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1. Separating $${^{39}\hbox {Ar}}$$ 39 Ar from $${^{40}\hbox {Ar}}$$ 40 Ar by cryogenic distillation with Aria for dark-matter searches

Author

P. Agnes, S. Albergo, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. Alici, A. K. Alton, P. Amaudruz, M. Arba, P. Arpaia, S. Arcelli, M. Ave, I. Ch. Avetissov, R. I. Avetisov, O. Azzolini, H. O. Back, Z. Balmforth, V. Barbarian, A. Barrado Olmedo, P. Barrillon, A. Basco, G. Batignani, A. Bondar, W. M. Bonivento, E. Borisova, B. Bottino, M. G. Boulay, G. Buccino, S. Bussino, J. Busto, A. Buzulutskov, M. Cadeddu, M. Cadoni, A. Caminata, E. V. Canesi, N. Canci, G. Cappello, M. Caravati, M. Cárdenas-Montes, N. Cargioli, M. Carlini, F. Carnesecchi, P. Castello, A. Castellani, S. Catalanotti, V. Cataudella, P. Cavalcante, S. Cavuoti, S. Cebrian, J. M. Cela Ruiz, B. Celano, S. Chashin, A. Chepurnov, C. Cicalò, L. Cifarelli, D. Cintas, F. Coccetti, V. Cocco, M. Colocci, E. Conde Vilda, L. Consiglio, S. Copello, J. Corning, G. Covone, P. Czudak, M. D’Aniello, S. D’Auria, M. D. Da Rocha Rolo, O. Dadoun, M. Daniel, S. Davini, A. De Candia, S. De Cecco, A. De Falco, G. De Filippis, D. De Gruttola, G. De Guido, G. De Rosa, M. Della Valle, G. Dellacasa, S. De Pasquale, A. V. Derbin, A. Devoto, L. Di Noto, F. Di Eusanio, C. Dionisi, P. Di Stefano, G. Dolganov, D. Dongiovanni, F. Dordei, M. Downing, T. Erjavec, S. Falciano, S. Farenzena, M. Fernandez Diaz, C. Filip, G. Fiorillo, A. Franceschi, D. Franco, E. Frolov, N. Funicello, F. Gabriele, C. Galbiati, M. Garbini, P. Garcia Abia, A. Gendotti, C. Ghiano, R. A. Giampaolo, C. Giganti, M. A. Giorgi, G. K. Giovanetti, M. L. Gligan, V. Goicoechea Casanueva, A. Gola, A. M. Goretti, R. Graciani Diaz, G. Y. Grigoriev, A. Grobov, M. Gromov, M. Guan, M. Guerzoni, M. Guetti, M. Gulino, C. Guo, B. R. Hackett, A. Hallin, M. Haranczyk, S. Hill, S. Horikawa, F. Hubaut, T. Hugues, E. V. Hungerford, An. Ianni, V. Ippolito, C. C. James, C. Jillings, P. Kachru, A. A. Kemp, C. L. Kendziora, G. Keppel, A. V. Khomyakov, A. Kish, I. Kochanek, K. Kondo, G. Korga, A. Kubankin, R. Kugathasan, M. Kuss, M. Kuźniak, M. La Commara, L. La Delfa, D. La Grasta, M. Lai, N. Lami, S. Langrock, M. Leyton, X. Li, L. Lidey, F. Lippi, M. Lissia, G. Longo, N. Maccioni, I. N. Machulin, L. Mapelli, A. Marasciulli, A. Margotti, S. M. Mari, J. Maricic, M. Marinelli, M. Martínez, A. D. Martinez Rojas, A. Martini, M. Mascia, M. Masetto, A. Masoni, A. Mazzi, A. B. McDonald, J. Mclaughlin, A. Messina, P. D. Meyers, T. Miletic, R. Milincic, R. Miola, A. Moggi, A. Moharana, S. Moioli, J. Monroe, S. Morisi, M. Morrocchi, E. N. Mozhevitina, T. Mróz, V. N. Muratova, A. Murenu, C. Muscas, L. Musenich, P. Musico, R. Nania, T. Napolitano, A. Navrer Agasson, M. Nessi, I. Nikulin, J. Nowak, A. Oleinik, V. Oleynikov, L. Pagani, M. Pallavicini, S. Palmas, L. Pandola, E. Pantic, E. Paoloni, G. Paternoster, P. A. Pegoraro, L. A. Pellegrini, C. Pellegrino, K. Pelczar, F. Perotti, V. Pesudo, E. Picciau, F. Pietropaolo, T. Pinna, A. Pocar, P. Podda, D. M. Poehlmann, S. Pordes, S. S. Poudel, P. Pralavorio, D. Price, F. Raffaelli, F. Ragusa, A. Ramirez, M. Razeti, A. Razeto, A. L. Renshaw, S. Rescia, M. Rescigno, F. Resnati, F. Retiere, L. P. Rignanese, C. Ripoli, A. Rivetti, J. Rode, L. Romero, M. Rossi, A. Rubbia, M. Rucaj, G. M. Sabiu, P. Salatino, O. Samoylov, E. Sánchez García, E. Sandford, S. Sanfilippo, V. A. Sangiorgio, V. Santacroce, D. Santone, R. Santorelli, A. Santucci, C. Savarese, E. Scapparone, B. Schlitzer, G. Scioli, D. A. Semenov, B. Shaw, A. Shchagin, A. Sheshukov, M. Simeone, P. Skensved, M. D. Skorokhvatov, O. Smirnov, B. Smith, A. Sokolov, R. Stefanizzi, A. Steri, S. Stracka, V. Strickland, M. Stringer, S. Sulis, Y. Suvorov, A. M. Szelc, J. Z. Szucs-Balazs, R. Tartaglia, G. Testera, T. N. Thorpe, A. Tonazzo, S. Torres-Lara, S. Tosti, A. Tricomi, M. Tuveri, E. V. Unzhakov, G. Usai, T. Vallivilayil John, S. Vescovi, T. Viant, S. Viel, A. Vishneva, R. B. Vogelaar, M. Wada, H. Wang, Y. Wang, S. Westerdale, R. J. Wheadon, L. Williams, Ma. M.Wojcik, Ma. Wojcik, X. Xiao, C. Yang, A. Zani, F. Zenobio, A. Zichichi, G. Zuzel, M. P. Zykova, and DarkSide-20k Collaboration

