and over. Especially, positive rate became as high as 66.7% in workers aged 61 and over. Positive rates for Toxoplasma antibody in workers classified by duration of employment were 25% for 5 years or less and 41.5% for 6 years and over. Moreover, there was no difference in positive rates of Toxoplasma antibody between swine slaughterers (positive rate, 32.4%) and cattle slaughterers (33.9%). Although overall positive rate of Toxoplasma antibody in slaughterers was higher, positive antibody in younger slaughterers or that of shorter duration of employment was considerably low. In addition, since positive rate of Toxoplasma antibody in swine brought to the slaughterhouse has decreased remarkably in comparison to the previous study, risk of toxoplasmosis in slaughterhouse workers also seemed to have decreased.

In industrial fluidized beds, engineers always face problems associated with agglomeration, sintering, attrition, and/or erosion. These factors can be closely related to both surface characteristics and the dynamic motion of particles in the bed. Engineers who want to reduce risks in the developments of particulate processes have to choose a simulation engine that is capable of taking into account the trouble causing factors. In this chapter, simulation issues on fluidized beds are discussed from both industrial and academic viewpoints. Some state of arts of DEM simulation is reviewed focusing on agglomerating fluidization, high temperature and pressurized reactor operations. Future investigation, research needs are also discussed here. DEM seems to be a promised method at least to investigate trouble-causing industrial issues, but more work is needed to include more realistic phenomena such as static electricity effects, liquid development over particle surface, liquid evaporation, solid bridge formation from solutions etc. The combination of DEM and TFM to overcome the curse of particle number and another combination of DEM and DNS to investigate particle-to-particle interactions seem promising.