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Aria is a plant hosting a $${350}\,\hbox {m}$$ 350 m cryogenic isotopic distillation column, the tallest ever built, which is being installed in a mine shaft at Carbosulcis S.p.A., Nuraxi-Figus (SU), Italy. Aria is one of the pillars of the argon dark-matter search experimental program, lead by the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration. It was designed to reduce the isotopic abundance of $${^{39}\hbox {Ar}}$$ 39 Ar in argon extracted from underground sources, called Underground Argon (UAr), which is used for dark-matter searches. Indeed, $${^{39}\hbox {Ar}}$$ 39 Ar is a $$\beta $$ β -emitter of cosmogenic origin, whose activity poses background and pile-up concerns in the detectors. In this paper, we discuss the requirements, design, construction, tests, and projected performance of the plant for the isotopic cryogenic distillation of argon. We also present the successful results of the isotopic cryogenic distillation of nitrogen with a prototype plant.

Published
2021
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2. CUORE opens the door to tonne-scale cryogenics experiments

Author

L. Canonica, L. Marini, Kevin Hickerson, J. Schmidt, Massimiliano Clemenza, Carlo Cosmelli, S. Copello, L. Gladstone, M. Guerzoni, L. Ma, J. Johnston, A. Leder, M. Iannone, Irene Nutini, Paolo Carniti, Vladimir Datskov, R. J. Creswick, M. M. Deninno, G. Fantini, F. Bellini, I. C. Bandac, Yu-Gang Ma, D. Santone, V. Sharma, C. Brofferio, P. J. Mosteiro, A. Caminata, Ezio Previtali, B. Welliver, Evelyn Ferri, H. Z. Huang, G. Keppel, K. E. Lim, X. G. Cao, F. Bragazzi, Ettore Fiorini, V. Novati, C. Rusconi, N. Chott, T. Wise, C. Crescentini, R. Gaigher, L. Zanotti, Andrea Giachero, C. Maiano, N. Moggi, C. Martinez Amaya, S. S. Nagorny, A. Pelosi, G. Piperno, D. Q. Adams, L. Risegari, K. Alfonso, F. Terranova, Davide Chiesa, C. Rosenfeld, Deqing Fang, S. Pagan, S. Dell'Oro, M. L. Di Vacri, D. Mayer, Samuele Sangiorgio, Stefano Nisi, P. T. Surukuchi, S. Morganti, S. Zucchelli, J. Camilleri, A. Nucciotti, M. Sisti, P. Gorla, E. V. Hansen, F. Ferroni, C. Tomei, Elena Sala, L. Ioannucci, D. Speller, F. Alessandria, M. I. Martínez, Eugene E. Haller, C. Alduino, F. Rimondi, G. Ceruti, K. Wilson, L. Taffarello, Marisa Pedretti, R. Hennings-Yeomans, S. Pirro, Carlo Ligi, M. Faverzani, M. Beretta, Y. Mei, M. Tessaro, Jeffrey W. Beeman, M. Capodiferro, A. Bersani, N. D. Scielzo, M. Barucci, L. Cappelli, D. Biare, C. J. Davis, A. Camacho, Jonathan Ouellet, D. Conventi, J. Wallig, K. M. Heeger, L. Pagnanini, A. Giuliani, G. Bari, M. Cariello, Lindley Winslow, A. Campani, S. L. Wagaarachchi, M. Maino, Guoqiang Zhang, M. Carrettoni, R. Mazza, A. Branca, A. Bryant, J. Nikkel, C. Pira, H.W. Wang, M. Perego, T. I. Banks, S. Zimmermann, Ke Han, Reina H. Maruyama, S. Ghislandi, T. O'Donnell, S. Di Domizio, Simone Capelli, R. W. Kadel, Stuart J. Freedman, G. Ventura, A. Drobizhev, C. Bulfon, C. Zarra, Laura Cardani, V. Dompè, M. Balata, L. Di Paolo, A. D'Addabbo, L. Pattavina, B. K. Fujikawa, Stefano Pozzi, Alan R. Smith, D. Orlandi, Larissa M. Ejzak, M. Vignati, B. X. Zhu, V. Pettinacci, L. Kogler, E. Celi, L. Tatananni, S.H. Fu, E. Andreotti, M. A. Franceschi, R. Cereseto, I. Dafinei, M. Sakai, D. D'Aguanno, F. Stivanello, R. G. Huang, D. Schaeffer, C. Guandalini, F. Orio, Vasundhara Singh, B. Schmidt, B. S. Wang, O. Azzolini, Kai Vetter, M. Olcese, Jeremy S. Cushman, V. Palmieri, Eric B. Norman, M. Guetti, T. Napolitano, M. Biassoni, F. Del Corso, R. Faccini, Giovanni Benato, A. Buccheri, C. Salvioni, Yu. G. Kolomensky, R. Pedrotta, Lorenzo Cassina, C. Nones, A. Puiu, Marco Pallavicini, S. Quitadamo, G. Pessina, James R. Wilson, R. Liu, Massimiliano Nastasi, M. Pavan, E. Olivieri, L. Gironi, F. T. Avignone, Claudio Gotti, N. Casali, F. Reindl, Oliviero Cremonesi, J. Goett, M. Tenconi, C. Pagliarone, C. Rossi, A. Chiarini, C. Bucci, T. D. Gutierrez, Adams, D, Alduino, C, Alessandria, F, Alfonso, K, Andreotti, E, Avignone, F, Azzolini, O, Balata, M, Bandac, I, Banks, T, Bari, G, Barucci, M, Beeman, J, Bellini, F, Benato, G, Beretta, M, Bersani, A, Biare, D, Biassoni, M, Bragazzi, F, Branca, A, Brofferio, C, Bryant, A, Buccheri, A, Bucci, C, Bulfon, C, Camacho, A, Camilleri, J, Caminata, A, Campani, A, Canonica, L, Cao, X, Capelli, S, Capodiferro, M, Cappelli, L, Cardani, L, Cariello, M, Carniti, P, Carrettoni, M, Casali, N, Cassina, L, Celi, E, Cereseto, R, Ceruti, G, Chiarini, A, Chiesa, D, Chott, N, Clemenza, M, Conventi, D, Copello, S, Cosmelli, C, Cremonesi, O, Crescentini, C, Creswick, R, Cushman, J, D'Addabbo, A, D'Aguanno, D, Dafinei, I, Datskov, V, Davis, C, Corso, F, Dell'Oro, S, Deninno, M, Di Domizio, S, Dompe, V, Di Vacri, M, Di Paolo, L, Drobizhev, A, Ejzak, L, Faccini, R, Fang, D, Fantini, G, Faverzani, M, Ferri, E, Ferroni, F, Fiorini, E, Franceschi, M, Freedman, S, Fu, S, Fujikawa, B, Gaigher, R, Ghislandi, S, Giachero, A, Gironi, L, Giuliani, A, Gladstone, L, Goett, J, Gorla, P, Gotti, C, Guandalini, C, Guerzoni, M, Guetti, M, Gutierrez, T, Haller, E, Han, K, Hansen, E, Heeger, K, Hennings-Yeomans, R, Hickerson, K, Huang, R, Huang, H, Iannone, M, Ioannucci, L, Johnston, J, Kadel, R, Keppel, G, Kogler, L, Kolomensky, Y, Leder, A, Ligi, C, Lim, K, Liu, R, Ma, L, Ma, Y, Maiano, C, Maino, M, Marini, L, Martinez, M, Amaya, C, Maruyama, R, Mayer, D, Mazza, R, Mei, Y, Moggi, N, Morganti, S, Mosteiro, P, Nagorny, S, Napolitano, T, Nastasi, M, Nikkel, J, Nisi, S, Nones, C, Norman, E, Novati, V, Nucciotti, A, Nutini, I, O'Donnell, T, Olcese, M, Olivieri, E, Orio, F, Orlandi, D, Ouellet, J, Pagan, S, Pagliarone, C, Pagnanini, L, Pallavicini, M, Palmieri, V, Pattavina, L, Pavan, M, Pedretti, M, Pedrotta, R, Pelosi, A, Perego, M, Pessina, G, Pettinacci, V, Piperno, G, Pira, C, Pirro, S, Pozzi, S, Previtali, E, Puiu, A, Quitadamo, S, Reindl, F, Rimondi, F, Risegari, L, Rosenfeld, C, Rossi, C, Rusconi, C, Sakai, M, Sala, E, Salvioni, C, Sangiorgio, S, Santone, D, Schaeffer, D, Schmidt, B, Schmidt, J, Scielzo, N, Sharma, V, Singh, V, Sisti, M, Smith, A, Speller, D, Stivanello, F, Surukuchi, P, Taffarello, L, Tatananni, L, Tenconi, M, Terranova, F, Tessaro, M, Tomei, C, Ventura, G, Vetter, K, Vignati, M, Wagaarachchi, S, Wallig, J, Wang, B, Wang, H, Welliver, B, Wilson, J, Wilson, K, Winslow, L, Wise, T, Zanotti, L, Zarra, C, Zhang, G, Zhu, B, Zimmermann, S, Zucchelli, S, Adams D.Q., Alduino C., Alessandria F., Alfonso K., Andreotti E., Avignone F.T., Azzolini O., Balata M., Bandac I., Banks T.I., Bari G., Barucci M., Beeman J.W., Bellini F., Benato G., Beretta M., Bersani A., Biare D., Biassoni M., Bragazzi F., Branca A., Brofferio C., Bryant A., Buccheri A., Bucci C., Bulfon C., Camacho A., Camilleri J., Caminata A., Campani A., Canonica L., Cao X.G., Capelli S., Capodiferro M., Cappelli L., Cardani L., Cariello M., Carniti P., Carrettoni M., Casali N., Cassina L., Celi E., Cereseto R., Ceruti G., Chiarini A., Chiesa D., Chott N., Clemenza M., Conventi D., Copello S., Cosmelli C., Cremonesi O., Crescentini C., Creswick R.J., Cushman J.S., D'Addabbo A., D'Aguanno D., Dafinei I., Datskov V., Davis C.J., Del Corso F., Dell'Oro S., Deninno M.M., Di Domizio S., Dompe V., Di Vacri M.L., Di Paolo L., Drobizhev A., Ejzak L., Faccini R., Fang D.Q., Fantini G., Faverzani M., Ferri E., Ferroni F., Fiorini E., Franceschi M.A., Freedman S.J., Fu S.H., Fujikawa B.K., Gaigher R., Ghislandi S., Giachero A., Gironi L., Giuliani A., Gladstone L., Goett J., Gorla P., Gotti C., Guandalini C., Guerzoni M., Guetti M., Gutierrez T.D., Haller E.E., Han K., Hansen E.V., Heeger K.M., Hennings-Yeomans R., Hickerson K.P., Huang R.G., Huang H.Z., Iannone M., Ioannucci L., Johnston J., Kadel R., Keppel G., Kogler L., Kolomensky Y.G., Leder A., Ligi C., Lim K.E., Liu R., Ma L., Ma Y.G., Maiano C., Maino M., Marini L., Martinez M., Amaya C.M., Maruyama R.H., Mayer D., Mazza R., Mei Y., Moggi N., Morganti S., Mosteiro P.J., Nagorny S.S., Napolitano T., Nastasi M., Nikkel J., Nisi S., Nones C., Norman E.B., Novati V., Nucciotti A., Nutini I., O'Donnell T., Olcese M., Olivieri E., Orio F., Orlandi D., Ouellet J.L., Pagan S., Pagliarone C.E., Pagnanini L., Pallavicini M., Palmieri V., Pattavina L., Pavan M., Pedretti M., Pedrotta R., Pelosi A., Perego M., Pessina G., Pettinacci V., Piperno G., Pira C., Pirro S., Pozzi S., Previtali E., Puiu A., Quitadamo S., Reindl F., Rimondi F., Risegari L., Rosenfeld C., Rossi C., Rusconi C., Sakai M., Sala E., Salvioni C., Sangiorgio S., Santone D., Schaeffer D., Schmidt B., Schmidt J., Scielzo N.D., Sharma V., Singh V., Sisti M., Smith A.R., Speller D., Stivanello F., Surukuchi P.T., Taffarello L., Tatananni L., Tenconi M., Terranova F., Tessaro M., Tomei C., Ventura G., Vetter K.J., Vignati M., Wagaarachchi S.L., Wallig J., Wang B.S., Wang H.W., Welliver B., Wilson J., Wilson K., Winslow L.A., Wise T., Zanotti L., Zarra C., Zhang G.Q., Zhu B.X., Zimmermann S., Zucchelli S., Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, and CUORE

Subjects
Cryostat, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Cryogenic temperatures, Dilution refrigerator, Low temperature calorimeter, Neutrinoless double beta decay, Rare event searches, Ton-scale detector, Cryogenic temperatures, Neutrinoless double beta decay, Dilution refrigerator, Ton-scale detector, Low temperature calorimeter, Rare event searches, cryogenics, CUORE performance, Cryogenics, Rare event searche, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, CUORE, double-beta decay: (0neutrino), Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Cryogenic particle detectors, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Aerospace engineering, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, activity report, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cryogenic temperature, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), CUORE performance, Semiconductor detector, cryogenics: design, cryogenics, Neutrino, business, performance
Abstract

The past few decades have seen major developments in the design and operation of cryogenic particle detectors. This technology offers an extremely good energy resolution - comparable to semiconductor detectors - and a wide choice of target materials, making low temperature calorimetric detectors ideal for a variety of particle physics applications. Rare event searches have continued to require ever greater exposures, which has driven them to ever larger cryogenic detectors, with the CUORE experiment being the first to reach a tonne-scale, mK-cooled, experimental mass. CUORE, designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, has been operational since 2017 at a temperature of about 10 mK. This result has been attained by the use of an unprecedentedly large cryogenic infrastructure called the CUORE cryostat: conceived, designed and commissioned for this purpose. In this article the main characteristics and features of the cryogenic facility developed for the CUORE experiment are highlighted. A brief introduction of the evolution of the field and of the past cryogenic facilities are given. The motivation behind the design and development of the CUORE cryogenic facility is detailed as are the steps taken toward realization, commissioning, and operation of the CUORE cryostat. The major challenges overcome by the collaboration and the solutions implemented throughout the building of the cryogenic facility will be discussed along with the potential improvements for future facilities. The success of CUORE has opened the door to a new generation of large-scale cryogenic facilities in numerous fields of science. Broader implications of the incredible feat achieved by the CUORE collaboration on the future cryogenic facilities in various fields ranging from neutrino and dark matter experiments to quantum computing will be examined., Comment: 45 pages, 14 figures

Published
2022

3. Separating $${^{39}\hbox {Ar}}$$ from $${^{40}\hbox {Ar}}$$ by cryogenic distillation with Aria for dark-matter searches

Author

T. Napolitano, Stefano Cavuoti, A.E. Bondar, H. O. Back, G. De Rosa, Silvia Arcelli, A. Navrer Agasson, Jocelyn Monroe, M. Della Valle, Min-Xin Guan, M. Garbini, Francesca Dordei, Pierre-Andre Amaudruz, M. Gromov, M. Carlini, A. M. Goretti, A. Vishneva, E. V. Hungerford, V. Pesudo, P. Garcia Abia, Paolo Castello, S. Torres-Lara, S. Stracka, S. Westerdale, Mario Giorgi, Lance S. Lidey, R. Stefanizzi, G. Fiorillo, T. Erjavec, M. La Commara, A. M. Szelc, O. Dadoun, T. Hugues, Han Wang, D. Dongiovanni, S. Copello, A. Barrado Olmedo, Manuel Colocci, Giovanni Paternoster, Federico Perotti, F. Pietropaolo, S. Rescia, M. Razeti, A. Oleinik, A. Santucci, Sara Sulis, L. P. Rignanese, C. Cicalo, A. Sheshukov, Filippo Resnati, A. Marasciulli, C. Savarese, G. Dolganov, Chung-Yao Yang, Andrea Messina, A. V. Derbin, M. Wada, S. Davini, Alessia Tricomi, F. Coccetti, Thomas Alexander, Angelo Rivetti, Eugenio Scapparone, A. L. Hallin, N. Maccioni, M. Rossi, E. V. Canesi, P. D. Meyers, T. Vallivilayil John, V. N. Muratova, V. Goicoechea Casanueva, E. Picciau, Ivone F. M. Albuquerque, D. A. Semenov, P. Di Stefano, Mariano Cadoni, B. Celano, G. K. Giovanetti, Yanchu Wang, K. Kondo, A. Grobov, N. Canci, M. Kuźniak, L. Romero, Z. Balmforth, S. Tosti, S. Farenzena, L. Pagani, Marino Simeone, T. Miletic, D. Franco, A. Devoto, A. Mazzi, Carlo Muscas, V. Cocco, S. Chashin, G. De Guido, P. Kachru, M. Lissia, Gilda Scioli, Valerio Ippolito, V. Strickland, A. K. Alton, E. Frolov, G. Korga, A. L. Renshaw, S. Sanfilippo, M. Rescigno, G. De Filippis, A. Moggi, R. Graciani Diaz, Luisa Cifarelli, S. De Pasquale, A. de Candia, E. Pantic, D. Cintas, J. B. McLaughlin, M. Stringer, Alberto Masoni, S. Cebrián, Marzio Nessi, E. Sandford, B. Schlitzer, E. Sanchez Garcia, Stefania Moioli, S. Bussino, C. J. Jillings, Piero Salatino, M. M. Wojcik, R. Miola, S. Viel, A. D. Martinez Rojas, M. Fernandez Diaz, Darren Price, D. De Gruttola, M. D’Aniello, A. Murenu, C. James, S. De Cecco, Giuseppe Longo, L. Mapelli, Paolo Attilio Pegoraro, E. Conde Vilda, Anselmo Margotti, Xiang Xiao, Andrea Alici, C. Ripoli, E. Paoloni, Miguel Cárdenas-Montes, A. Razeto, Pasquale Arpaia, T. N. Thorpe, C. Guo, M. Cadeddu, B. Shaw, A. Basco, G. M. Sabiu, M. P. Zykova, L. Williams, R. I. Avetisov, D. M. Poehlmann, Y. Suvorov, P. Barrillon, A. Kish, I. N. Machulin, R. B. Vogelaar, An. Ianni, A. Martini, A.V. Shchagin, S. Vescovi, A. Buzulutskov, M. Da Rocha Rolo, P. Czudak, T. Viant, Marisa Gulino, Saverio D'Auria, M. K. Daniel, F. Retiere, Marco Pallavicini, B. Bottino, V. A. Sangiorgio, G. Zuzel, Jose Busto, C. Pellegrino, Gigi Cappello, B. Smith, S. Morisi, Vittorio Cataudella, S. S. Poudel, R. A. Giampaolo, J. Maricic, L. Musenich, Simonetta Palmas, F. Lippi, Francesco Ragusa, N. Cargioli, Michele Mascia, A. Gendotti, M. Lai, M. Leyton, O. Smirnov, M. Tuveri, G. Y. Grigoriev, I. Nikulin, Xiujiang Li, T. Pinna, M. I. Martínez, M. Downing, Rosario Nania, M. Masetto, Matteo Morrocchi, M. Kuss, N. Funicello, C. Giganti, G. Batignani, M. Ave, A. Castellani, M. G. Boulay, G. Testera, J. A. Nowak, J. Z. Szucs-Balazs, M. Arba, E. V. Unzhakov, S. Horikawa, S. M. Mari, A. S. Chepurnov, C. Filip, Sebastiano Albergo, M. D. Skorokhvatov, S. Pordes, G. L. Usai, M. L. Gligan, L. La Delfa, F. Raffaelli, A. Moharana, R. Milincic, A. Pocar, A. Franceschi, A. A. Kemp, A. De Falco, R. Santorelli, J. M. Corning, M. Guetti, A. V. Khomyakov, A. S. Kubankin, R. Tartaglia, G. Buccino, P. Skensved, André Rubbia, T. Mroz, E. Borisova, Pascal Pralavorio, Giovanni Covone, K. Pelczar, Cristiano Galbiati, G. Dellacasa, Giorgio Keppel, S. Langrock, C. L. Kendziora, S. Hill, M. Caravati, F. Carnesecchi, Fabrice Hubaut, R. Kugathasan, Luciano Pandola, A. Caminata, M. Rucaj, R. J. Wheadon, O. Azzolini, F. Gabriele, A. Tonazzo, C. Dionisi, P. Podda, I. Kochanek, J. Rode, M. Guerzoni, Laura A. Pellegrini, Paolo Musico, W. Bonivento, I. Ch. Avetissov, Mauro Marinelli, E. N. Mozhevitina, Andrey Sokolov, B. R. Hackett, A. B. McDonald, F. Zenobio, C. Ghiano, V. Oleynikov, F. Di Eusanio, L. Consiglio, O. Samoylov, P. Cavalcante, L. Di Noto, D. Santone, P. Agnes, S. Falciano, A. Ramirez, M. Haranczyk, S. Catalanotti, Andrea Zani, Antonino Zichichi, V. Santacroce, J. M. Cela Ruiz, D. La Grasta, V. Barbarian, N. Lami, Alberto Gola, and A. Steri

Subjects
Physics, Air separation, Argon, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, Natural abundance, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, chemistry, Fractionating column, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Engineering (miscellaneous)
Abstract

Aria is a plant hosting a$${350}\,\hbox {m}$$350mcryogenic isotopic distillation column, the tallest ever built, which is being installed in a mine shaft at Carbosulcis S.p.A., Nuraxi-Figus (SU), Italy. Aria is one of the pillars of the argon dark-matter search experimental program, lead by the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration. It was designed to reduce the isotopic abundance of$${^{39}\hbox {Ar}}$$39Arin argon extracted from underground sources, called Underground Argon (UAr), which is used for dark-matter searches. Indeed,$${^{39}\hbox {Ar}}$$39Aris a$$\beta $$β-emitter of cosmogenic origin, whose activity poses background and pile-up concerns in the detectors. In this paper, we discuss the requirements, design, construction, tests, and projected performance of the plant for the isotopic cryogenic distillation of argon. We also present the successful results of the isotopic cryogenic distillation of nitrogen with a prototype plant.

Published
2021

4. The CUORE cryostat: An infrastructure for rare event searches at millikelvin temperatures

Author

L. Gladstone, F. Alessandria, C. Bucci, L. Canonica, L. Marini, A. Rotilio, B. Romualdi, M. Guetti, R. Gaigher, T. Napolitano, Oliviero Cremonesi, M. L. Di Vacri, Stefano Nisi, L. Di Paolo, A. D'Addabbo, N. Chott, M. Biassoni, A. Nucciotti, S. Copello, S. L. Wagaarachchi, C. Alduino, Carlo Ligi, Massimiliano Clemenza, D. Biare, Vasundhara Singh, E. Tatananni, A. Pelosi, A. Corsi, M. Perego, Stefano Dell'Oro, Jonathan Ouellet, L. Cappelli, Monica Sisti, L. Ioannucci, M. Balata, C. Rusconi, P. Gorla, F. Terranova, J. Wallig, Emanuele Ferri, D. Santone, G. Ceruti, L. Pattavina, C. Pagliarone, Yu. G. Kolomensky, A. Chiarini, T. O'Donnell, A. Caminata, Ezio Previtali, M. Faverzani, C. Zarra, L. Taffarello, A. Drobizhev, D. Orlandi, M. A. Franceschi, Irene Nutini, Alduino, C, Alessandria, F, Balata, M, Biare, D, Biassoni, M, Bucci, C, Caminata, A, Canonica, L, Cappelli, L, Ceruti, G, Chiarini, A, Chott, N, Clemenza, M, Copello, S, Corsi, A, Cremonesi, O, D'Addabbo, A, Dell'Oro, S, Di Paolo, L, Di Vacri, M, Drobizhev, A, Faverzani, M, Ferri, E, Franceschi, M, Gaigher, R, Gladstone, L, Gorla, P, Guetti, M, Ioannucci, L, Kolomensky, Y, Ligi, C, Marini, L, Napolitano, T, Nisi, S, Nucciotti, A, Nutini, I, O'Donnell, T, Orlandi, D, Ouellet, J, Pagliarone, C, Pattavina, L, Pelosi, A, Perego, M, Previtali, E, Romualdi, B, Rotilio, A, Rusconi, C, Santone, D, Singh, V, Sisti, M, Taffarello, L, Tatananni, E, Terranova, F, Wagaarachchi, S, Wallig, J, and Zarra, C

Subjects
Cryostat, General Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, neutrino, cryogenics, Classical Physics, Nuclear engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Cryogenics, nucl-ex, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, CUORE, law, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Nuclear Experiment, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Detector, Bolometer, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Interdisciplinary Engineering, Neutrino, Event (particle physics)
Abstract

The CUORE experiment is the world’s largest bolometric experiment. The detector consists of an array of 988 TeO2 crystals, for a total mass of 742 kg. CUORE is presently taking data at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy, searching for the neutrinoless double beta decay of 130Te. A large custom cryogen-free cryostat allows reaching and maintaining a base temperature of ∼ 10 mK, required for the optimal operation of the detector. This apparatus has been designed in order to achieve a low noise environment, with minimal contribution to the radioactive background for the experiment. In this paper, we present an overview of the CUORE cryostat, together with a description of all its sub-systems, focusing on the solutions identified to satisfy the stringent requirements. We briefly illustrate the various phases of the cryostat commissioning and highlight the relevant steps and milestones achieved each time. Finally, we describe the successful cooldown of CUORE.

Published
2019

5. The CUORE cryostat: A 10 mK infrastructure for large bolometric arrays

Author

C. Ligi, C. Pagliarone, A. Caminata, Stefano Dell'Oro, Lucia Canonica, D. Santone, V. Singh, N. Chott, S. Copello, F. Terranova, P. Gorla, F. Alessandria, L. Taffarello, A. Nucciotti, D. Orlandi, M. A. Franceschi, Luigi Cappelli, L. Pattavina, A. D'Addabbo, R. Cereseto, M. Guetti, T. Napolitano, Oliviero Cremonesi, C. Bucci, Dell'Oro, S, Alessandria, F, Bucci, C, Caminata, A, Canonica, L, Cappelli, L, Cereseto, R, Chott, N, Copello, S, Cremonesi, O, D'Addabbo, A, Franceschi, M, Gorla, P, Guetti, M, Ligi, C, Napolitano, T, Nucciotti, A, Orlandi, D, Pagliarone, C, Pattavina, L, Santone, D, Singh, V, Taffarello, L, and Terranova, F

Subjects
Cryostat, History, Background: radioactivity | CUORE | cryogenics: design | bolometer | performance | Cryogenic Engineering, Control equipment, nucl-ex, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, Education, law.invention, Physics and Astronomy (all), Particle and Plasma Physics, CUORE, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Bolometer, Molecular, Condensed Matter Physics, Computer Science Applications, Other Physical Sciences, business
Abstract

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) experiment is presently in the final phases of its commissioning at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory (Italy). The CUORE cryogenic system will have to guarantee the optimal operation temperature of the detector (∼ 10 mK) for a live-time of 5 years. Furthermore, to avoid radioactive background, about 7 tonnes of lead are cooled to below 4 K and only few construction materials are acceptable. The CUORE detector will be by far the largest mass ever cooled to 10 mK. A description of the CUORE cryostat is presented and the specific characteristics and the performances are illustrated. The results of the (recently concluded) cryostat commissioning are also reported. They show that the CUORE cryostat is now ready to host the detector, thus confirming the possibility of realizing large bolometric arrays for rare event physics.

Published
2017

6. CUORE-0 detector: design, construction and operation

Author

N. Casali, R. Mazza, S. Zimmermann, C. Rosenfeld, G. Ventura, M. I. Martínez, P. Gorla, F. Ferroni, C. Tomei, Emanuele Ferri, Eugene E. Haller, G. Ceruti, A. Leder, Alan R. Smith, S. Copello, L. Ioannucci, Paolo Carniti, M. Iannone, David Miller, Massimiliano Nastasi, S. L. Wagaarachchi, R. Gaigher, M. Maino, H. W. Wang, C. Cosmelli, T. O'Donnell, Yu-Gang Ma, C. Nones, D. Conventi, A. Giuliani, S. Trentalange, Simone Capelli, R. W. Kadel, B. X. Zhu, Massimiliano Clemenza, S. Di Domizio, G. Fernandes, L. Tatananni, G. Piperno, Ettore Fiorini, R. Michinelli, Davide Chiesa, Claudio Gotti, C. Zarra, K. E. Lim, S. Zucchelli, N. Moggi, F. Orio, Vasundhara Singh, B. K. Fujikawa, James R. Wilson, N. Chott, Samuele Sangiorgio, Stefano Nisi, Stefano Pozzi, A. Nucciotti, C. J. Davis, Oliviero Cremonesi, G. Keppel, D. R. Artusa, Monica Sisti, C. Brofferio, C. Alduino, P. J. Mosteiro, K. Alfonso, F. Bragazzi, G. Erme, M. L. Di Vacri, T. I. Banks, G. Bari, B. S. Wang, Y. u. G. Kolomensky, D. Santone, Ioan Dafinei, L. Carbone, A. Bersani, Marco Pallavicini, O. Azzolini, Lindley Winslow, M. Vignati, M. Cariello, M. Balata, H. Z. Huang, L. Taffarello, G. Pessina, Stefano Dell'Oro, M. Pavan, L. Zanotti, E. V. Hansen, X. Liu, Luigi Cappelli, R. Pedrotta, Nicholas Scielzo, A. Caminata, J. Wallig, Ezio Previtali, Lorenzo Cassina, A. Pelosi, Jeremy S. Cushman, C. Bulfon, F. Stivanello, C. Rusconi, M. Faverzani, V. Pettinacci, R. Cereseto, L. Pattavina, L. Cardani, G. Pancaldi, D. Biare, M. Perego, L. Canonica, L. Marini, Kevin Hickerson, A. Buccheri, A. Giachero, M. Capodiferro, D. Q. Fang, V. Palmieri, Eric B. Norman, J. W. Beeman, S. Meijer, Silvio Morganti, M. Guetti, Guoqiang Zhang, M. Biassoni, J. L. Ouellet, Ke Han, Reina H. Maruyama, A. Drobizhev, Stuart J. Freedman, C. Pagliarone, D. Orlandi, T. Wise, A. Chiarini, S. Pirro, F. Terranova, Elena Sala, Y. Mei, M. Tessaro, L. Gladstone, R. Hennings-Yeomans, Xi-Guang Cao, R. J. Creswick, K. M. Heeger, M. M. Deninno, F. Bellini, M. Tenconi, C. Bucci, T. D. Gutierrez, L. DiPaolo, L. Gironi, F. T. Avignone, A. D'Addabbo, Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Physique des Particules (ex SPP) (DPhP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CUORE, Alduino, C, Alfonso, K, Artusa, D, Iii, F, Azzolini, O, Balata, M, Banks, T, Bari, G, Beeman, J, Bellini, F, Bersani, A, Biare, D, Biassoni, M, Bragazzi, F, Brofferio, C, Buccheri, A, Bucci, C, Bulfon, C, Caminata, A, Canonica, L, Cao, X, Capelli, S, Capodiferro, M, Cappelli, L, Carbone, L, Cardani, L, Cariello, M, Carniti, P, Casali, N, Cassina, L, Cereseto, R, Ceruti, G, Chiarini, A, Chiesa, D, Chott, N, Clemenza, M, Conventi, D, Copello, S, Cosmelli, C, Cremonesi, O, Creswick, R, Cushman, J, D'Addabbo, A, Dafinei, I, Davis, C, Dell'Oro, S, Deninno, M, Domizio, S, Vacri, M, Dipaolo, L, Drobizhev, A, Erme, G, Fang, D, Faverzani, M, Fernandes, G, Ferri, E, Ferroni, F, Fiorini, E, Freedman, S, Fujikawa, B, Gaigher, R, Giachero, A, Gironi, L, Giuliani, A, Gladstone, L, Gorla, P, Gotti, C, Guetti, M, Gutierrez, T, Haller, E, Han, K, Hansen, E, Heeger, K, Hennings Yeomans, R, Hickerson, K, Huang, H, Iannone, M, Ioannucci, L, Kadel, R, Keppel, G, Kolomensky, Y, Leder, A, Lim, K, Liu, X, Ma, Y, Maino, M, Marini, L, Martinez, M, Maruyama, R, Mazza, R, Mei, Y, Meijer, S, Michinelli, R, Miller, D, Moggi, N, Morganti, S, Mosteiro, P, Nastasi, M, Nisi, S, Nones, C, Norman, E, Nucciotti, A, O'Donnell, T, Orio, F, Orlandi, D, Ouellet, J, Pagliarone, C, Pallavicini, M, Palmieri, V, Pancaldi, G, Pattavina, L, Pavan, M, Pedrotta, R, Pelosi, A, Perego, M, Pessina, G, Pettinacci, V, Piperno, G, Pirro, S, Pozzi, S, Previtali, E, Rosenfeld, C, Rusconi, C, Sala, E, Sangiorgio, S, Santone, D, Scielzo, N, Singh, V, Sisti, M, Smith, A, Stivanello, F, Taffarello, L, Tatananni, L, Tenconi, M, Terranova, F, Tessaro, M, Tomei, C, Trentalange, S, Ventura, G, Vignati, M, Wagaarachchi, S, Wallig, J, Wang, B, Wang, H, Wilson, J, Winslow, L, Wise, T, Zanotti, L, Zarra, C, Zhang, G, Zhu, B, Zimmermann, S, Zucchelli, S, Cuore, Collaboration, Alduino, C., Alfonso, K., Artusa, D. R., Avignone III, F. T., Azzolini, O., Balata, M., Banks, T. I., Bari, G., Beeman, J. W., Bellini, F., Bersani, A., Biare, D., Biassoni, M., Bragazzi, F., Brofferio, C., Buccheri, A., Bucci, C., Bulfon, C., Caminata, A., Canonica, L., Cao, X. G., Capelli, S., Capodiferro, M., Cappelli, L., Carbone, L., Cardani, L., Cariello, M., Carniti, P., Casali, N., Cassina, L., Cereseto, R., Ceruti, G., Chiarini, A., Chiesa, D., Chott, N., Clemenza, M., Conventi, D., Copello, S., Cosmelli, C., Cremonesi, O., Creswick, R. J., Cushman, J. S., Dafinei, I., Davis, C. J., Dell'Oro, S., Deninno, M. M., Di Domizio, S., Di Vacri, M. L., Dipaolo, L., Drobizhev, A., Erme, G., Fang, D. Q., Faverzani, M., Fernandes, G., Ferri, E., Ferroni, F., Fiorini, E., Freedman, S. J., Fujikawa, B. K., Gaigher, R., Giachero, A., Gironi, L., Giuliani, A., Gladstone, L., Gorla, P., Gotti, C., Guetti, M., Gutierrez, T. D., Haller, E. E., Han, K., Hansen, E., Heeger, K. M., Hennings-Yeomans, R., Hickerson, K. P., Huang, H. Z., Iannone, M., Ioannucci, L., Kadel, R., Keppel, G., Kolomensky, Yu. G., Leder, A., Lim, K. E., Liu, X., Ma, Y. G., Maino, M., Marini, L., Martinez, M., Maruyama, R. H., Mazza, R., Mei, Y., Meijer, S., Michinelli, R., Miller, D., Moggi, N., Morganti, S., Mosteiro, P. J., Nastasi, M., Nisi, S., Nones, C., Norman, E. B., Nucciotti, A., O'Donnell, T., Orio, F., Orlandi, D., Ouellet, J. L., Pagliarone, C. E., Pallavicini, M., Palmieri, V., Pancaldi, G., Pattavina, L., Pavan, M., Pedrotta, R., Pelosi, A., Perego, M., Pessina, G., Pettinacci, V., Piperno, G., Pirro, S., Pozzi, S., Previtali, E., Rosenfeld, C., Rusconi, C., Sala, E., Sangiorgio, S., Santone, D., Scielzo, N. D., Singh, V., Sisti, M., Smith, A. R., Stivanello, F., Taffarello, L., Tatananni, L., Tenconi, M., Terranova, F., Tessaro, M., Tomei, C., Trentalange, S., Ventura, G., Vignati, M., Wagaarachchi, S. L., Wallig, J., Wang, B. S., Wang, H. W., Wilson, J., Winslow, L. A., Wise, T., Zanotti, L., Zarra, C., Zhang, G. Q., Zhu, B. X., Zimmermann, S., and Zucchelli, S.

Subjects
J.2, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cryogenics, Cryogenic, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], CUORE Experiment, 01 natural sciences, tellurium: oxygen, Calorimeters, Double-beta decay detectors, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, CUORE, bolometer, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrino Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Double Beta Decay (0 Neutrino), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, detector: design, Physics, Cryogenic Engineering, Calorimeter, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Bolometers, Cryostat, Double-beta decay detector, tellurium: nuclide, Physics - Instrumentation and Detector, Bolometers, Cryogenic Engineering, Double Beta Decay (0 Neutrino), CUORE Experiment, Neutrino Physics, Cryostat, Humanities, Tellurium compounds
Abstract

The CUORE experiment will search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{130}$Te with an array of 988 TeO$_2$ bolometers arranged in 19 towers. CUORE-0, the first tower assembled according to the CUORE procedures, was built and commissioned at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, and took data from March 2013 to March 2015. In this paper we describe the design, construction and operation of the CUORE-0 experiment, with an emphasis on the improvements made over a predecessor experiment, Cuoricino. In particular, we demonstrate with CUORE-0 data that the design goals of CUORE are within reach., Comment: 39 pages, 26 figures

Published
2016
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7. Commissioning of the 4 K outer cryostat for the CUORE experiment

Author

M. A. Franceschi, P. Gorla, F. Alessandria, Emanuele Ferri, R. Gaigher, A. Chiarini, G. Ceruti, S. Dossena, Massimiliano Clemenza, M. Faverzani, A. Pelosi, L. Taffarello, Vladimir Datskov, M. Guetti, T. Napolitano, A. Nucciotti, M. Biassoni, Carlo Ligi, M. Perego, F. Terranova, Monica Sisti, C. Bucci, Oliviero Cremonesi, Ezio Previtali, Ferri, E, Alessandria, F, Biassoni, M, Bucci, C, Ceruti, G, Chiarini, A, Clemenza, M, Cremonesi, O, Datskov, V, Dossena, S, Faverzani, M, Franceschi, M, Gaigher, R, Gorla, P, Guetti, M, Ligi, C, Napolitano, T, Nucciotti, A, Pelosi, A, Perego, M, Previtali, E, Sisti, M, Taffarello, L, and Terranova, F

Subjects
Physics, Cryostat, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optic, Bolometer, Cryogenic, Detector, Thermal detector, Cryogenics, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, CUORE, Three vessels, law, Observatory, General Materials Science, Dilution refrigerator, Materials Science (all), Neutrinoless double beta decay
Abstract

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a 1-ton scale bolometric experiment. The CUORE detector is an array of 988 TeO $$_2$$ crystals arranged in a cylindrical, compact, and granular structure of 19 towers. These detectors will need a base temperature lower than 10 mK in order to meet the performance specifications. To cool the CUORE detector, a large cryogen free cryostat with five pulse tubes and one custom designed high power dilution refrigerator has been designed. The three vessels that form the outer shell of the CUORE cryostat were produced in 2012 and are now assembled in the Gran Sasso National Laboratories (LNGS). We report here the detailed description of the 4 K outer cryostat for the CUORE experiment together with the results of the validation tests done at the production site in 2012 and of the first commissioning to 4 K at LNGS in 2013.

Published
2014

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